Management Chapter 16 Review

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is a hygiene factor? A) recognition B) advancement C) working conditions D) responsibility

C) working conditions

________ theory says that behavior is a function of its consequences.

Reinforcement

the assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction is theory ______

Y

factors that eliminate job dissatisfaction, but don't motivate. When these factors are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they won't be satisfied either.

hygiene factors

______ work is important to most workers, regardless of national culture.

interesting

______ factors are related to job satisfaction, motivation

intrinsic

designing jobs that identify 5 primary core job dimensionsfor job satisfaction.

job characteristics model (JCM)

factors that increase job satisfaction

motivators

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, once a need is substantially satisfied, an individual is __________________

no longer motivated to satisfy that need

In the expectancy theory, ________ is the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level is instrumental in attaining the desired outcome.

performance-reward linkage

perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards (influences trust, organizational commitment).

procedural justice

a person's need to become what he or she is capable of becoming, the best they can be is _______ ________

self-actualization

In the job characteristics model, ________ refers to the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.

task identity

In the expectancy theory, ________ is the importance that the individual places on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job.

valence

characteristics of need for achievement:

-avoid very easy or very difficult tasks. -focus on own success, not of others; achievement, not rewards

_________ factors are associated with job dissatisfaction, or no dissatisfaction - but not satisfaction

extrinsic

the three elements of motivation are

1. energized 2. directed 3. sustained/persistance

In the context of the reinforcement theory, reinforcers are ________. A) consequences that immediately follow a desired behavior and increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated B) goals that are easily achievable C) the goals that have been set for employees as a standard for measuring their performance D) the managers with the responsibility of monitoring and reinforcing desired employee behavior

A) consequences that immediately follow a desired behavior and increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated

the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform is theory _______

X

An employee who has been identified as a high achiever. Going by the need for achievement in McClelland's three-needs theory, which of the following would best help you motivate the employee? A) setting goals that for her are easy to achieve B) giving her a job that holds her personally responsible for finding solutions to problems C) setting goals that are just out of her reach D) giving her a managerial position that requires her to help others accomplish their goals

B) giving her a job that holds her personally responsible for finding solutions to problem

The equity theory proposes that ________. A) offering employees part of the company's shares, or equity, motivates them to do their best because their performance directly ties in with the company's B) employees expect that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance and will be demotivated if that does not happen C) an employee compares his or her job's input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity D) employees are more likely to show initiative at work if they are more involved in decisions that affect their work

C) an employee compares his or her job's input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity

Goal-setting theory says that ________. A) goals should be loosely defined and moderately challenging to maximize motivation B) a generalized goal of "do your best" is likely to be most effective in ensuring high performance C) difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than do easy goals D) to be effective, goals set should be easily achievable for the top performers

C) difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than do easy goals

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes that _______ A) intrinsic factors cause job dissatisfaction B) extrinsic factors have the maximum effect on job satisfaction C) extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction D) intrinsic factors have little effect on job satisfaction

C) extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes that ________. A) intrinsic factors cause job dissatisfaction B) extrinsic factors have the maximum effect on job satisfaction C) extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction D) intrinsic factors have little effect on job satisfaction

C) extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction

People with a high need for achievement ________. A) emphasize helping others accomplish their goals B) make good managers, especially in large organizations C) in some cases, prefer moderately challenging goals D) emphasize the need for relationships

C) in some cases, prefer moderately challenging goals

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is a motivator? A) working conditions B) salary C) responsibility D) security

C) responsibility

According to the three-needs theory, the need for ________ is the drive to succeed and excel in relation to a set of standards.

achievement

three needs theory consists of

achievement, power, and affiliation

According to the three-needs theory, the need for ________ is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.

affiliation

_____ justice is the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.

distributive

Recent research shows that _______ justice has a greater influence on employee satisfaction than _________ justice.

distributive procedural

perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals (greater influence on employee satisfaction and supervisor -employee relationship).

distributive justice

The ________ element in the definition of motivation is a measure of intensity, drive, and vigor.

energy

an employee compares his or her job's input-outcome ratio with that of relevant others, then proceeds with behavior to correct any inequity (a fairness issue).

equity theory

___________ theory is the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance.

expectancy

•an individual tends to act in a certain way based on: Expectations that the act will be followed by a given outcome

expectancy theory

expectancy theory variables:

expectancy, instrumentality, valence