MANKIND: EPISODES 6-12

It demonstrated that the color of a man's skin bore no effect on his ability to accomplish things. The army became integrated within a decade.

ALCAN HIGHWAY: Corporal Refines Sims from Philly became a national hero. Why is this significant?

They were in the midst of WWII and needed to tie Alaska into the U.S. so they could move troops, if necessary.

ALCAN HIGHWAY: General William Hoge was tasked with completing the Alcan highway. Why did they feel it was so important that the highway be completed?

Lay a mat of timbers to create a solid foundation.

ALCAN HIGHWAY: Permafrost melted into sinking mud. How did the army engineers solve the problem?

three

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: How many generations did it take to move through the political and industrial revolutions?

1. industrial might & superior infrastructure 2. better military tech (Sharps Carbine/minni ball) coupled with ability to make weapons faster 3. modern communications 4. more railroads to transport reinforcements and supplies

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: The video contrasts the industrial North with the traditional South. Why do they believe the North won?

1. professional doctors in field hospitals on the frontlines 2. anesthetics (mainly chloroform) 3. female nurses improved hygiene and patient care

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: What new sanitation technologies helped ensure the survival of more soldiers?

burn down the warehouses - the fire spread and burned down most of Richmond

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR:As the Union troops approached Richmond, what did the Confederates decide to do? How did this decision backfire?

If you buy and sell at the right time you can make a fortune. If you don't, you can lose everything.

AMSTERDAM & the TULIP BOOM: Dr. Santhi Hejeebu said, "Everything about financial markets is about timing. The time you enter a contract and the timing you get out." What does this mean?

He painted, becoming one of the Netherland's greatest artists.

AMSTERDAM & the TULIP BOOM: How did Jan van Goyen pay off the debt he acquired from tulip speculation?

1. Riches of the Americas and the explosion of global trade. 2. The Dutch control over 1⁄2 the world's shipping 3. More new millionaires than anyone else on earth. 4. Highest per capita income of anywhere in Europe.

AMSTERDAM & the TULIP BOOM: Name at least one example of how Amsterdam dominated economically.

You buy things before they are available - for example, you purchase a crop before its harvest season comes.

AMSTERDAM & the TULIP BOOM: The rarity of tulips led to the birth of speculation - the birth of the futures markets. What is a futures market?

Tibbets felt that dropping the bomb was a necessary evil of sorts - he felt they had to do it in order to prevent more deaths.

ATOMIC AGE: Bomber pilot Paul Tibbets said, "I had been entrusted with the most frightful weapon ever devised. I thought, yes, we're going to kill a lot of people, but by God we're going to save a lot of lives." What does this quote reveal about Tibbets's feelings and motivations?

19,000 warheads - able to destroy our species 20 times over

ATOMIC AGE: In 2012 how many nuclear weapons do we have today?

Nuclear power is the third largest source of electricity with the potential to power our planet for billions of years.

ATOMIC AGE: What positive thing came out of the discovery of nuclear energy?

1. That lightning was electricity. 2. That lightning was part of nature, not a supernatural phenomenon.

BEN FRANKLIN & ELECTRICITY: What was Benjamin Franklin trying to prove when he flew his kite in the storm?

You can sail against the wind

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE: What advantage does a triangular lateen sale have?

currents that run through the ocean

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE: What is an ocean gyre?

He missed that they were a very ancient culture with complicated traditions.

CAPTIAN JAMES COOK: According to anthropologist Sabine Hyland, what did Cook fail to understand about the native people?

Australia

CAPTIAN JAMES COOK: James Cook and the men of the Endeavor landed in a place that was new to the Europeans. What was it?

He was the botanist - he cataloged what Cook found and popularized science for knowledge's sake (not commercial interest).

CAPTIAN JAMES COOK: What was Joseph Bank's job on the expedition?

1. They saved the scientific samples. 2. The second half is an opinion question, but most students will latch onto how the samples were the point of the entire voyage or the importance of science to the people.

CAPTIAN JAMES COOK: When the Endeavor hit a reef, they had to lighten the load by throwing things overboard. What is the one thing they saved? Why do you think that was so important to them?

He filmed the attacks on the marchers and put it on television. The footage interrupted the programming, allowing 70% of Americans to view the violence. These viewers insisted the government act. "Media for the masses means repression won't go unseen."

CIVIL RIGHTS: Selma Sheriff Jim Clark was determined to stop the marchers - deputizing hundreds of white citizens to join the state police. Laurens Pierce was a cameraman/journalist. How did his presence help the marchers?

1. They were driven in the struggle for equality. 2. They wanted freedom.

CIVIL RIGHTS:Protesting was dangerous. Why were people still willing to do it?

disease

COLUMBUS and the TIANO: What major problem did the Europeans introduce into the Americas?

1. That the people kept calling on God and believed they'd come from heaven. 2. That they became attached to the Spanish explorers. 3. The gold rings that hung from their noses.

COLUMBUS and the TIANO: What things interested Columbus the most in his first meeting with the Taino?

1. It was the year they defeated the Moors - they would have felt especially generous. 2. they had the money now that the war was over

COLUMBUS: Columbus asked Ferdinand and Isabella to finance his voyage in 1492. Why might Columbus have chosen that year specifically?

The Wonders of the World, by Marco Polo.

COLUMBUS: What book inspired Columbus to want to go exploring?

The Moors

COLUMBUS: Who were the Spanish fighting at Illora?

Because he believed the world was smaller than it is.

COLUMBUS: Why did Columbus believe he could sail around the world?

That he had been saved by God for a special purpose.

COLUMBUS:After Columbus survived a shipwreck and pirate attack, what did he believe about himself?

She took photographs of the victims and had them published in newspapers around the world.

CONGO: What did Harris decide to do about the problem?

They were graphic representations of brutality perpetrated on the weakest members of society.

CONGO: Writer Judith Lindbergh said that, "Just one look at what had happened to these people in the Congo...was able to communicate so broadly and so horrifically that it transformed world opinion and it changed society." What about these photos enabled them to change society?

They stoned the emperor

CORTES and the AZTECS: Aztecs held a revolt against their captive emperor. Cortes tried to get Montezuma to stop the revolt. How did that work out?

to kidnap the emperor

CORTES and the AZTECS: Cortes was invited into Montezuma's throne room. What was his plan?

smallpox/disease

CORTES and the AZTECS: More than any other weapon, ______________ helped Cortes defeat the Aztecs.

The Plague

MING DYNASTY: Why was the Mongol grip on power loosening?

1. It had a large number of students - 25,000, or 1⁄4 of the population. 2. It had a large number of scrolls - scholars journeys from many different places to read those scrolls and learn (Dr. Gates compared it to the world wide web).

TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE: Timbuktu was known for its university. Why was this university so impressive?

the bacteria could not survive

TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE: Why could the plague not spread across the Sahara?

He lived - by clinging to the wreckage and then being saved by one of Titanic's lifeboats.

TITANIC: Did Theodor de Mulder live or die? How?

The doors were locked - they were trapped below decks.

TITANIC: The third‐class cabins flooded first. What problem did the third‐class passengers encounter as they attempted to flee the vessel?

1. Salt 2. It was the difference between life and death because it absorbed water and stopped bacteria from growing. 3. It could preserve food so it could last a year without spoiling. 4. It determined whether you were powerful or not - you can't send an army without provisions.

TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE: Ibn Battuta and the Tuareg were trading _______________ which was important because...

1. Deception - he pretended to be a Spanish vessel. 2. He attacked from close quarters to destroy the Cacafuego's mainmast and seize the ship whole.

EFFECTS OF SILVER: What strategy did Sir Francis Drake use to raid Spanish shipping?

1. They used a chemical formula that involved mercury. 2. He mixed in copper sulfate to the formula that had worked in Europe.

EFFECTS OF SILVER:Potosi was a mountain with a large amount of silver in it. Once the high-grade silver was mined, how did Bartolomeu Medina refine the rest of it?

radio (they might also put Morse code)

EMIGRATION & RMS TITANIC: What technology enabled RMS Titanic officer Jack Phillips to communicate with land?

dreams of a better life

EMIGRATION: In this period, 1 in 20 people on the planet emigrated. The most popular destination was America. Why did so many people come?

1. To prove that transplanting organs was possible - not just a gimmick or a dream. 2. It led to other transplants and medical successes. 3. Many more transplants have occurred since.

FIRST HEART TRANSPLANT: Besides saving Washkansky's life, why was it important to have a successful transplant operation?

A life support machine

FIRST HEART TRANSPLANT: In 1967 in Cape Town, South Africa, Dr. Christiaan Barnard saved Louis Washkansky by performing the world's first heart transplant. What machine made this possible?

white blood cells

FLEMING & ANTIBIOTICS: Before this time, doctors treated wounds with carbolic acid. This killed the bacteria. What else did it kill - making it a problem for battlefield medicine?

disease or bacteria

FLEMING & ANTIBIOTICS: Life expectancy on the front line was approximately six weeks. 1/3 of these deaths did not come from weapons, but from...

penicillian

FLEMING & ANTIBIOTICS:What solution did Alexander Fleming find to the problem described in the previous questions?

1. Opium was being smuggled into China by the British. 2. The execution of Ho Lao‐Chin was interrupted by British citizen James Innes

GREAT BRITAIN vs CHINA: Why did war break out between Britain and China?

They had closed their doors to outsiders.

GREAT BRITAIN vs. CHINA: Why had China failed to become as advanced as Britain?

They removed the handle from the Broad Street pump.

How did the authorities finally stop the outbreak?

Excited and scared because death came suddenly, unexpectedly, without any visible assault.

How would the Mongols have felt when confronted with this new technology (firearms)?

Mali

IBN BATTUTA: Ibn Battuta traded his salt with what kingdom?

In water‐powered factories.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: Arkwright not only changed how products were made - it changed where they were made. Where did people make products now?

1. It replaced animal muscle power. 2. It increased productivity. 3. It opened the age of mass transportation.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: How did coal/steam change the world?

1. More people could buy products that were once only available to the wealthy. 2. People could enjoy things they never had before. 3. We could produce more stuff - stuff that people actually wanted.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: Richard Arkwright's machine changed society into a consumer society. According to the video, what does that mean?

In about a decade - or faster than any other nation on earth.

JAPANESE MODERNIZATION: How quickly did Japan industrialize?

He had his topknot cut, then started Mitsubishi as a steel company.

JAPANESE MODERNIZATION: Iwasaki Yataro was from an old samurai family. What did he do to bring Japan into the modern world?

Samurai

JAPANESE MODERNIZATION: Japan had been isolated for nearly 200 years in an attempt to preserve their unique culture. During this time, what class of people moved to almost mystical status in Japanese culture?

He gave the corn away for free in exchange for a portion of the profits.

MODERN AGRICULTURE: Roswell Garst was an entrepreneur with a new product - hybrid corn. It was too expensive for most farmers, however. How did he overcome this problem?

Population expands dramatically, from 2 to 3 billion in 30 years. 15 years later - 4 billion and rising.

MODERN AGRICULTURE: What effect did increased agricultural production have on human population?

nitrogen fertilizer

MODERN AGRICULTURE: What other new agricultural product did Garst push?

They were the brightness after the darkness of the Mongols

Ming means "bright." Why did Zhu Yanzhang name his dynasty the Ming dynasty?

He brokered friendships/alliances. He taught them how to grow crops in the poor soil by using fish as fertilizer. He also taught them about corn (maize).

PILGRIMS: How did Squanto help the Pilgrims survive?

to hide their dwindling numbers of the Wabenaki

PILGRIMS: Why did the Pilgrims bury their dead at first light (first thing in the morning)?

He greeted them in their own language.

PILGRIMS: Why were the Pilgrims shocked when they had their first meeting with a member of the Wabenaki tribe (Samoset)?

Hand copied, taking up to three years

PRINTING PRESS: Before the printing press, how did they produce books?

t was culturally important. It was in demand and would sell well.

PRINTING PRESS: The first book they printed was the Bible. Why do you think they chose that book?

ordered a brick sewer system built

Parliament finally intervened to stop "The Great Stink." What did they do that both reduced death and the miserable stench?

every mile of track.

RAILROADS: "America's most challenging railroad projects cost one worker's life for..."

Irish Immigrants

RAILROADS: Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. oversaw the production. Who did most of the actual digging?

The Appalachian Mountains

RAILROADS: What obstacle stood in the way of the Baltimore‐Ohio Railroad?

The artists intended these things to last forever, to be enjoyed forever, and/or to make the artist immortal.

RENAISSANCE: Describe the meaning of this statement: "They were buying collections for themselves, but they were meant for eternity."

Venice

RENAISSANCE: What European city became a key financial center?

1. He went to jail for his debts. 2. His family had to rely on handouts. 3. He put in five years worth of work. 4. Lost his fortune several times. 5. Went bankrupt a number of times.

RUBBER: What did Charles Goodyear sacrifice in his quest to make rubber useful?

1. The Wabanaki lived in the wilderness nearby - they often fought with the native population. They were afraid of the "wild men." 2. They were also afraid of the devil.

SALEM WITCH TRIALS: The witch trials occurred because people were afraid. Why were they afraid?

women

SALEM WITCH TRIALS: The witchcraft trials had been going on in Europe for more than a century. Over 45,000 people had been killed; 80% of those killed were ___________.

1. disease - mostly disease caused by poor sanitation 2. cholera in particular

SANITATION & CITIES: What was the primary cause of death in cities?

1. He went into the slums (the center of the outbreak), he interviewed the populace, he used the deductive powers of a detective. 2. He checked the outbreak of the illness and recorded the pattern on a map.

SANITATION & CITIES:How did Dr. John Snow discover the true source of the cholera outbreak?

Keeping at it, pushing at an idea without giving up (like Edison and the light bulb).

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: Jim Meigs said, "So often we think about the progress of science, we think about that 'aha' moment, that flash of insight. We don't recognize so much of science is dogged hard work." What does he mean by "dogged hard work?"

1. single celled organisms 2. secrets of the beating heart 3. gravity 4. earth orbits the sun 5. John Flamsteed's Mural Arc (to measure the angle of stars in the night sky)

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: List at least three things that were discovered/finally understood in this period.

1. The basic challenge is to know where you are so you don't crash into things and wreck. 2. The charts they used for navigation were basic and inaccurate.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:Why did so many ships wreck in this period?

They started exploring to try and find new trade routes.

SEIGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE: Once their key trade route fell to the Ottomans, how did the Europeans respond?

They shot cannonballs all the time, in shifts. The stone cannonballs broke against the walls, knocked them down, while the defenders struggled to rebuild.

SEIGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE: Sultan Mehmet II's big challenge was to take down the walls of Constantinople. To do this, he used non‐stop artillery bombardment. Describe this attack.

Dezhnev viewed it as empty wilderness. The Evenki were afraid of losing their land and becoming slaves.

SIBERIAN FUR & CONFLICT: Why did Semyen Dezhnev and the Evenki fight each other?

1. They were going through a mini ice age - they needed the warmth. 2. They were a symbol of status/wealth.

SIBERIAN FUR & CONFLICT: Why were furs in such high demand?

It controlled most of the spice trade into Europe (they point out that pepper made up 2/3 of the spice trade into Europe)

SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE: Why was Constantinople so prosperous and powerful?

1. Queen Nzinga herself, and other African monarchs. 2. The African Elite

SLAVE TRADE: Besides the Portuguese, who captured African slaves?

They wanted her territory and to enslave her people (to work the sugar plantations of the New World).

SLAVE TRADE: What did the Portuguese want from Nzinga?

That the past teaches us how to solve the problems that will face us moving forward.

SUMMARY: "History is the roadmap, and without it, there is no way to navigate the future. It's not possible." What does this quote mean?

We will explore the universe and begin to populate other planets.

SUMMARY: What do the people who made the video believe will happen next in the story of humanity?

Gave them a trading currency so they could buy more expensive Asian goods.

TAJ MAHAL: How did trade with the New World change India?

Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan's favorite wife, died in childbirth. The Taj Mahal was built as a monument to her.

TAJ MAHAL: Why was the Taj Mahal built?

the arts, mathematics, philosophy - culture

TENOCHTITLAN: The Aztecs didn't only enjoy fighting. What else did their civilization admire?

a more bountiful harvest - of corn

TENOCHTITLAN: What did the Aztecs believe they would get for sacrificing Tlahuicole's heart to the sun god Huitzilopochtli?

1. so they could pay a debt of blood to their gods 2. so he could fight in public later

TENOCHTITLAN: Why did the Aztecs prefer to take their captives alive?

It is democratic. No one can tell you what reality is. Fear and superstition were replaced by reason.

THE PINE TREE RIOT: According to Jim Meigs, the key change the Enlightenment brought was to do away with the idea that a powerful authority could tell you how the world worked. How was the scientific method different?

beat the officers instead - it's called the Pine Tree Riot

THE PINE TREE RIOT: Ebenezer Mudgett was accused of stealing the king's timber - to be punished by one blow for every tree stolen. What did Mudgett do to Sheriff Whiting & Deputy Quigley?

1. He used them for his ships (one warship used 6,000 trees). 2. They were used for the navy - for exploration, colonization, and conquest.

THE PINE TREE RIOT: Why did the king of England need the trees grown near Boston?

They never had quite the same faith or optimism in technology as they did before.

TITANIC: According to James Meigs, how did the sinking of Titanic affect how people viewed technology?

1. Vikings attacked and slaughtered eight of the Innu 2. The Innu counterattacked and killed Thorvald Erickson

VIKINGS IN AMERICA: Describe what happened between the Vikings and the Innu meet.

the Innu

VIKINGS IN AMERICA: When the Vikings arrived in America, what tribe did they find?

1. liberty 2. Professor H.W. Brands said, "When the American Revolution succeeded, it put abroad the idea that people didn't have to accept the governments, the political regimes they were born into." 3. George Wunderlich: "You should be in charge of your destiny, you should be the one to determine who you are and who you will become."

WORLD REVOLUTIONS: What new concept did the American Revolution introduce into the world?

Pesos de Ocho (pieces of eight) - silver coins

What did the Spanish create out of the silver at Potosi?

firearms

Zhu Yanzhang, his wife Ma, and Jiao Yu planned an uprising. What new technology did Jiao Yu invent to help him with this uprising?