Maori 130 Exam 2
Name and briefly discuss two specific initiatives introduced by the Te Puea Herangi as a leader of the Kingitanga
Princess Te Puea- was never a queen Main initiatives: She led the WW1 maori Anti-conscription campaigns, saying that they are still fighting wars at home so they should not fight one away Bought confiscated land and housed about 100 orphans Started the first kapa haka group She worked on land development schemes with the government so that maori could be employed and could keep their land She negotiated the first land treaty settlement- so that land could be returned
The traditional leaders whose leadership was mandated by their whakaapa and their skills and expertise were
Rangatira and Tohunga
What was the significance of Te Heuheu Tūkino 1941?
Ruled that the treaty was only enforceable if it was incorporated into domestic legislation. Set a new legal precedent and gave Māori a target to set their sights on incorporation of Te Tiriti into domestic law.
Tohunga
spiritual experts- arts, culture, religious rights Dominion = Iwi&Hapū&Whānau Mandate = Whakapapa, skills, and expertise (they are selected as a child (around age 5) to be the holder of whatever knowledge they are a tohunga of)
Define moko
the end result of the process of ta moko ta moko = to put ink on the body Permanent skin adornment Scarification
What is decarceration?
Getting people out of prison Tactics aim to reduce the current prison population in a safe and sustainable way Seeking an alternative to incarceration altogether Rethinking remand, parole, and sentences Thinking about how people can reenter society
What was the significance of the Prendergast ruling?
'the whole treaty was worthless - a simple nullity pretended to be an agreement between two nations but was between a civilised nation and a group of savages'. For 70 years, Prendergast's ruling dominated treaty jurisprudence. Māori attempts to address tiriti grievances were blocked by this legal precedent. They were not recognized as civilized people.
What percentage of victims say the criminal justice system is NOT safe for them?
83%
Title/Dominion/Mandate All 4
Ariki / Iwi&Waka / Whakapapa (first-born in a high-ranking family) Rangatira / Iwi&Hapū / Whakapapa, skills, expertise, and prowess (you can be born into it or work your way into it; if you don't have leadership qualities, you can lose it) Kamātua / Whānau / Whakapapa (You pretty much only get that position because you're old; they also assume the role of caregivers) Tohunga (spiritual experts- arts, culture, religious rights) / Iwi&Hapū&Whānau / Whakapapa, skills, and expertise (they are selected as a child (around age 5) to be the holder of whatever knowledge they are a tohunga of)
What is another tool, material or resource used in the traditional moko process
Chisel (in maori: Uhi)- made out of bone You would want it to be sharp Today, it's made of metal
Define purakau
Codified knowledge, metaphorical and literal, as a way to understand the world Easier to understand for people like children who have a harder time thinking through logically Easier to remember
What is hyper-incarceration?
Connected to mass-incarceration Mass is about sheer numbers and hyper is about going beyond just the sheer numbers and affecting the community more than just the prisoners themselves Social cost due to mass incarceration
According to Camara Jones (2001) what are the three determinants of ethnic inequalities in health?
Differential access to health determinants or exposures leading to differences in disease incidence Your education is a really good indicator for health outcomes Where you sit on the social gradient affects health outcomes Maori get worse healthcare than Pakeha Access to healthcare services, education, owning a phone, access to transport Differential access to health care Money to go to doctor, transport to get to doctor, work constraints Differences in quality of care received Spend less time with doctors, feel that they haven't been listened to as much, idea that Māori aren't as compliant with taking medicine and are more prone to addiction
Rangatira
Dominion = Iwi&Hapū Mandate = Whakapapa, skills, expertise, and prowess (you can be born into it or work your way into it; if you don't have leadership qualities, you can lose it)
Ariki
Dominion = Iwi&Waka Mandate = Whakapapa (first-born in a high-ranking family)
Kamātua
Dominion = Whānau Mandate = Whakapapa (You pretty much only get that position because you're old; they also assume the role of caregivers)
According to Professor Papaarangi Reid, how can we change Māori health outcomes?
Ensuring equitable quality of care received Reversing unequitable conditions of access to health determinants or exposures leading to differences in disease incidences Ensuring equitable access to and through healthcare services
Name two groups involved in the retention and evolution of moko
Gangs kept the art of moko going Military forces
What was the significance of the 'Lands' case?
Government lands (16% of total lands) were to be passed over to these companies and privatized by May of 1987. Māori were engaged in the process of reclaiming government lands as part of treaty claims settlements. The high court ended up upholding maori treaty rights and the government was stopped from doing things This was the first time that the treaty was accounted for in law "the beginning of decolonization"
According to Professor Papaarangi Reig, what influences health outcomes?
Health outcomes just indicate how healthy you are Quality and access to healthcare Behaviors Access to health determinants - education, home ownership, access to the internet (SOCIAL GRADIENT) In short, everything affects your health Education - if you go to a lower decile school, you're less likely to own a home, have financial security, have access to a doctor, etc Your education is a really good indicator for health outcomes Where you sit on the social gradient affects health outcomes Maori get worse healthcare than Pakeha Access to healthcare services, education, owning a phone, access to transport
Te Ao Maori systems of social control and justice are best described as having an emphasis on
Holding offenders accountable for their hara (harm) Mana and utu The restoration of relationships The future and wellbeing of the collective
Whats the positive side about the social construction of prisons?
If prisons are socially enforced and constructed, we can just as easily unmake them as well We can choose a better way of dealing with social harm We especially need to do that with a position of decolonization
Differential access to health determinants that is unjust is best described as:
Inequity (not disparity, inequality, or internalised) Inequity is an unjust difference, whereas disparity or inequality describes a difference that isn't necessarily unjust or bad (ie- negative moral connotation on inequity)
What are the three levels of racism?
Internalized racism Acceptance of negative messages about your own ethnicity Personally-mediated (Interpersonal) Racism Person being racist to someone else Racial slur, etc Institutionalized racism Prejudice policies in place that affect the way that an institution operates Not a single person whose perpetuating the racism, but it's the overarching system
Why does Professor Tracey McIntosh describe the prison system as a "fully funded failure"?
It is not addressing any of the systemic issues, just perpetuating the problem We keep throwing around one billion dollars into it every year without any better outcomes High rates of recall and re offence (80% of maori will reoffend within 5 years of being released from prison) The system doesn't deal with the many psychological issues of prison It does not rehabilitate
Why did moko almost disappear
It was dangerous for maori to have them because preserved maori heads were sold and traded Christianity and the pressures of Colonization = the influence of missionaries and settler society
As traditional leaders, Ariki have dominion over
Iwi / Waka
What is the Kingitanga and why was it established?
Kingitanga- maori king movement It was established in response to the change in power balance It was influenced by the British monarchy Idea that maori need to unite under one leader To have a pan-maori movement that would unite all hapa and iwi Represents the sharing of power of the british crown and the maori queen Metaphoric marriage between the 2 powers As much of a settler colonial creation as a maori creation It is different than all of the other movements because it's the most enduring political movements It reflects a British hierarchy of power It also reflects a maori way of understanding relationships- whakapapa Whakapapa- very important The way that everything is related in a maori worldview Describes genealogical descent/ancestry
Name and discuss one tool, material or resource used in the traditional moko process
Korere = funnel used for pain relief that had has swirls This allows them to get water/food while they are getting the moko done to avoid hurting the skin Avoids infection and adds distraction Swirls on the feeding tube allows people to look up at the tube and escape their pain and be distracted/be in another place Pain management tool and process (there are no mind-altering medicines in aotearoa) This is combined with chant to create a facility for people to be distracted from pain
Explain the meaning of the expression 'Kāhore te kūmara e kōrero ki tōna aka reka' (The kumara does not speak about its own sweetness) in relation to leadership:
Leave it to others to sing your praises Be humble No one wants an arrogant leader It's about valuing humility in leadership
What does "te whare tapawha" mean?
Maori health model Just one maori health model Whare = health
Mana (Māori) Motuhake
Māori Political independence Maori independent authority Autonomy
Define maramataka
Māori lunar calendar Framework to mark time Predictive tool for scheduling activities crucial to continued success Tells when activities are best done Empirical, critically tested through time Accurate, precise, rigorous You get this through a relationship with nature through generations You can observe things in nature that sometimes escape western knowledge
Explain Dr. Dan Hikuroa's contention that a wharenui is an examplar of mātauranga Māori
Mātauranga Māori = the stories that Māori share Stories that inform Māori understanding Knowledge can inform the location of a wharenui as a way to avoid seismic activity and natural disasters Color of a wharenui can be affected by this knowledge
Kotahitanga
Oneness or unity
Name and discuss the teachings and outcomes of ONE Māori prophetic movement
Papahurihia He became inspired by the spirit "Te Nakahi" This was the spirit that tempted eve in the garden of eden and is also known as the word of a comet This was based on the earliest teachings Commune with the dead Recorded messages from God vie Te Nakahi The missionaries rejected Te Nakahi because he represented evil in the Bible First missionaries into New Zealand = 1814, samuel maston (Auckland) The "Blackouts" Spiritual meetings held in complete darkness worshiped Te Nakahi Missionaries hated this because it went directly against Christianity
What are the four dimensions of te whare tapawha
Taha whanau = family/social health Taha Himengaro = mental/emotional health Taha timana = physical health Taha wairua = spiritual health
What is the role of taniwha according to Māori worldview?
Taniwha - unspoken rule that places the danger of things into a being It operates as a warning system Being in a tap place denotes danger Tanewha operates as a warning system in order to keep people and systems safe They are acting as a kaitiaki (guardian) It doesn't matter whether these mystical creatures exist or not, it matters whether they're listened to
Why is the concept of 'the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi' problematic
Te Tiriti and the Treaty of Waitangi are 2 separate documents that have nothing to do with each other- so it's a fallacy to try to find principles in common between them Perpetuates the false notion that they can be read together as similar/the same Rangatira didn't sign the treaty or any principles
What is one origin story of moko according to a Māori world view?
The legend of Mataora and Niwareka- Mataora was a young warrior and Niwareka was a beautiful maid- He got jealous and struck his wife- She fled to be with her people in the spirit world- He apologized and her family taught him the art of ta moko- They returned to the human world, bringing the art of ta moko She was from the spirit world The origins of moko, therefore, has to do with acknowledging your whakaapa and interpersonal relationships and being good to the people in your life
Define Mauri
The life-supporting capacity of earth Life force between the physical and the metaphysical Present in soil, water, trees, inanimate objects It is measurable It manifests itself in certain ways Something that's intuitive; we can all understand it on some level Everything has mauri, but it can be quite suppressed
What is excarceration?
The reduction in the size and scope of the prison system over time 3 tactics: decriminalization, diversion (first offence can get wiped from your record / not prosecuting minor, nonviolent crimes), and minimization (seeking alternative punishments from prison like home detention or community service)
What is the relationship between crime rates and incarceration rates?
There's not any relationship They actually don't have much to do with each other NZ has a much higher incarceration rate than countries with similar crime rates
What is the role and function of the Waitangi Tribunal?
To hear maori claims via the Treaty of Waitingi Act in 1975 Only Maori can take a claim to the Waitangi tribunal It does not have legal powers, but it has powers to inquire It's function is to enquire into claims laid by maori against the crown that they have been prejudicially affected by government legislation, policy, action or inaction that is consistent with the treaty Publishes its findings, but findings are only recommendations (non-binding) If the crown has breached the treaty, then they uphold the claim To date, they have upheld every single claim
Why did Governor Gore Browne hold the Kohimarama conference in 1860, and how did rangatira interpret the conference?
To marginalize maori support for the kingitanga movement To get maori to support the crown (for pro-british govt support) To reinsure them of the terms of the treaty To establish a Maori Council They saw it as a covenant They were grateful to Gore Browne for hosting the conference They were grateful for him They saw it as meeting their desires for maori government/council They interpreted it as a positive thing
In traditional Māori society kamātua played leadership roles with dominion over
Whānau
What other art forms have influenced moko?
carvings, ta whakairo = maori wood carving kowhaiwhai = painted panels
Cririques of te whare tapawha
doesnt take into account environmental factors Who owns the house, who owns the land that it sits on
Utu
not about revenge, it is about acknowledging that something has happened and rebalancing it
