MAR 4613 Exam 2

Experimental Confound

- When there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variable - Once a potential confound is identified, the validity of the experiment is severely questioned - Sources: - Sampling Error - Systemic Error - Later-Identified Extraneous Variables - Careful experimental design can reduce the likelihood of confounds

Cohort Effect

A change in the dependent variable that occurs because members of one experimental group experienced different historical situations than members of other experimental groups

Instrumentation Effect

A change in the wording of questions, a change in interviewers, or a change in other procedures causes a change in the dependent variable

Control Group

A group of subjects to whom no experimental treatment is administered

Experimental Group

A group of subjects whom an experimental treatment is administered

Sampling Frame

A list of elements when a sample may be dram; also called a working population

Testing Effect

A nuisance effect occurring when the initial measurement or test alerts or prime subjects in a way that affects their response to the experimental treatments

Selection Effect

A sample bias that results from differential selection of respondents for the comparison groups, or a sample selection error

Snowball Sampling

A sampling procedure in which initial respondents are selected by probability methods and additional respondents are obtained from information provided by the initial respondents

Probability Sampling

A sampling technique in which every member of the population has a known, nonzero probability of selection

Sampling Unit

A single element or group of elements subject to selection in the sample

Laboratory Experiment

A situation in which the researcher has more complete control over the research setting and extraneous variables

Systematic Sampling

A starting point is selected by a random process and then every nth number on the list is selected

Sample

A subset, or some part, of a larger population

Primary Sampling Unit (PSU)

A unit selected in the first stage of sampling

Secondary Sampling Unit

A unit selected in the second stage of sampling

Tertiary Sampling Unit

A unit selected in the third stage of sampling

Manipulation Checks

A validity test of an experimental manipulation to make sure that the manipulation does produce differences in the independent variable

Judgement (Purposive) Sampling

An experienced individual selects the sample based on personal judgment about some appropriate characteristic of the sample member

Demand Characteristic

An experimental design element or procedure that unintentionally provides subjects with hints about the research hypothesis

Population Element

An individual member of a population

Census

An investigation of all the individual elements that make up a population

Population (universe)

Any complete group of entities that share some common set of characteristics

Simple Random Sampling

Assures each element in the population of an equal chance of being included in the sample

Counterbalancing

Attempts to eliminate the confounding effects of order of presentation by varying the order of presentation (exposure) of treatments to subject groups

International Research

Availability of sampling frames varies dramatically around the world

In which experimental research design does each subject receive only one treatment combination?

Between-subjects design

When a researcher uses students to participate in a study because he has easy access to them, what type of sampling procedure is being used?

Convenience sample

A marketing vice-president tells the marketing department to schedule a test market in Dallas because he feels that this city is "typical" of the composition of the target market for a new product nationally. The vice president is asking for a _____.

Judgement sample

Online Panels

Lists of respondents who have agreed to participate in marketing research via e-mail

Salespeople are tested one year after a sales training program and perform better on the exam, not because of the training program, but because they have gained one year's experience in sales. Which type of effect has occurred?

Maturation Effect

Nonprobability Sampling

- A sampling technique in which units of of the sample are selected on the basis of personal judgement or convenience - The probability of any particular member of the population being chosen is unknown

Cluster Sampling

- An economically efficient sampling technique in which the primary sampling unit is not the individual element in the population but a large cluster of elements - Clusters are selected randomly

Types of Nonprobability Sampling

- Convenience Sampling - Judgement (Purposive) Sampling - Quota Sampling - Snowball Sampling

Factors affecting Sampling Desgin

- Degree of Accuracy - Resources - Time - Knowledge of Population - National vs. Local

Between-Subjects Design

- Each subject receives only one treatment combination - Usually advantageous although they are usually more costly - Validity is usually higher

Extraneous Variables Affecting Internal Validity

- History Effect - Mortality Effect - Selection Effect - Maturation Effect - Testing Effect - Instrumentation Effect

Manipulation of the Independent Variable

- Several experimental treatment levels (different values of the independent) may be used - More than one independent variable may be examined

Types of Probability Sampling

- Simple Random Sampling - Systematic Sampling - Stratified sampling - Cluster sampling

Internal Validity

- The extent that an experimental variable is truly responsible for any variance in the dependent variable - Does the experimental manipulation truly cause changes in the specific outcome of interest?

Experimental Treatment

- The way an experimental variable is manipulated - Categorical variables: described by class or quality - Continuous variables: described by quantity (level)

Despite the positive results, some scientists turn somewhat skeptical about the results as many patients can recover from COVID19 probably without Remdesivir. If it were a field experiment, what kind of extraneous variables is the key reason for skepticism given the possibility of those patients recovering by themselves?

Maturation effect

When some subjects stop participating in an experiment before it is completed, affecting the results of the study, a _____ effect has occurred.

Mortality

A researcher for Procter & Gamble selects five states randomly, and then selects 10 supermarket chains randomly within each of these states to call for a phone survey for a test market of a new shampoo. Which type of sampling procedure is being used?

Multistage area sampling

Convenience Sampling

Obtaining those people or units that are most conveniently available

Sampling Frame Error

Occurs when certain sample elements are not listed or are not accurately represented in a sampling frame

Demand Effect

Occurs when demand characteristics actually affect the dependent variable

History Effect

Occurs when some change other than the experimental treatment occurs during the course of an experiment that affects the dependent variable

Mortality Effect

Occurs when some subjects withdraw from the experiment before it is completed

Experimental Conditions

One of the possible levels of an experimental (independent) variable manipulation

Hawthorne Effect

People will perform differently from normal when they know they are experimental subjects

In which type of sampling does every element in the population have a known, nonzero, equal probability of selection?

Probability sampling

Interaction Effect

Differences in dependent variable means due to a specific combination of independent variables

Maturation Effect

Effects that are a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience

Quota Sampling

Ensures that various subgroups of a population will be represented on pertinent characteristics to the exact extent that the investigator desires. - Advantages: - Convenient - Speed of Data Collection - Lower Costs

The group receiving the treatment being studied is called the _____.

Experimental group

Research projects involving experimental manipulations that are implemented in a natural environment are called ____.

Field experiments

According to an academic study, products from less developed countries received lower consumer evaluations than those from industrialized countries under all tested conditions. Additional results in the study also indicate that a product's brand name changes the effect of country of origin on consumer evaluations so that a famous brand erases such differing effect of country of origin on consumer product evaluations. The additional results illustrate an _____.

Interaction

The question as to whether the independent variable was the sole cause of the change in the dependent variable is the basic issue in _____.

Internal validity

Within-Subjects Design

Involves repeated measures because with each treatment the same subject is measured

Multistage Area Sampling

Involves using a combination of two or more probability sampling techniques

A researcher is interested in studying attitudes about raw milk sales and has reason to believe that urban, suburban, and rural groups will vary in their responses. The researcher knows that the population being studied is 50% urban, 40% suburban, and 20% rural. She classifies the potential participants as urban, suburban, or rural residents, and then, for a sample totaling 100, randomly selects 50 individuals from the urban group, 40 from the suburban group, and 20 from the rural group. The researcher is using a _____.

Proportional stratified sampling

Sampling Services (list brokers)

Provide lists or databases of the names, addresses, phone numbers, and e-mail addresses of specific populations

The head of the marketing research department instructs field interviewers to interview owners of smartphones in a shopping mall such that they each interview 10 iPhone users, 8 Samsung Galaxy users, 6 Huawei or Mi users, and 4 owners of other brands. Which type of sampling procedure is being used.

Quota sample

Field Experiments

Research projects involving experimental manipulations that are implemented in a natural environment

Possible Sources of Bias

Respondents chosen because they were: - Similar to interviewer - Easily found - Willing to be interviewed - Middle-class

A researcher wants to study the members of the American Marketing Association and selects a sample from its membership list. The membership list is an example of a _____.

Sampling frame

A researcher puts the name of each person in a sampling frame list on a 3x5 card, shuffles the cards thoroughly, and then selects 35 names from the top of the pile of cards for a phone interview study. What type of sampling procedure is being used?

Simple random sample

Stratified Sampling

Simple random subsamples that are more or less equal on some characteristic are drawn from within each stratum of the population

A marketing researcher wants to put together four focus groups of 18-24-year-old males who are "heavy downloaders of music" (defined as downloading 50 songs per month). Instead of asking people at a shopping mall whether they download music from the internet, he finds one person in the target maker who qualifies, and then asks that person to suggest the names of two other makes between the ages of 18-24 who download music. The researcher will invite those two to participate in the focus group, and then they are each asked to suggest two others similar to themselves to participate in the focus group study. This procedure describes a _____.

Snowball sample

A researcher is conducting an experiment in which one group of people is exposed to one advertisement and another group is exposed to another advertisement. Specifically, he is examining the effect of headline font sizes on consumers' attitude toward the brand advertised. The participants in the experimental research are referred to as ____.

Subjects

Constancy Conditions

Subjects in all experimental groups are exposed to identical conditions except for the differing experimental treatments

Main Effect

The experimental difference in dependent variable means between different levels of any single experimental variable

Proportional Stratified Sampling

The number of sampling units drawn from each stratum is in proportion to the population size of that stratum

Disproportional Stratified Sampling

The sample size for each stratum is allocated according to analytical considerations

Subjects

The sampling units for an experiment, usually human respondents who provide measures based on experimental manipulation