Marketing Research #6
Identify the features of nonsampling error. (Check all that apply.) - It can be reduced by decreasing the size of a sample. - It occurs only when a sample is used and can be eliminated by using a census. - It can occur at any stage of the research process. - It occurs due to incorrect question/scale measurements.
- It can occur at any stage of the research process - It occurs due to incorrect question/scale measurements
Which of the following are advantages of quota sampling? (Check all that apply.) - Unbiased estimates of the target population can be produced using this method. - It ensures the identification and inclusion of appropriate subgroups in a survey. - The sample generated consists of specific subgroups in the proportions desired by researchers. - It allows the generalization of results beyond the sampled respondents.
- It ensures the identification and inclusion of appropriate subgroups in a survey. - The sample generated consists of specific subgroups in the proportions desired by researchers.
Which of the following tasks can be performed by a researcher who understands the basics of the central limit theorem (CLT)? (Check all that apply.) - Determining null or alternative hypotheses - Identifying sampling error before the sample is drawn and data are collected - Obtaining sample statistics from a random sample that work as accurate estimates of the target population's parameters - Drawing representative samples from any target population
- Obtaining sample statistics from a random sample that work as accurate estimates of the target population's parameters - Drawing representative samples from any target population
What selection factors need to be considered when selecting the sampling design?
- Research objectives - Degree of accuracy - Resources - Time frame - Knowledge of the target population - Scope of the research - Statistical analysis needs
Identify the true statements about the factors that play an important role in determining sample sizes with probability designs. (Check all that apply.) - The greater the variability in the data being estimated, the larger the sample size required. - The more precise the required sample results, the smaller the sample size needed. - The greater the access researchers have to resources, the larger the sample size needed. - The higher the level of confidence desired, the larger the sample size required.
- The greater the variability in the data being estimated, the larger the sample size required. - The higher the level of confidence desired, the larger the sample size required.
Which of the following are factors that play a significant role in determining sample sizes with probability designs? (Check all that apply.)
- The level of confidence desired in the sample estimate - The population variance - The degree of precision desired in estimating the population characteristic
Identify the tasks that can be performed by a researcher who understands the basics of the central limit theorem (CLT). (Check all that apply.) - The researcher can successfully derive null and alternative hypotheses. - The researcher can assess the accuracy of the target population's response and minimize response errors in the data. - The researcher can more accurately assess the validity and reliability of scale measurements and constructs. - The researcher can draw one random sample, instead of many samples, and thus reduce data collection costs.
- The researcher can more accurately assess the validity and reliability of scale measurements and constructs. - The researcher can draw one random sample, instead of many samples, and thus reduce data collection costs.
Identify true statements about research panel samples. (Check all that apply.) - They are quota samples drawn based on behavioral patterns, demographic quotas, and similar information. - They are often used when compiling a complete list of sampling units is very difficult. - They are sometimes referred to as purposive samples or referral samples. - They are nonprobability samples but are considered representative of the target population.
- They are quota samples drawn based on behavioral patterns, demographic quotas, and similar information. - They are nonprobability samples but are considered representative of the target population.
When is snowball sampling typically used?
- When the defined target population is unique and small - When it is very difficult to compile a complete list of sampling units
Identify the steps in developing a good sampling plan.
1. Define the target population 2. Select the data collection method 3. Identify the sampling frames needed 4. Select the appropriate 5. Determine necessary sample sizes and overall contact rates 6. Create an operating plan for selecting sampling units 7. Execute the operational plan
A researcher wants to use systematic random sampling to draw a sample of 300 from a target population of 1,500. In this scenario, the skip interval will be
5 (1500/300)
Identify a difficulty associated with detecting sampling errors in a research study. - Sampling errors cannot be determined after data collection. - A census is rarely conducted in survey research. - Errors in questions or scale measurement cannot be determined. - No statistical procedures are available to assess the sampling errors in the data collected.
A census is rarely conducted in survey research
Identify an advantage of convenience sampling.
A large number of respondents can be interviewed in a relatively short time.
Identify a true statement about determining the sample size for nonprobability samples.
A researcher makes subjective, intuitive judgments based on either past studies or the amount of resources available when deriving samples.
The _____ _____ _____ (CLT) states that the sampling distribution derived from a simple random sample will be approximately normally distributed.
Central Limit Theorem
- This sampling method is used when stratification of the target population produces sample sizes for subgroups that differ from their relative importance to a study. - Each stratum's sample size is independent of that stratum's proportion of the total defined target population.
Disproportionately stratified sampling
True or false: Changing respondent behaviors disallow multisource sampling.
False
True or false: Nonprobability sampling results are often used by researchers to make statistical inferences about the true population parameters.
False
True or false: The basic logic underlying optimal allocation is that the greater the heterogeneity of a stratum, the fewer the units that would be selected to accurately estimate the true population parameter for that subgroup.
False
True/False: Knowledge of the target population is not an important factor to consider when selecting the sampling design.
False
What is a disadvantage of systematic random sampling?
It involves the possibility of hidden patterns in the list of prospective participants' names that create bias
Identify a disadvantage of simple random sampling. - It is difficult to execute, and its results cannot be generalized to the target population. - It does not allow participants to have an equal chance of being selected for a study. - It produces biased estimates of a population's characteristics. - It is difficult to obtain a precise and complete listing of the target population elements.
It is difficult to obtain a precise and complete listing of the target population elements
Identify a disadvantage of a census. - It is more time-consuming and expensive than sampling. - It is more likely to not be generalizable to a target population than sampling. - It consists of inaccurate data as no element of a population can be identified. - It involves selecting a small section of a population, which could lead to high sampling error.
It is more time-consuming and expensive than sampling
What is an advantage of simple random sampling?
It produces unbiased estimates of the characteristics of the target population
A bias that occurs in a research study regardless of whether a sample or census is used is called _____ _____
Nonsampling error
In _____ sampling, each sampling unit in the defined target population has a known possibility of being selected for the sample.
Probability
- In this sampling method, the strata that make up a larger percentage of the target population are sampled more heavily. - Each stratum's sample size is dependent on that stratum's size relative to the defined target population.
Proportionately stratified sampling
In the context of stratified random sampling, which of the following is true of dividing a target population into homogeneous strata?
Researchers have the opportunity to study each stratum and compare strata
Identify the formula to calculate the sample size when researchers work with small populations.
Sample size = (Specified degree of confidence × Variability/Desired precision)^2 × N/(N + n - 1)
_____ refers to the selection of a small number of elements from a larger defined target group of elements and expecting that the information gathered from the small group will allow judgments to be made about the larger group.
Sampling
Any type of bias that is attributable to mistakes in either drawing a sample or determining the sample size is called _____ _____
Sampling error
Which of the following is true of detecting sampling errors in a research study? - Most research studies use large samples, increasing the possibility of sampling errors. - Sampling errors occur regardless of whether a sample or a census is used in a study. - Sampling error determination can be done only after a sample is drawn and data collection is completed. - No statistical procedures are available to assess the sampling errors in the data collected.
Sampling error determination can be done only after a sample is drawn and data collection is completed.
The target population elements available for selection during the sampling process are called _____ _____
Sampling units
______ sampling involves the separation of the target population into different groups and the selection of samples from each group.
Stratified random
Which of the following is true of convenience sampling?
The data are not generalizable to the members of the defined target population.
Which of the following is true of cluster sampling?
The homogeneous nature of clusters leads to less precise sample estimates
Which of the following is a feature of judgment sampling?
The representativeness of the sample cannot be measured
What is a specific rule followed when members from a population are selected in probability sampling?
The sample population must be a proper representation of the defined target population
Identify a purpose of quota sampling.
To ensure the representation of prespecified subgroups of the population
True or false: It is essential to define a target population precisely, which is done in terms of elements, sampling units, and time frames.
True
Given X = Defined target population list size, and Y = Desired sample size, identify the formula for skip interval that is used in systematic random sampling.
X/Y
In systematic random sampling, sampling units are selected ____________________
according to their position using a skip interval
A true statement about sampling frames is that _______, _____, and _____ sampling frames are difficult and expensive to obtain
accurate; representative; current
A research study that includes data about every member of a defined target population is called a(n) _____
census
A nonprobability sampling method in which samples are drawn at the convenience of the researcher is called _____ _____
convenience sampling
The complete set of elements identified for investigation based on the objectives of a research project is called a(n) _____ _____ _____
defined target population
The primary difficulty researchers encounter when using stratified sampling is ___________
determining the basis for stratifying the target population
Sampling is often used when conducting a census is _____ or _____.
impossible; unreasonable
Systematic random sampling is frequently used because _______________
it is a relatively easy way to draw a sample while ensuring randomness
A nonprobability sampling method in which participants are selected according to a researcher's belief that they will meet the requirements of a study are called _____ _____
judgment sampling
The selection of sampling units in nonprobability sampling is based on the _________________
knowledge or intuitive judgement of a researcher
______ sampling is sometimes used in stratified random sampling when no single source can generate a large or low incidence sample.
multisource
Identify the standardized formula used to calculate the sample size for a simple random sample in a situation where estimates of population proportion are of concern.
n = (Z2B,CL) ([PXQ]/e2)
Identify the formula used to estimate the sample size for a simple random sample when the situation involves estimating a population mean.
n = (Z^2(B,CL)) (σ2/e2)
Sampling designs in which the probability of selection of each sampling unit is not known are called _____ sampling
nonprobability
In _____ sampling method, consideration is given to the relative size of the stratum as well as the variability within the stratum to determine the necessary sample size of each stratum.
optimal allocation
A nonprobability sampling method in which participants are selected according to prespecified quotas regarding demographics, attitudes, behaviors, or some other criteria is called _____ _____
quota sampling
A list of all eligible sampling units that are developed by a researcher is called a(n) _____ _____
sampling frame
The blueprint or framework needed to ensure that the data collected are representative of the defined target population is called a(n) _____ _____
sampling plan
Unlike stratified random sampling, the sampling units in cluster sampling are ____________
segregated into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations
A marketing researcher wants to draw a sample of 30 participants out of the 100 potential participants who are present. The researcher writes each participant's name on a separate, identical piece of paper and places all the names in a bowl. She then proceeds to pick names arbitrarily until she picks 30 participants. The scenario given above is an example of ____________ sampling
simple random
A probability sampling procedure in which every sampling unit has a known and equal chance of being selected is called ______ sampling
simple random
______ or referral sampling is a nonprobability sampling method in which a set of respondents is chosen by a researcher, and they help the researcher identify additional people to be included in the study.
snowball sampling
In ______ _____ sampling, a defined target population is ordered in some way, usually in the form of a taxpayer roll, customer list, or membership roster, and selected systematically.
systematic random
A marketing researcher hired by an electronics company wants to identify the impact of the new features of the company's toasters on its sales. She identifies the names of the people who bought the toasters from January 2013 to January 2014 and sends them a survey. The sampling unit in the scenario given above is _________________
the people who bought the toasters
An inherent limitation of quota sampling is that ___________
the success of a study is dependent on subjective decisions made by researchers
An inherent limitation of quota sampling is that ________________
the success of a study is dependent on subjective decisions made by researchers
Random sampling error occurs because ____________________
there can be chance variations in the selection of sampling units
