Marriage and Family - ANTHRO FINAL

Which of the following is a custom whereby a woman is obliged to marry her deceased sister's husband?

Sororate

What is the primary weakness of both the gender division-of-labor and prolonged-infant-dependency models for the benefits of marriage?

There are many ways other than marriage for groups of men and women to work together

While they say they would prefer a "love marriage", why do many South Asian immigrants in the US or UK ultimately have an arranged marriage?

They encounter social barriers while dating and prefer to marry within their own group

Why do some argue that sexual competition is higher among humans than in other primates?

Unlike most other primates, human females are sexually receptive throughout the year.

Which theory hypothesizes that the taboo for incest is based on sibling association?

Westermarck's childhood-familiarity theory

Which theory suggests that the incest taboo was created to ensure that individuals would marry members of other families, thereby creating ties that held communities together?

White and Levi-Strauss's cooperation theory

Anthropologists have determined that the percentage of societies known to include one or more explicit economic transactions either before or after a marriage occurs at which of the following rates?

about 75

In many Western countries there has been a dramatic increase recently in the percentage of one-parent families. What percent of these one-parent families is female-headed?

about 90%

The incest taboo is found in __________ known societies.

all

Using a statistical-control analysis, which factor is a strong predictor of polygyny?

an imbalanced sex ratio

Bride wealth is another term for __________

bride price

Of the following, which is the most common distribution of economic marriage transactions among societies that have them?

bride price

Even in an urbanized society like the US, people tend to marry within their __________.

class and geographic area

Most societies __________.

disapprove of marriages between first cousins

The US custom of the bride's family paying for the wedding is most similar to which type of marital exchange?

dowry

Caste societies typically have __________ marriages.

endogamous

What is the prevailing family type in over half of all societies known to anthropologists?

extended family

What example from the Japanese in the 1950s and 1960s is put forward by the authors as an idea to relieve some of the financial pressure on Social Security in the United States?

extended family living

A __________ is a social and economic unit consisting minimally of one or more parents (or parent substitute) and their children

family

What is a common element in ceremonies marking the onset of marriage?

feasting

The custom of allowing a man to marry more than one woman is __________.

found in most of the societies known to anthropology

Societies that have rules of endogamy say that you should marry __________.

from within your class, religious, or ethnic group

Societies that practice bride exchange tend to __________.

have a relatively high contribution of women to primary subsistence

Societies that have the custom of bride price are likely to practice __________ and lack __________.

horticulture; social stratification

In which societies are ceremonial expressions of aggression a common part of marriage ritual?

in societies where the two sets of kin are actual or potential rivals

In which societies is polygyny least likely to occur?

in societies with balanced sex ratios

Ethnographic data provide the most support for which theory on the incest taboo?

inbreeding theory

A single-parent, polygynous, or polyandrous family that lives alone, they are is known as a(n) __________ family.

independent

The theory that inbreeding can be genetically harmful to animals that produce few offspring, including humans, __________.

is supported by data from studies of humans and animals

Cousin marriage is most common in __________.

large and densely populated societies

Which of the following is an example of an exogamous marriage tradition?

marrying outside of a particular kin group

Couples raised together as children, following the Chinese tradition of "daughter-in-law raised from childhood", are __________.

more likely to get divorced

Same-sex marriages are __________.

not typical in any known society

In the United States, what proportion of women under the age of 45 report living together while unmarried?

one third

Of the following forms of marriage, the rarest is __________.

polyandry

Which explanation for the universality of marriage has the most support from the ethnographic record and comparative animal studies?

postpartum requirements

Bride __________ is a gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin.

price

Marriage may have developed as an adaptive response to which social issue?

prolonged infant dependency

Bride price is associated with _________.

relatively low status of women

In what type of societies are extended family households found most frequently?

sedentary agricultural economies

Among the Chukchee, the custom of levirate is __________.

seen as more of an obligation than a rite

In some societies, bride __________ can be substituted for the bride price.

service

What two major factors do all forms of marriage consider?

sexual and economic

How does a Kwoma girl inform her betrothed that their trial marriage was accepted by her in-laws?

she prepares a meal for him

Trobriand couples who are going to marry advertise this by __________

showing themselves together in public

Some polygynous societies try to reduce competition by practicing sororal polygyny, which is when the co-wives are __________.

sisters

Why are young people's attitudes toward marriage now changing among the Na of China?

social pressure in school

The childhood familiarity theory also implies that first-cousin marriages should be prohibited in __________.

societies in which cousins grow up together in the same community

The fact that people who are brought up together on the same kibbutz are uninterested in each other as marriage partners, even when the marriages are favored by their parents, supports which theory of the incest taboo?

the "childhood familiarity" theory

Which society practices formal gift exchange, from the time a boy and girl announce their intention to marry until the marriage has taken place?

the Andaman Islanders

In which group were incestuous marriages permitted?

the ancient Egyptian royal families

A dowry is a transfer of goods from __________ to the bride, the groom, or the couple.

the bride's family

To whom are the goods first transferred in an indirect dowry?

the bride's father

Children of a Nandi female-female marriage will name __________ as their father.

the female who has the role of husband

Which condition predicts a discouragement of romantic love as a basis for marriage?

the husband and wife live in an extended family household

One study compared the health of children born of familial incest with children of the same mother born of non-incestuous unions, and found that __________.

the incestuous group had much higher rates of genetic abnormalities than the non-incestuous group

Marriage is considered a __________ trait by anthropologists, because it is practiced by almost all societies ever studied

universal

In what situation did Azande warriors traditionally take on "boy-wives"?

when they could not afford wives

A long post-partum sex taboo is most likely to occur in societies __________.

where people depend on crops that are low in protein

What factor predicts male-female bonding among birds and mammals?

whether or not a female can simultaneously provide for herself and her babies

Societies that practice dowry tend to be those in which __________.

women contribute little to primary subsistence

Many societies around the world, including the Chippewa, regard cross-cousins as suitable marriage partners. In these cultures, who would you be allowed to marry?

your father's sister's child

Bride price occurs all over the world, but is particularly common in _________

Africa

Why do anthropologists hold that families are universal?

All societies have parent-child groups.

What was the most common motivation for adoption among Samoans during Melvin Ember's field work?

Families who adopted children benefit from social programs.

Which theory suggests that the incest taboo is a reaction again natural, but unacceptable, desires?

Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Which of the following is a typical part of the social institution of marriage?

It is a socially approved sexual union.

In what modern nation might you still find the practice of dowry?

Italy

How has the tradition of arranged marriage changed in recent years?

Marriages are still arranged by families, but couples have more say in the pairing.

In which group is parallel cousin marriage preferable to cross-cousin marriage?

Muslim societies

In which society did people not marry, but rather lived their whole lives in a residential group made up of maternal kin?

Na

Among the __________, a pastoral and agricultural society of Kenya, about three percent of the marriages are female-female.

Nandi

Which of the following societies is more likely to practice bride service?

Native American foragers

What did Frank Marlow conclude about the postpartum foraging patterns of the Hadza?

Nursing women contributed significantly less food to the household than other women.

What is the general term for plural spouse marriage?

Polygamy