Marriage & Family Exam 2 (CH 5-8)

(1) conveying interpersonal attitudes (2) expressing emotions (3) handling the outgoing interaction.

3 important functions of nonverbal communication in marriage

1. secure 2. anxious/ambivalent 3. avoidant attachment.

3 styles of infant attachment

jealousy

an aversive response occurring because of a partners or other significant persons real, imagine, or likely involvement with or interesting another person

sexual enhancement

any means of improving a sexual relationship, including developing communication skills, fostering a positive attitude, giving a partner accurate and adequate information, and increasing self-awareness.

vital marriages

appeal more to our romantic notions of marriage because they begin and continue with high levels of emotional intensity

personality

authority is based in law, but power can be derived from ____________

family life cycle

developmental approach to studying families, emphasizing the families changing roles and relationships at various stages, beginning with marriage and ending with both spouses dying

marriage debate

disagreement about the health and future of marriage

nonbasic conflicts

disagreements that do not strike at the heart of a relationship and resolution is possible

benefits of marriage

economic well-being, physical and mental health, and personal happiness

Auteroticism

erotic behavior involving only the self; usually refers to masturbation but also includes erotic dreams and fantasies

marital commitment

factors that keep people married, including the personal, moral, and structural commitments

emotional states

feelings are just ________

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

focuses on the priority of some needs over others After meeting our psychological needs and needs for safety, our SOCIAL NEEDS for intimacy and love for the most fundamental of human needs

(1) communication effectiveness (2) perceptual accuracy (3) predictive accuracy (4) interpersonal cognitive complexity.

four communication skills are important determinants of marital satisfaction:

talking together listening to each other making time for each other being open and honest with each other trusting each other.

give examples of how intimacy can be shown

Romantic love

has been the basis for family formation in the United States, in the last two centuries AND is the foundation upon which marriage is built and the criterion for spousal selection.

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

unique attributes and how they meet our needs at a given time.

how are friends selected

through technology... allowing little verbal communication and no nonverbal

how are most people communicating?

men experience jealousy when they feel their partner is involved sexually with someone else. women worry more about intimacy issues. women worry about their rival being physically attractive whereas the man worries about the rival's status

how do men and women experience jealousy differently?

25 million ; 35 million

how many people worldwide have died/are living with aids

20 49 (Nebraska is 19)

how many states allow marriage among 1st cousins? partners must be at leach 18 for marriage without parental consent in how many states?

6 Massachusetts was the 1st (2004) Connecticut 2nd (2008) Iowa Vermont and Maine (2009

how many states legalized sam sex marriage?

sexual identity

how one perceives oneself sexually

touch

important for human development, health, and sexuality.

erectile dysfunction

inability of an adult male to achieve an erection

boomerang generation

individuals who, as adults, return to their family home and live with their parents

passionate love

intense longing for union with another.

Cyrano style (unrequited love)

involves the desire to have a romantic relationship with a person regardless of how hopeless the love is.

Don Quixote style (unrequited love)

involves the general desire to be in love, regardless of whom one loves.

Homophobia

irrational or phobic fear of gay men and lesbians

Trust

is the belief in the reliability and integrity of a person and requires that (1) the relationship is likely to continue, (2) a belief that we can predict the way a person will behave, and (3) the person must have other acceptable options available to him or her.

reactive jealousy

jealousy that occurs when a partner's past, present, or anticipated involvement with another is revealed

25% men * lower levels is b/c of religiosity

less than what percent of relationships experience infidelity? more common among men or women?

celibate marriage

little to no sex

partners

love is ESSENTIAL to our lives and binds us as _____

a feeling and an action

love is what 2 things?

unrequited love

love that is not returned has 3 different attachment styles

marital history homogamy

marriage between people of similar marital backgrounds, such as two formerly married people, two widowed people, or two never married people

marital heterogamy

marriage between people with different backgrounds

Exogamy

marriage to someone outside one's social group

individualized marriage

marriage type where the emphasis is on personal self-fulfillment more than marital commitment

1. bisexual 2. gay men 3. lesbian *the actual # is unknown

match each percent to gay men, lesbian and bisexual 1.8 2.3 1.3

Hatfield and Sprecher Passionate Love Scale they divide love into 2 things: companionate and passionate

measures passionate love

Giselle style (unrequited love)

misperceives the relationship to be more than it really is.

personal space

more common distance ( 1.5 to 4 feet in the United States) at which people interact. It is the spatial zone just beyond the intimate zone, within which one can access a variety of sensory information

40%

more than what percent of new marriages will end in divorce?

what they do

most men believe they express love more by what they do or what they say?

proximity

nearness to another in both terms of time & space

Biphobia

negative attitudes and feelings toward bisexual people that is separate from homophobia

total marriages

rare type of marriage relationship in which characteristics of vital relationships are present but to an even wider and deeper degree

sexual dysfunction

recurring problems in sexual functioning that cause distress to the individual or partner; may have a psychological bases

intimacy

refers to closeness between two people.

abstinence

refraining from sexual intercourse

peer marriage

relationship built on principles of equity, equality and deep friendship.

basic conflict

revolve around carrying out marital roles and the functions of marriage and challenge the fundamental assumptions of a relationship such as forbidding sexual interaction or no longer providing for the family

extramarital sex

sex, while married, with someone other than your spouse

anal eroticism

sexual activities involving the anus

nonmarital sex

sexual activities, especially sexual intercourse, that take place among older single individuals

heterosexuality

sexual attraction to someone of the other sex

coitus

sexual intercourse between male and female

technical virginity

sexually knowledgeable and experienced but have not have penile-vaginal intercourse.

Pansexual

someone who is physically or romantically attracted to others, regardless of their gender identity or biological sex

role theory

spousal choice in which individuals choose spouses who share the same expectation of spousal roles

hypergamy

spouse is of higher social class or rank

hypogamy

spouses is from lower social standing

companionate marriage

spouses were to be each other's best friends, confidants, and romantic partners.

antigay prejudice

strong dislike, fear or hatred of gay men and lesbians because of their homosexuality - justifies discrimination and violence based on sexual orientation. - can have effect on heterosexuals

instrumental displays

tasks associated with nurturing and caregiving

expressive displays

telling others how much we care about or love them

prototype

that is, models of what we mean by love stored in the backs of our minds.

outing

the act of publicly disclosing the sexual orientation of gays, lesbians, or bisexuals

Wheel Theory of Love Development (Reiss) THINK OF AS CLOCKSPRING

the development of love can be depicted as a spinning wheel, consisting of four spokes, each of which drives the others as the wheel spins forward. The four spokes are: (1) rapport (2) self-revelation (3) mutual dependency (4) fulfillment of the need for intimacy we wind closer to a relationship with the "real inner self of the other person."

sexual orientation

the direction of one's sexual attraction

marriage squeeze

the imbalance of the ratio of marriageable-age men to marriageable-age women

premature ejaculation

the inability to delay ejaculation after penetration

feedback

the ongoing process in which participants and their messages create a given result and are subsequently modified by the result

True

the party with the least interest in continuing the relationship generally has the power in it

social forces that help explain marriage patterns

the preferences of individuals for resources in a partner, the influence of one's peer group, and the constraints of the marriage market.

self-disclosure

the sharing of both the facts of our lives and our deeper feelings to others

(1) fear that one's desires are somehow different from others (2) labeling feelings of love, attraction, desire as homoerotic (3) self-definition as lesbian or gay (4) entering the gay subculture and incorporating a way of being in which sexual orientation is a large part of the identity of a person, (5) having the first lesbian or gay love affair.

the stages of identifying if an individual is gay

Virginity

the state of never having had sexual intercourse

mating gradient

the tendency for women to marry men of higher status

honeymoon effect

the tendency of newly married couples to overlook problems, including communication problems

homogamy / positive assortative mating

the tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

the virus that causes AIDS

attributions

the ways individuals account for and explain relationship failures. Such ________ influence the level of distress felt after a breakup

Inoculation

theory of sex education is that one conversation about sex is enough

women ; men

to whom does intimacy mean sharing love and affection and expressing warm feelings toward someone tho whom does being intimate mean engaging in sexual behavior and being physically close.

a. 1) the husband is the head of the household; 2) the husband is responsible for supporting the family; 3) the wife is responsible for domestic work and, 4) the wife is responsible for child rearing.

traditional marital roles

Trust caring honesty friendship respect concern for the other's well-being loyalty commitment acceptance of the other the way he or she is supportiveness wanting to be with the other interest in the other

twelve central ATTRIBUTES of love that act as true barometers in relationships

homo and heterosexuals

unlike gays, bisexuals experience hatred from which 2 sexualities.

deep friendship

valuing an intense companionship, "a collaboration of love and labor in order to produce profound intimacy and mutual respect."

1. the presence of love and/or affection 2. personal validation 3. trust 4. self-disclosure.

what 4 key features does intimacy consist of

friendship and love

what are among the most important sources of intimacy we have?

traditional - more gendered contemporary- liberal egalitarian

what are the 2 types of sexual scripts? define.

1) personal commitment; 2) moral commitment; and 3) structural commitment.

what are the 3 types of commitment

1. commitment to the relationship 2. reproductive success 3. eventual attachment to offspring. sometimes: appearance and social status (not when choosing friends)

what attributes do people consider when choosing a significant other

intimacy and love

what binds us together, provide emotional sustenance, buffer us against stress, and help preserve our physical and mental well-being.

kindness openness expressiveness sense of humor

what certain qualities stood out as most desirable regardless of the type of relationship

55%

what percent of adults 18 and older are married

(1) initial confusion (2) finding and applying the bisexual label (3) settling into the identity (4) continued uncertainty.

what stages do bisexuals go through

friendship

what supplies the foundation for a strong love relationship

Habituation

what was once thrilling becomes less so the more we get used to it

gay men

who are most likely to experience victimization

Cancian

who argued that there is a gender bias in our cultural constructions of love.

Mitsy K. Hook and colleagues (2003)

who suggests that intimacy consists of four key features

demand-withdraw communication

A communication pattern in which one person makes an effort to engage the other person in a discussion of some issue of importance. The one raising the issue may criticize, complain, or suggest a need for change in the other's behavior or in the relationship. In response, the other party withdraws by either leaving the discussion, failing to reply, or changing the subject.

False

A decline in the frequency of intercourse does not always indicate problems in the marital relationship

conjugal family

A family consisting of husband, wife and children

devitalized marriage

A marriage type that begins with high levels of emotional intensity that dwindles overtime

Gatekeeping

A method of exerting control over and exercising power in such familial situations as caring for children by making the decisions that determine how.

residential propinquity

A pattern in which the chances of two people marrying our greater the closer they live to each other

marital paradigm

A set of images about how marriage ought to be done, "for better or worse."

triangular theory of love

A theory developed by Robert Sternberg emphasizing the dynamic quality of love is expressed by the interrelationship of three elements: intimacy passion decision/commitment

attachment theory of love

A theory maintaining that the degree and quality of an infant's attachment to his or her primary caregiver is reflected in his or her love relationships as an adult.

resource theory of power

A theory of marital power that suggests that the person who is the sole or larger source of financial resources gains and exercises decision-making power.

complementary needs theory

A theory of mate selection suggesting that we select partners his needs are different from and or compliment of our own needs

principle of least interest

A theory of power in which the person less interested in sustaining a relationship has the greater power

self-silencing

Act of keeping quiet, not expressing one's feelings or venting one's frustrations.

18th ; 19th

Although American marriages were never quite as formally arranged as they have been in other places in the world, throughout the ______ century they were guided by more practical considerations and subject to more parental, especially paternal, control. However, by the _____ century, parental involvement dissipated.

love

Americans are in love with what? - Decisions about entering or exiting a marriage, assessments of the quality and success of any particular marriage, and devotion between spouses or parents and children all come down to this

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

An infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which suppresses and weakens the immune system, leaving it unable to fight opportunistic infections

whites

Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans are all much more likely to marry who than are African Americans.

how people come to identify themselves as gay or lesbian how they interact among themselves what effect society has on them.

Contemporary thinking in sociology and psychology rejects past study of gay men and lesbians as unscientific and biased and focuses now on ....

commitment

Factors that help maintain a relationship, for better or worse, including love obligation and social pressure reflects stable factors

Defense of Marriage Act

Federal legislation signed into law by President Clinton denying recognition to same-sex couples, should any state legalize same-sex marriage.

- gender socialization -differences in how males and females resolve the developmental task of early childhood identity formation - evolutionary changes

In identifying the factors that shape men's and women's intimate relationships, researchers point to 3 different things...

identity sexual gratification

In relationships: For women, one cost is a loss of ______; a benefit is enhanced self-esteem. b. For men, a cost is a loss of freedom; a benefit is _______________.

men ; women

In the course of conflict resolution, _____ take on instrumental roles and ______ take expressive roles

20th

In the early decades of what century, new ideals about marriage and family emerged.

No

Is falling in love or the experience of romantic love is unique to Americans?

handled

It is not conflict itself that is dangerous to intimate relationships; it is the manner in which the conflict is _______

relationship cycling

Much the same as churning, _________ refers to on-again off-again relationships.

hostile conflict

One of the strongest predictors of marital unhappiness is engaging in

Communication

Partner's satisfaction with relationships is affected by the quality of their ____________.

True

Partners in cohabiting relationships are more likely to be sexually unfaithful than are married couples

hooking up

Relationship pattern more common among college students in which a male and female pair off after a party or evening at a bar with the expectation of some physical intimacy to follow

churning

Relationships characterized by breakups followed by reconciliation and sexual intimacy between ex-partners

conflict-habituated marriage

Relationships in which tension, arguing, and conflict permeate the relationship

passive-congenial marriage

Relationships that begin without the emotional spark or intensity contained in our romantic idealization's of marriage

Sprecher and Regan

Research by whom showed that certain qualities stood out as most desirable regardless of the type of relationship

closed ; open

Seeing or noticing someone is more likely to happen simultaneously in______ fields than in ______ fields.

sexual intimacy

Selecting a spouse on the basis of romantic love may lead to a greater tendency to idealize the partner, display affection toward the partner, and to attach more importance to______________

co-rumination

Self-disclosure consisting of excessive discussion of personal problems

premarital sex

Sexual activities, especially sexual intercourse, prior to marriage, especially among young, never-married individuals.

Homosexuality

Sexual attraction to the same sex

Bisexuality

Sexual involvement with both sexes, usually sequentially rather than during the same time period.

cannot. you are questioning someones masculinity or level of feminism rather than their sexual orientation.

Sexual orientation can or cannot be read by demeanor and role behavior.

cross-sectional study ; longitudinal

Some ___________ of marital satisfaction showed an increase in marital satisfaction after children left home; ____________ studies, however, showed satisfaction to be stable or to decline over time

topic-dependent - lack of listening, household chores, no appreciation

Some communication problems are ____________ more than individual or relationship based.

intimate zone

Spatial distance (0 to 18 inches in the United States) typically reserved for one's most intimate relationships.

False

T/F A high degree of jealousy is not a sign of true love

False

T/F After losing a spouse, women are more likely than men to remarry

True

T/F Although it is often an expression of closeness or intimacy, touch can also be a sign of dominance

True

T/F Although painful, breakups can induce positive changes that can improve later relationships

False

T/F Americans have not always chosen their spouses on the basis of romantic love

True

T/F Among married couples, money-related conflicts are the most likely to remain unresolved

True

T/F Couples who frequently attend religious services together have a lower risk of domestic violence infidelity and divorce

False

T/F Couples who were unhappy before marriage significantly increase their happiness after marriage

False - women give both and men are more neutral making is difficult to read them

T/F Female partners tend to give more positive and fewer negative messages than male partners

True There are more similarities in what we want from friends and lovers than there are differences

T/F Friendship and love share many characteristics

True

T/F Heterosexual, gay and lesbian couples are similar in the amount of conflict they experience

False

T/F Hey woman's power in marriage does not automatically increase when she earns as much or more than her husband

False

T/F Hooking up comes with a sexual double standard

False

T/F Interracial marriages between African American men and Caucasian women between African American women and Caucasian men are at greater risk of divorce then our marriages between Caucasian men and women

False

T/F Love and commitment are not inseparable

True

T/F Love styles are also linked to gender and ethnicity.

True

T/F Marital relationships appear to be more affected by minor stresses then by major stresses such as unemployment or serious illness

True

T/F Married people are less likely to socialize with friends and neighbors that are never married or previously married women and men

True

T/F Married people report greater happiness and better health than unmarried people but only if their marriages are happy

True

T/F Men have a more instrumental style of expressing love than women

True

T/F The effectiveness of parental supervision is even less concerning than the consequences of communication.

False

T/F The healthiest relationships do not avoid conflict

False - Alex can tell smg is wrong with me just by the way I am acting.

T/F The meaning conveyed through nonverbal communication is often imprecise and ambiguous.

False

T/F Traditional exchanges in which a man trades status and economic power for a woman's physical attractiveness and nurturing has NOT changed as women enter careers and become economically independent.

True

T/F When same gender couples marry their marriage must be recognized as legal by all 50 US states

True

T/F data on sexual behavior or prone to a social desirability bias that may lead people to exaggerate some but understate other sexual experiences

False

T/F jealousy has no correlation w/ violence

False

T/F love is not more important to heterosexual women than to lesbians, gay or heterosexual men

False

T/F most Americans now I agree with the view that marriage is an outdated institution

False

T/F opposites attract

False

T/F rates of adolescent sexual behavior have not increased in recent years

True

T/F sexual desire can occur without romantic love and more controversially, that romantic love does not require sexual desire.

False - more heterosexual

T/F the demand-withdraw pattern of communicating has been observed widely among both heterosexual and same-gender couples

True

T/F the most common reason teens give for abstaining from sexual intercourse is that such behavior is against their religious morals

True

T/F those who lack positive intimate relationships are at greater risk of illness, depression, and accidents

False

T/F trends in cohabitation and divorce clearly indicate a decrease in the importance of marriage

cultural lag

That outcome of rapid social change, when part of the culture rapidly changes more rapidly than another part

power

The ability to excerpt one's will, influence, or control over another person or group

duration of marriage effect

The accumulation over time of various factors, such as poor communication, unresolved conflicts, role overload, heavy work schedules, and child-rearing responsibilities, that negatively affect marital satisfaction.

double standard of aging

The devaluation of women in contrast to men in terms of attractiveness as they age.

performance anxiety

The fear of failing in sexual encounters. It is probably the most important immediate cause of erectile dysfunctions in men and, to a lesser extent, of orgasmic dysfunctions in women.

True

The gender gap in infidelity is narrowing

pleasuring

The giving and receiving of sensual pleasure through nongenital touching.

feminization of love

The idea that our cultural construction of love is based on mostly expressive qualities, more compatible with women's earlier socialization. More instrumental displays of love tend not to be recognized as love. in friendships: emotional support & self-disclosure - more consistent w/ women & underestimates mens ability to be intimate

independence (autonomy, individuality and freedom) agreement (harmony and a few quarrels) sexuality (sexual harmony/satisfaction, physical contact) **true for males and females in all countries**

The importance of intimacy when defining the relationship is more important and what three factors?

Dominance and Subordination

The more male style of verbal and nonverbal communication fits with male ________; the more female style fits with _________.

False

The most common strategy for resolving sexual problems is to talk with one's partner not a physician

attracts opposites

The paradox of love is that it what

social desirability bias

The tendency for participants in research to answer questions with more acceptable answers. Such a bias may be especially prominent in research about sexual behavior.

rejection sensitivity

The tendency to anticipate and overreact to rejection

halo effect

The tendency to infer positive characteristics or traits based on a person's physical attractiveness

parental imperative theory

The theory of mate selection suggesting that we select partner similar to our opposite sex parents

value theory

The theory that we choose spouses based on similarity of values.

filter theories

These theories suggest that the choice of a partner or spouse is based on a number of different factors that become more or less important as relationships develop, grow, and change.

financial concerns concerns about the quality and durability of their relationships fear of divorce.

Three barriers to marriage are reflected in interviews with low-income, unmarried couples:

True

True or false, expectations for women's and men's behavior in sexual relationships have become more similar

contempt

Verbal or nonverbal communication with another that conveys that the recipient is undesirable. ________ can be displayed verbally through insults, sarcasm, and mockery or nonverbally through such expressions as rolling one's eyes

seperation aggregation transition

Wedding ceremonies, celebrations, and rituals are rites of passage encompassing rites of

90

What percent of the 166 societies examined by Jankowiak and Fischer recognize and value love as an important element in building intimate relationships.

1/3

Where nearly three-fifths of Caucasians and Asians and half of Hispanics are married, only about _____ of African Americans are married.

Children

Which one is not a common conflict area? 1. Sex 2. Children 3. Money 4. Housework

income

Widowhood is often associated with a significant decline in what?

wives

Wives' or husbands families of origin experiences are more important than husbands' experiences in predicting hostile marital conflict.

young baptist - high Mormons - low

Women and men affiliated with moderate and conservative Protestant denominations and with the Mormon church are more likely to marry young or old? who has the highest and lowest divorce rates?

intimacy

________ relationships buffer us against loneliness, provide us with positive feelings about ourselves and others.

Hendrick and Hendrick's Love Attitude Scale

a 42-item instrument based on and designed to measure John Lee's six styles of love.

marketplace of relationships

a concept that portrays relationship formation as an exchange, wherein we are evaluated by and evaluate others on the basis of the qualities they possess or the resources they bring. people are the goods exchanged

1. sexual scripts 2. society 3. gender : sexual scripts and gender overlap. most important at adolescence

a culturally approved sex of expectations as to how one should behave sexually as male, female, heterosexual or gay. (who, what, when, where and why) who influences this behavior? Traditional heterosexual scripts are ________

social selection

a perspective that explains the greater happiness, health, and well-being found among married people compared to unmarried people as a consequence of the types of people who marry.

social causation

a perspective that explains the greater happiness, health, and well-being found among married people compared to unmarried people as being the result of marriage.

marital sanctification

a process through which one's marriage is believed to be sacred, have divine character, and in which God is believed to be an active partner in the relationship

forgiveness

a reduction in negative feelings and an increase in positive feelings toward a "transgressor" and is associated with a feeling of self-esteem, positive feelings toward the transgressor, and reduced levels of negative emotions.

relative love and need theory

a theory of power in which the person gaining the most from a relationship is the most dependent

stimulus-value-role theory

a three-stage theory of romantic development proposed by Bernard Murstein: (1) stimulus brings people together; (2) value refers to the compatibility of basic values; (3) role has to do with each person's expectations of how the other should fulfill his or her roles.

developmental tasks in middle adulthood

1) redefining sex in marriage or other long-term relationships (2) reevaluating sexuality (3) accepting the biological aging process

related cultural beliefs about the character and place of love

1. Love is the criterion for choosing a spouse 2. Love is uncontrollable and irrational. these are...

False

Bisexuality is less widely accepted than male homosexuality or lesbianism

trust honesty sexual attraction acceptance tolerance happiness spending time together sharing thoughts and secrets

Central FEATURES of romantic love

less ; more * all races are lower in public affection compared to white

Compared with Caucasians, African Americans displayed ____ public affection but ____ intimate affection.

foreplay

Erotic activity prior to coitus, such as kissing, caressing, sex talk, and oral/genital contact; petting.

premarital sex

For adolescents and young adults, the combination of effective birth control methods, changing gender roles that permit females to be sexual, and delayed marriages have played a major part in the rise of???

desire

For both women and men, sexual desire or activity is associated with passionate love.

coming out

For gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals, the process of publicly acknowledging one's sexual orientation.

identities

For lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals, love has special significance in the formation and acceptance of their ________

say

Gender differences may be more exaggerated in what people_____than in what they do both in friendship and love.

closed fields

Hey setting in which potential partners may meet, characterized by A small number of people who are likely to interact, such as at a class, dorm, or party

lower

Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans display higher or lower levels of intimate affection than do African Americans or Caucasians.

1. Parents 2. Sibling (if close, especially girls) 3. Peer 4. Mass Media (music is a big one) 5. Cautions

How do we learn about sex?

6

If intimacy means self-disclosure, as early as age___, female friendships are more intimate and this gender difference persists into and through adulthood.

consummate love

In Robert Sternberg's theory, A love that includes passion, intimacy, and commitment. It is idealized, sought-after, yet difficult to find and sustain

a. Eros. Romantic or passionate love. b. Ludus. Playful or game-playing love. c. Storge. Companionate or friendship love. **These first are primary styles, which can be combined to generate the following secondary styles: e. Mania. A combination of ludus and eros, mania is obsessive love, characterized by an intense love-hate relationship. f. Agape. A combination of eros and storge, agape is altruistic love. g. Pragma. A combination of storge and ludus, pragma is a practical, pragmatic style of love.

John Lee's 6 types of relationships

1. 1) having a spouse who is a best friend; 2) believing in marriage as a long-term commitment; 3) consensus on aims, goals, and philosophies of life; 4) shared humor.

Lauer and Lauer defined long term to look at marriages that last and found the following to the "most important ingredients: identified by men and women to explain their marital success:

hidden latents overt

Luke's three-dimensional view of power suggests that power may be ________

Masturbation

Manual or mechanical stimulation of the genitals by self or partner; a form of autoeroticism.

pressure or force *especially black women 1/3 college women, 1/2 of college men

Many young people first become sexually active as a result of ___________

heterogamy

Marriage between those with different social or personal characteristics

endogamy

Marriage is in a particular group

initiating ; sexual

Men express a desire for women to more actively participate in __________ relationships. But men expect more _________ intimacy on first dates initiated by women

similar

a. If couples can maintain humor, express "enthusiasm for what their partner is saying" and convey their continued affection for each other, couples with low levels of problem-solving ability will experience ______ outcomes as couples more skilled at problem-solving

intimate

a. In terms of both public and private displays, interracial couples display lower levels of affection however, when it comes to ______ displays of affection, there were no differences between interracial and intraracial couples.

assertiveness and cooperation

a. Two "analytically independent" dimensions of behavior in conflict situations are ________ and ______that can be used to identify five conflict management styles: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating.

prestige/status

a. marriage has become less a marker of conformity and more a marker of what?

Heterosexism

actions that deny, denigrate, or stigmatize non-heterosexual behavior, relationships, identity, or community

menopause

cessation of menses for at least one year as a result of aging

sexual intercourse

coitus; heterosexual penile/vaginal penetration and stimulation

nonverbal communication

communication of emotion by means other than words such as touch body movement facial expression

mental and physical

nonverbal communication can effect a persons _____ and _____ state

suspicious jealousy

occurs when there is either no reason for suspicion or only ambiguous evidence that a partner is involved with another

fellatio

oral stimulation of a man's genitals

cunnilingus

oral stimulation of the female genitals

dyspareunia

painful sexual intercourse

anal intercourse

penetration of the anus by the penis