Masc 101 final

What is the Internet?

"A diverse set of independent networks, interlinked to provide its users with the appearance of a single, uniform network."

Magazine history: first magazine, magazines in colonial America

1704: Daniel Defoe founds The Review - considered the first magazine 1740: Competition between Ben Franklin and Andrew Bradford to launch first American magazine; Bradford wins by 3 days In colonial times, no copyright laws; magazines could reprint stories from other publications

History of sound recording: Edison vs. Berliner

1877: Edison invents phonograph;records sound on foil cylinders 1888: Emile Berliner develops gramophone; plays music on mass-produced discs Technological improvements: amplifiers & hi-fi (1935), magnetic tape recording (1949)

How many companies control most media content

6? 50?

Which countries have the most Internet users?

Asia

Definition of media literacy

Audience members' understanding of: The media industry's operation The messages delivered by the media The roles media play in society How audience members respond to these media and their messages

HD radio

Better audio quality (like CD) 6 streams: music & data Downside: You must buy a new receiver

Declines in circulation and ad revenues

Competition for readers All newspapers went online New specialty news websites Blogs & social media People stopped buying newspapers

The paradox of big media

Consumers have more media choices  than ever before The number of companies providing  those choices has declined In 1983, 50 companies controlled  more than half of the media outlets In 1987, it was 29 companies In 2004, it was 6 companies (Time Warner, Disney, Viacom, Bertelsmann, News Corp., GE/NBCUniversal)

Legacy big-media companies

Disney News Corporation Time Warner Viacom/CBS Bertelsmann

Why magazines boomed after Civil War

Emerging middle class, rising literacy National advertisers Railroads Rotary presses Frederick Ives: halftone Postal rate break

Most popular browsers today

IE chrome firefox safari opera other

From dial-up modems to broadband

In the 1990s, you got online through your telephone line using a dial-up modem, which could transfer data at only slow speeds. In the 2000s, people switched to broadband services (cable modems, digital subscriber lines or DSL, and fiber optic lines like Verizon FIOS). That makes using the Internet more like getting content on TV: fast (sometimes instantaneous). Increasingly, our Internet connections are wireless, too - with wi-fi (or via our cellphones).

Hip-hop culture

MCing - Rapping over recorded music DJing - Playing recorded music from multiple sources B-boying - Hip-hop dancing, often referred to as breakdancing Graffiti art - The visual images of the culture

Magazines in the digital age

News magazines (Newsweek, U.S. News & World Report) have been hit hard Numerous magazines have gone digital-only Time Inc. converting all its titles to 'all-access' subscriptions that include both print and electronic editions The Atlantic has become profitable by adopting a digital-first strategy

Authors & book writing process

Not everyone is a star Many books have limited promotion

Psychographics and VALS

Not just who the audience is, but what motivates them Psychographics look at people's lifestyles, relationship to the product, and personality traits VALS, developed by SRI International, places people in eight categories based on motivation and level of resources

David Ogilvy

Ogilvy was an expert in branding - giving a product a personality or identity so it will stick in the consumer's mind

Privacy and the Web

Privacy and the Web - and how shopping in a bricks-and-mortar store is different from shopping online (because the Internet sites, using "cookies," track what you see)

Ritual, publicity and reception models

Ritual Model- Media use is an interactive ritual by audience members. Looks at how and why audiences consumer messages Publicity Model -How media attention makes a person, concept, or thing important Reception Model - How audience members derive and create meaning out of media content

The studio system & the repercussions

Stars worked directly for studios Block bookings Vertical integration Development of talking pictures - 'talkies': 1926: Don Juan 1927: The Jazz Singer 1919: United Artists 1940s: United States vs. Paramount

TV lives and dies by ratings

TV lives and dies by ratings (size of audience) Rating determine ad rates & cable fees Challenge of rating major and minor broadcast networks, major cable networks, and minor cable networks Problem of counting audiences using DVRs & streaming services Nielsen Media Research is major rating company

News values: how journalists determine whether something is news

Timeliness Proximity Prominence Consequence Rarity Human Interest Conflict

Who developed the Internet?

Us department of defense

Characteristics of early American newspapers

Were for elites - for wealthy people Published by political parties Focused on opinion, not news; were not objective Expensive (6 cents an issue when typical daily wage was 85 cents; had to buy one-year subscription) Had small circulation

What is mass communication?

When an individual or institution uses technology To send messages To a large, mixed audience, most of whose members are not known to the sender Usually over a long distance

Bollywood

World's biggest source of movies Big musical numbers cross language barriers Having influence on western films Slumdog Millionaire

Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf: TCP/IP

envisioned a way around this: a common set of rules, or protocols, that all computers would use in sending data when they were networked. This became known as TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The term Internet was coined in 1973 as an abbreviation for "internetworking of networks."

Hacker ethic (Aaron Swartz)

"Access to computers—and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works—should be unlimited and total." • "All information wants to be free." • "Mistrust authority—promote decentralization." • You should be judged by your skills and not by "bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position."

Paul Baran: "Distributed" communications and "packet switching"

"Distributed" communications, instead of "centralized" communications. Instead of having all communications flow through the same point, Baran envisioned a web-like system (think World Wide Web) that could operate even if some links had been destroyed. He called this "hot-potato routing." 2) "Packet switching." That means breaking the messages into small blocks, or packets, and sending them independently across a network. If a part of the network failed (because of a nuke, for example), the packet would automatically take a different route. Each packet would be numbered. And the computer that receives all the packets then would re-create the original message.

History of PR: Industrial revolution; penny press; muckraking

"PR profession is generally seen as having grown out of the Industrial Revolution. As companies and their accompanying bureaucracies grew, so did the need to manage their image. Advances in communications also made publicity campaigns more feasible. It wasn't until the penny press of the 1830s and 1840s produced widespread newspaper circulation that publicity began to be particularly effective."

Edward Bernays

"the first person to apply social-scientific research techniques to the field. He was a nephew of Sigmund Freud and promoted the use of psychology to manipulate public opinion, a technique that he called 'engineering consent'": This phrase means, quite simply, the use of an engineering approach — that is, action based only on thorough knowledge of the situation and on the application of scientific principles and tried practices in the task of getting people to support ideas and programs. Any person or organization depends ultimately on public approval and is therefore faced with the problem of engineering the public's consent to a program or goal. Bernays wrote the first books on PR. He believed that the best way to influence the public was to "arrange for messages to be delivered by credible sources." Here is a video about Bernays, and especially about his role in the "Torches of Freedom" campaign. He used the push for women's equality as a smokescreen to sell cigarettes to women.

The First Amendment

'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; Or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; Or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petitions the Government for a redress of grievances.'

Obscenity

'Sexually explicit material that is legally prohibited from being published' Three-part test: Whether to the average person, Applying contemporary community standards, The dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient (obsessively sexual) interest. Starts with Roth test States can ban specific types of content, such as child pornography Material that has 'serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value' cannot be banned (LAPS test) Protects material such as sexual health information and sexually explicit literature Internet and cable / satellite television make it difficult to define whose 'community standards' apply. Courts have yet to definitively rule on this issue. Problem of 'indecency' vs. 'obscenity

Internet censorship and filtering software

(especially to prevent children from seeing pornography and other offensive content, but filters often block useful information as well).

Evolution of the media world

1100-1400 AD: Pre-mass media communication networks 1450s: Development of movable type, printing By 1500, printing presses were all over Europe 1814: Steam-powered printing press 1844: First U.S. telegraph line 1866: First trans-Atlantic telegraph line 1880s: Invention of the gramophone Late 1800s: Development of radio 1890s: Development of motion pictures 1939: First television broadcasts 1990s: Internet becomes a channel of mass communication 2000s: Rise of social media

Rating point vs. Share

120 million U.S. homes have TVs If 12 million (10%) watch a TV show,the show has a rating of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- Suppose 40 million U.S. homes have their TVs turned on at 3 in the afternoon If 10 million (25%) are watching a show,the show has a share of 25

Gutenberg: what he invented and how it impacted culture, communication, society

1455: Gutenberg develops movable metal type, makes printing feasible First mass-produced written word; the first mass medium Mass communication and massive cultural changes Culture moves from local to regional,national and international

Books in the New World: first printing press

1539: First New World printing press in Mexico City 1640: Printing begins in North America with Whole Booke of Psalmes; it became early export for colonies 1731: Benjamin Franklin establishes early circulating (subscription) libraries; went on to become popular author

Early newspapers: where they were published, by whom, challenges they faced

1618: Curanto, published in Amsterdam, is first English-language newspaper. 1622: Newspapers being published in Britain, distributed through coffeehouses. Followers of church reformers John Calvin and Martin Luther among earliest publishers 1690: Publick Occurrences: First paper published in American colonies Colonial newspapers subject to British censorship 1721: New England Courant Published by James Franklin, Ben's older brother First paper published without 'By Authority' notice James sent to prison for doing so; Ben takes over publishing paper

History of media ownership in America

1638: First printing press in North American colonies 1690: First newspaper published in colonies 1830s: Penny Press begins 1840s: Telegraph industry owned privately, not by government 1930s: Growth of national news

Copyright: How the law has evolved

1790: First U.S. copyright law passed;protected works for 14 years andcould be extended for 14 more 1890s: International works protected by copyright 1976: U.S. copyright law revised; copyright extended to 50 years after creator's death; creates concept of fair use 1998: Copyright Extension Act extends copyright length to 70 years after creator's death, and 95 years for corporations (protecting Mickey Mouse) 1998: Digital Millennium Copyright Act extends protections on digital media 2002: Creative Commons creates middle ground between full copyright and public domain

Ethnic press and gay press

1827: Freedom's Journal F. Douglass: North Star Ida B. Wells in Memphis John Mitchell: Richmond Planet Chicago Defender: national circulation Growing advertising revenue El Nuevo Herald, in Miami, is largest;companion to the Miami Herald More opinionated than the Miami Heraldespecially on issues like Castro & Cuba Gay papers started in late 1960s, copied on office equipment, distributed in gay bars Grew into profitable, professional papers Oldest: Washington Blade (publishing again) Hit hard by 2009 recession Losing revenue as gay advertising moves increasingly into big media Local online publications, too

Early book content

1830s-40s: Popularity of serial novels Civil War era: Popularity of paperback dime novels Growth of inexpensive books, magazines, and newspapers fuels growth of mass literacy

Advertising-Supported Media

1830s: Penny press newspapers Mid-1800s: Consumer magazines Radio and television conceived as advertising media 'We're in the business of selling audiences to advertisers. [The sponsors] come to us asking for women 18 to 49 and adults 25 to 34, and we try to deliver'

Morse, Hertz, Marconi

1844: Samuel Morse's telegraph allowed messages to be sent over wires 1888: Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves 1890s: Guglielmo Marconi develops wireless telegraph, using radio wavesto transmit messages 1905: Reginald Fessenden makes Christmas Eve broadcast with voices & music

Early movie technologies & key inventors

1870s & 80s: Marey and Muybridge 1894: Thomas Edison opens first kinetoscope parlor Lumière brothers invent portable movie camera & projector Early 1900s: Nickelodeon theaters become popular

First silent films: titles and directors

1895 Lumiere brothers, Georges melies : Trip to the moon 1903: Edwin S. Porter directs The Great Train Robbery Contains 12 separate scenes Is shot in a variety of locations Tells a realistic story Established basic film storytelling conventions(jump cuts, close ups, action, emotion) 1915: Birth of a Nation, a sympatheticstory about the Ku Klux Klan Blatantly racist Created the feature-length film (3 hours) Griffith tried to make amendswith his next film, Intolerance It was hugely expensive and a big flop Outside financial backing neededfor a movie to get produced

Rise of radio news: 1920 through WW II

1920: KDKA covers Harding-Cox presidential election results 1930s: Newspapers argue radio should not broadcast news WW II: Edward R. Murrow broadcasting for CBS from Europe; brought the war home for listeners

Movies, censorship and industry self-regulation

1920s: Birth of the Production Code (Hays Code) Attempting to avoid government censorship Strict rules on sex, profanity, violence 1960s: movies released without code approval 1968: MPAA launches movie rating system

History: Farnsworth, RCA & Zworykin

1922: Diagrams plans for television at age 16 1930: Receives patent cathode ray tube& his 'image dissector' RCA attempted to promote its own Vladimir Zworykin as inventor of TV 1947: Farnsworth's television patent expires before TV starts to take off

Men's magazines: 3 popular ones; how they differ

1933: EsquireLiterature, pinups, and fashion for an intelligent readership 1953: PlayboyPictures and a lifestyle. 1st issue:nude Marilyn Monroe centerfold 1993: Maxim'Lad' magazine featuring sex, sports and humor; meeting the needs of the 'inner guy'

First TV broadcasts

1939: NBC starts broadcasting from World's Fair in New York Most were sets in bars and restaurants 1942: TV manufacturing suspended for WW II; most stations go off air Licensing of new TV stations suspended 1948-1952, while FCC develops rules Many cities without television

TV news: from 1940s through modern times

1940: Republican national convention covered by experimental NBC television network 1948: CBS starts nightly 15-minute newscast 1960: Kennedy-Nixon debates 1963: CBS expands newscast to 30 minutes with Walter Cronkite 1979: ABC starts Nightline during Iranian hostage crisis

The blacklist

1947: U.S. House committee holds hearing on communist influences in Hollywood Hollywood 10 resisted testifying, were jailed and blacklisted By 1953, as many as 324 were blacklisted, including many prominent screenwriters Blacklist continued until 1960 when Hollywood 10 member Dalton Trumbo was hired to write Spartacus & Exodus

1965: Big Three networks broadcasting regularly in color; NBC peacock logo

1950s: Experiments in color television 1965: Big Three networks broadcasting regularly in color NBC peacock logo designed to tell B&W viewers show was in color Early color TVs cost equivalent of big-screen TVs today (up to $5,000)

Decency standards for television

1950s: Married couples had to sleep in separate beds; Capri pants immodest 1990s: Mild nudity appears on broadcast television 1997: Broadcasters implement content ratings 2004: Janet Jackson's Super Bowl 'wardrobe malfunction'; decency rules become stricter 2012: U.S. Supreme Court throws out fines for Jackson exposure, but doesn't clarify decency standards No fines for Nancy Grace exposure during Dancing With The Stars No clear standard, but many stationsdon't want to risk a fine ($325,000)

Why "I Love Lucy" was innovative

1951: Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz create I Love Lucy First sitcom to be filmed, rather than live Produced in California, not New York The show used 3 cameras (not just 1) Lucy and Desi hold onto syndication rights to the show; it's still being broadcast today

Free press / fair trial: cameras in the courtroom

1966: Sam Sheppard Fugitive caseJudge's job to get fair trial for defendant. Can't stop coverage of trial. 1990: Noriega v. CNNTemporary restraining order against CNN. CNN violated restraining order, paid fine. Order eventually lifted. Banned in 1935 for being disruptive New technology makes still and video cameras less intrusive Allowed in many courts on a case-by-case basis Case study vs. cameras: O.J. Simpson trial But recent studies in Illinois and Minnesotasaid cameras weren't disruptive 1 place cameras banned: U.S. Supreme Court(despite pressure from Congress, lawyers and the press)

Corporation for Public Broadcasting

1967: Corporation for Public Broadcasting created Public Broadcasting System (PBS) provides network-like programming to member stations PBS initially known for children's programming like Sesame Street 1990s: PBS expands audience with programming like Ken Burns documentaries

The blockbuster era

1975: Jaws creates the summer blockbuster Succession of big-budget films, widely released 2009/10: Avatar had biggest box office to date 1939: Gone With The Wind sold the most tickets 1990s: Home video becomes as important as theatrical release

'Earthquake in Slow Motion'

1976: Average viewer had 7 channels;Big 3 networks got 90 percent of viewers 1991: Average viewer had 33 channels;Big Three lost 1/3rd of viewers Now, hundreds of cable channels, many owned by the networks 2011: ESPN most profitable part of Disney Cable/Satellite more profitable: They produce subscription fees and ad revenue

Digital production and projection

1977: Star Wars brings computer-controlled cameras to movie making 2004: Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow is first major film to have all-digital sets 2007: 300 shows movie with digital sets can be successful while holding down costs Theaters are moving to digital and 3-D projectors. They cost $20-100k, but reducedistribution expenses.

Cable TV news: CNN and Fox

1980: CNN goes on the air, promises not to sign off until the 'end of the world' 1991: Gulf War makes CNN the place to go for current news 2000s: Fox News comes to dominate cable news ratings with programming that takes a strong point of view

Univision; BET

1980: Washington, DC area local station First black-owned cable network Founded by Robert Johnson and his wife, Sheila Johnson (who saw it as 'Ebony' of TV) Worth $2 billion when it was sold to Viacom in 2000 Now, sometimes criticized for racial stereotypes and lack of public affairs programming Univision is fifth largest broadcast network; often top rated in urban areas Spanish-language telenovelas popular, produced in Mexico and Brazil (Brazilian shows translated from Portuguese to Spanish

Big Three Becomes Big Four

1986: Rupert Murdoch launches Fox Network Attracted independent stations by offering them free programming Prof. Zook: Initially, targeted diverse/urbanaudience (with shows like In Living Color) Shows like NFL football, The Simpsons, American Idol, Melrose Place and Family Guy have made Fox top-rated broadcaster

Development of paper (beginning with papyrus and parchment); who invented paper and when it arrived in Europe

3100 BC: Egyptians develop papyrus, writing surface made from papyrus reed;used for scrolls (rolls 20-30 feet long) Parchment - Writing surface from skin of goats and sheep; much less fragile than papyrus 240-105 BC: Paper developed by Chinese; moves to Europe in mid 11th century

How many books lose money or make a profit

60% lose money;36% break even;4% make big profit

900+ agencies in the U.S.

8% annual growth in revenues Digital ads growing fast (17%) Total agency revenues: $33 billion Total ad spending in U.S. media: $131 billion $45 billion on TV; $21 billion on cable; $24 billion on magazines; $18 billion on newspapers; $8 billion on online; $8 billion on radio; $4 billion on billboards

Newspaper economics

80% advertising 20% circulation

Synergy

A large company can use the strengths of its various divisions to market its content

Definition of a magazine

A periodical publication Articles of lasting interest Targeted at a specific audience Funded mostly by ads (& subscriptions & sales) Broader geographic area than newspapers

Diffusion of innovations theory

A process by which an innovation - or new way of doing things - is communicated through media and interpersonal channels over time among members of a community

British Invasion

A rougher sound from British bands The Beatles The Who The Rolling Stones Dusty Springfield Many others

Internet applications for interpersonal communication (email, IM, chat), group communication (listservs, newsgroups) and mass communication (World Wide Web)

ARPANET was used for email; email remains the most important Internet application for the largest number of people. The Net has other interpersonal comm too, such as IM and chat. The Internet also facilitates group communication via listservs ... newsgroups (which have sort of died out in their original form but live on at Google Groups --

Advocacy advertising

Advocacy advertising: Designed to promote a particular point of view rather than a product or service. Can be sponsored by a gov't. agency, corporation, trade association, or non-profit association

Media literacy dimensions (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic and moral)

Aesthetic Dimension =Interpreting media content from an artistic or critical point of view. Moral Dimension = Understanding the values of the medium or the message. Cognitive Dimension= Ability to intellectually process information communicated by the media. Emotional Dimension =Understanding the feelings created by media messages.

What's on cable?

Affiliates of Big Four broadcast networks Independents and smaller network affiliates Superstations Local-access channels Cable networks Premium channels Pay-per-view Audio services

Limits on Free Speech

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798): Made it a crime to criticize government of the United States. Thomas Jefferson eventually pardoned everyone charged under it. World Wars I & II: During times of major wars, sedition becomes a crime; suppresses dissent

Trade advertising

Also called business-to-business ads: Promote products and services to other businesses

How Amazon reflects the Long Tail

Amazon.com - Offering all books rather than a selection of books

Race and magazine covers

American magazines rarely feature non-whites on cover In 2002, less than 20 percent of magazine covers featured people of color Few women of color on women's magazines Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue has featured only two women of color on the cover Teen magazines are more diverse

Integrated Marketing Communication

An overall communication strategy for reaching key audiences using advertising, public relations, sales promotion, and interactive media

Definition of advertising

Any paid form of nonpersonal communication about an organization, product, service, or idea by an identified sponsor

History and development of writing

Approx. 3500 BC: Writing originates in Egypt or Mesopotamia Earliest writing was pictographs and ideographs - symbols that stand for ideas Approx. 2000 BC: Phonography begins; symbols stand for sounds 1700-1500 BC: Alphabets developed; letters stand for sounds

Key ideas: New media shaking up old media

Artists don't need mainstream media New media shaking up old media How recording industry and radio developed How they shaped society, culture, audiences Where the industries are headed

Rise of Spanish-language stations

As of 2009: 1,300+ stations broadcasting in Spanish Growing in popularity Multiple formats, including ESPN (lots of soccer)

How NBC, ABC and CBS came to be

At first, NBC has two networks - Red & Blue The gov't. forces RCA to sell off Blue network;it becomes American Broadcasting Co. (ABC) William Paley creates Columbia BroadcastingSystem (CBS), with focus on advertising

What are the four theories of the press

Authoritarian Roots in royal control of society where aristocracy got authority to rule from God The role of the press is to be a servant of the government, not a servant of the citizen Controls press through regulation, intimidation and force Communist Product of Cold War Soviet Union Media are an instrument of the Communist Party; independent press is undesirable and should be suppressed Media should be closely tied to government power Media's main purpose is to act as a tool for government propaganda Libertarian People want to know the truth and be guided by it The only way to arrive at the truth is for ideas to be freely and openly discussed Different people will have different opinions, and everyone must be allowed to develop their own The most rational ideas will be the most accepted Assumes that government is greatest threat to free press, not corporate interests Social responsibilty Provide information needed for political systemto function Give public information needed for self-governance Serve as a government watchdog Bring together buyers and sellers Provide entertainment Be profitable enough to avoid outside pressures Essentially advocates non-authoritarian media controls Response to Hutchins Commission report of the late 1940s Examples: France, Sweden & Israel(and operations like the BBC)

Communications Decency Act

Banned 'obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, or indecent' Internet messages to minors But that also banned such content for adults Opposed by the American Library Association, the Electronic Frontier Foundation & ACLU 1997: Supreme Court strikes down CDA 'The interest in encouraging freedom of expression in a democratic society outweighs any theoretical but unproven benefit of censorship'

Textbook business

Barnes & Noble has major campus bookstore division Federal study estimates students spend $900 a year on textbooks Schools try variety of ways to lower costs Apple launched e-textbook system in 2012 Schools experimenting with e-book readers Authors and publishers make nothing on used books. What does that give theman incentive to do?

Industry deregulation & radio consolidation

Before 1985, could own no more than 7 AM and 7 FM stations nationwide Broadcast ownership largely deregulated with Telecommunications Act of 1996 After 1996, could own unlimited number of radio stations By 2003, Clear Channel owned 1,200+ stations. Now it's iHeartMedia, with 860 stations

Penny Press revolution: how it changed the media businesses' economic mode

Benjamin Day & The New York Sun Motto: 'It shines for all' Sold on the street for one or two cents Published on steam-powered rotary press Supported primarily by advertising First papers to focus on 'news' Journalistic objectivity developed as a way to appeal to larger audiences

Penny Press: What is it, who started it, how it changed the business model for all media

Benjamin Day, 1833 New York Sun: 'Shines for all' 'Penny Press': Charge lessfor newspaper; sell a lotof advertising instead Model for next 150 years

First newspapers in the colonies

Benjamin Harris, 1690 Brief items, eclectic mix From various sources Facts + commentary Often political slant Not by professional journalists

Pre-digital musical formats

Berliner's 78-rpm discs: fragile, poor quality LP: long-playing record, developed by Columbia Records and introduced in 1948;23 minutes of music per side 45-rpm disc: developed by RCA; had high-quality sound but could play only 4 minutes of music Another format war! Then cassette tapes vs. 8-track tapes

The paradox in journalism today

Best time to be a reporter Storytelling tools have ever been better Audience engagement 24/7 coverage Video, microblogs,data visualization

Consequences of Gutenberg

Big drop in cost of books Common people, not just elite, could buy books Shift from Latin to vernacular or common language (German, English - what people speak) Standardized books & language Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation Ideas move beyond the community where they originated

Telecommunications Act of 1996

Biggest reform of broadcast regulation since the formation of the FCC in 1934 Relaxed ownership rules on broadcast stations Required V-chip in television sets Attempted to regulated Internet content (via Communications Decency Act)

Blurring of ads and editorial content

Blurring of ads and editorial contentAds can be made to look like magazine content - Native ads (or advertorials)

Censorship: how attempts can backfire

Book banning in US is generally local and involves taking books out of libraries or off reading lists Huckleberry Finn, Judy Blume; butattempts to censor can backfire Globally, authors can have works banned, threats of violence and death Salman Rushdie - The Satanic Verses Sherry Jones - The Jewel of Medina

Development of BBC

British Broadcasting Company created as public service in the 1920s World War II: international voice against Nazis, transmitting worldwide on shortwave Current BBC reaches 95% of world's population: Internet, FM, shortwave and satellite

Networks & Affiliates

Broadcast networks provide programming to local affiliate stations Affiliates have license from FCC, equipment, and local staff If affiliate carries programming from network, get limited ad revenue and (may) get carriage fee Can also carry local and syndicated programming, keep all ad revenue

Rebirth of cable in mid-1970s

By mid-1970s, FCC began loosening rules on cable companies 1975: HBO starts providing programming nationwide, sending signal to local cable companies via satellite Key point: HBO could send programming to 1,000 cable companies as cheaply as to one But networks didn't object, because fewhomes got cable TV Ted turner 1963: Inherits failing billboard company from father 1970: Buys Channel 17 in Atlanta Buys Atlanta Braves and Hawks sports franchises to provide programming for channel 1976: Turns Channel 17 into Superstation WTBS & takes local station national

New economic models for artists

CD sales declining Pirating and illegal file sharing common Artists need new ways to make money Touring, sale of merchandise, commercial endorsements, direct sales of music to consumers are all options

Chris Hadfield vignette

Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station in 2013 Amateur musician & social media user Recorded David Bowie's 'Space Oddity'

Newt Minow

Chairman, Federal Communications Commission Gave speech to broadcasters in 1961 Criticized 'senseless violence, mindless comedy and offensive advertising' on TV vaste wasteland

Ads (especially food ads) targeting kids

Children are a growing advertising market 1978 study says children see 20,000 television commercials a year Add to that product placement, in-school programs, mobile phone ads, and ads in video games Does food advertising contribute to childhood obesity? Should advertising of 'junk food' to children be limited? (What is 'junk food'?) Should there be other limits on advertising to children?

Client, agency, media, audience

Client: The company with something to sell Agency: Advertising professionals Media: Where the ads appear Audience: People who receive the message

The Problem of Clutter

Clutter: The large number of nonprogramming messages that compete for consumer attention on radio, television, and the Internet Breaking through the clutter is a challenge for advertisers Making ads more important than the program Danger: Shockvertising

Honesty and the Press: Food Lion v. ABC (1992)

Cohen v. Cowles Media (1982)Is a reporter legally obliged to keep a promise of confidentiality? Food Lion v. ABC (1992)Producers for Prime Time Live lied to go undercover to investigate Food Lion. Court said producer behavior was wrong, but only awarded Food Lion $2 in damages.

New players

Comcast/NBC Universal Google Apple Amazon Facebook Craigslist

Beginning of cable television: Community Antenna Television (CATV)

Community Antenna Television (CATV):Early form of cable television used to distribute broadcast channels in communities with poor television reception Mostly in rural, mountainous areas Relatively expensive Was source of a good TV signal,not additional programming

Conflict between advertising and editorial departments

Conflict between advertising and editorial departments Synergy: Magazines, models, and sponsors work together to match ads with stories about models and the products they endorse Blurring of ads and editorial contentAds can be made to look like magazine content - Native ads (or advertorials)

Types of magazines: consumer, trade, literary/commentary

Consumer magazinesPublications targeting an audience of like-minded consumers Trade magazinesMagazines published for people who work in an industry or business Literary magazinesPublications that focus on serious essays and short fiction Atlantic, New Republic, NationSerious publications with progressive orientation published since the 1800s National Review: Conservative response to New Republic & Nation by William F. Buckley Crisis: Published by NAACP to give voice to African Americans

Pros and cons of digital music

Consumers 'share' music over the Internet, violating copyright law But artists can use Internet to promote music directly to consumers, bypassing record labels

Instead of 4 Theories, 5 Dimensions?

ControlWho controls the media system? FinanceHow do broadcasters pay the bills? Programming goalsWhat are the media trying to accomplish with their programming? Target audienceFor whom are the media producing and distributing content? Feedback mechanismHow do media organizations hear back from their audiences?

Vertical integration

Controlling all aspects of a media project, including production, delivery to consumers in multiple formats, and the promotion of the product through other media

Controversy over body image and "Campaign for Real Beauty"

Critics charge that magazines and ads present excessively thin models Dove reacted in 2005 with 'Campaign for Real Beauty' featuring models of a variety of sizes Magazines now occasionally featuring differently-sized women in photos Attention drawn to the Lizzie Miller photo in Glamour magazine.

Community and suburban papers

Daily and weekly papers serving individual communities and suburbs Publish news people can't get anywhere else 'A local paper won't get scooped by CNN'

Changing musical experience

Death of social music Rise of 'personal soundtrack' with Sony Walkman, followed by iPod & other MP3 players Can lead to 'withdrawal from social connections' 52% of MASC 101 students have an iPod or other MP3 player 96% of students have smartphones 37% of students: music services Listening to music was the 3rd most popular media activity. (#1 was being on the Internet; #2 was talking or texting on a cellphone.) Many students said they listen to music constantly

Trends in media consumption

Decline in circulation & revenuesof newspapers & magazines Decline in network TV audience Rise of online, social, mobile media(and gaming and streaming services)

Development theory

Developing nations may need to implement press controls in order to promote industry, national identity, and partnerships with neighboring nations. But do these controls differ from authoritarian controls?

Digital music: CDs and MP3s

Digital CDs introduced in early 1980s With analog recordings, quality of copies degrades with each generation Digital recordings allow consumers to make perfect copies MP3: compressed music file; can be played oncomputer, MP3 player or other device

Direct vs. indirect action message

Direct action message: Designed to get consumers to go to a particular place or engage in a specific action, such as purchasing a product Indirect action message: Designed to build the image of and demand for a product without calling for a specific action

Biggest media companies

Disney (ABC) News Corp. (FOX) Time Warner Viacom/CBS Bertelsmann Comcast/NBCUniversal Google

Is the book industry doing better than other print-media industries?

Doing better than other print sectors Publishers don't own pressesor depend on ads E-books, print-on-demand, other technology Textbooks make a lot of mo

Movie revenue sources

Domestic box office International distribution rights Pay-per-view rights Premium cable channel rights Network television Home video Book rights Toys and clothes Product placement

Doug Englebart: mouse, GUIs, "Mother" demo

Doug Englebart - an engineer who developed the mouse, file linking, graphical user interfaces and other computer innovations. He became famous for giving "The Mother of All Demos"

Dangers journalists face

During the US war with Iraq (2003-2011), 150 journalists died covering war in Iraq. More than 60% deliberately murdered. Trend of murdering journalists in war on terror started with death of Daniel Pearl 'They believe it is better for you to know that such things happen than not to know.'

Evolution of book format: scrolls, code, monks hand-copying books in scriptoria

Earliest books were papyrus scrolls By 300 AD: codex - books made up of individual sheets bound together with a cover 400-800 AD: Religious books hand-copied by monks in rooms called scriptoria 1200s: Licensed publishers distribute hand-copied books such as The Canterbury Tales

Press agentry

Early PR was called press agentry, "a one-way form of public relations that involved sending material from the press agent to the media with little opportunity for interaction and feedback."

Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)

Early systems required large/expensive dish Smaller pizza-sized DBS cheaper, easier to use than old systems; competing with cable 29% of American households have DBS More popular inother countries: Why?

How the Internet has changed publishing and distribution of books

Electronic publishing: e-books & distribution over the Internet E-books now make up 30% of all book sales Importance of e-book readers such as the Kindle, Nook or iPad Problem of incompatible formats Still debate over digital vs. analog;some prefer paper (permanent, take notes)

Middle East & Islamic Countries

Elements of Social Responsibility and Authoritarian theories Television heavily regulated; little audience research has been done Most popular programming comes from ARABSAT, Arab League's satellite Importance of 'small' mediaAlternative media such as faxes, photocopies, home video, blogs and social media

Why does government regulate airwaves?

Equal time ProvisionFCC policy that requires broadcast stations to make equivalent amounts of time available to all candidates running for public office If a station sells (or gives) time to one candidate, it must sell (or give) similar time to all other candidates Fairness DoctrineFormer FCC policy requiring broadcast stations to 'afford reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views' Repealed in 1987 Problems with Fairness Doctrine: It inhibited free speech; no longer needed because of cable TV; FCC flooded with complaints

Gravity & Alfonso Cuarón

Every shot planned around how it would look in 3D 3-D creates 'deep, immersive environments' Long shots, not frantic cuts Cuarón wrote movie and directed it,giving it a unified voice and vision

Snowden and WikiLeaks

Ex-contractor for National Security Agency Downloaded millions of files aboutNSA surveillance of Americans and others Journalists Glenn Greenwald & Laura Poitras Their stories showed NSA monitoring people's email, text messages & phone calls Triggered debate over privacy vs. securityand led to reforms in PATRIOT Act Snowden given asylum in Russia for now

Privacy law in Europe

False light: Untrue statements that change a person's public image Misappropriation: Right to commercial use of name / image Privacy law in Europe

Conversion to digital broadcasting in 2009

Farnsworth's television technology was analog; basic technology stayed the same for decades B&W TVs could still receive new color signals In 2009, all broadcast television converted to digital Old-style analog sets went dark without either conversion box or cable/satellite

Newspapers today: one-newspaper cities; chain ownership

Few cities have competing daily newspapers Most newspapers owned by large chains Largest chain is Gannett, publisher of USA. Today; owns approximately 85 daily papers(but has spun them off to a separate company) Newspaper revenues falling; worst problems at metropolitan papers

Saturday Evening Post

First published in 1821 Contained essays, poetry, obituaries and 'The Ladies' Friend' column First truly national medium Post remained important until coming of television

Four Theories of the Press

First published in 1956 Reaction to Cold War Authoritarian Communist Libertarian Social Responsibility 1995: Revisiting 4 Theories Development theory

Critical Culture Model

Focuses on how media affect people's views How media bias can shape the stereotypesand prejudices we have (race, gender, etc.) 'Missing White Woman Syndrome': Media overplay stories about white females

Book industry trends (big fish eat smaller fish)

From family ownership to global conglomerates Retail chains replace neighborhood bookstores Amazon, e-tailers replace chains (Borders) E-books & tablets replace printed products

Functional Analysis

Functional analysis= Surveillance of the environment (news & facts) Correlation of different elements of society(persuasive content, like ads & editorials) Transmission of culture & values from one generation to the next (socialization) Entertainment

History of Ad Agencies

George Rowell, 1860s and 1870s: first ad agent to buy newspaper space wholesale and sell it to his customers; published a directory of newspaper circulation numbers Early agents earned a 15 percent commission on the space they sold for the newspapers First full-service ad agency: N. W. Ayer & Son Started by Francis Wayland Ayer in 1868 Wrote copy, designed artwork,  planned campaign Shift to 'open contract': agency providing services, not just selling space for the media 1920s & '30s: Targeting audiences Research & planning; creative activity ('big idea'); media planning

Al Jazeera & Arab Spring

Global media organization owned by Qatar Launched in 1996; but high profile since 9/11 Reports from a pan-Arab point of view(but controlled by Qatar royal family?) 'CNN (or BBC) of the Arab world' Initially viewed skeptically in the West Now, widely respected as authoritative, fair Pushback more in Arab countries than West Al Jazeera's multiple channels Latest: Al Jazeera America (2013) Top talent from BBC, CNN, U.S. TV Excellent use of social media ('The Stream') International audience of >40 million (more than CNN or Fox)

Debate over government's role in funding news media

Government ownership Like parks & schools? Some fear government control Gov't.-operated media Media as a watchdog Gov't. as information source

Western Europe and Britain

Growing availability of cable/satellite television Broadcast networks heavily regulated with strong public service component& push to preserve national culture Newspapers take a more obvious political point of view than do U.S. newspapers danish cartoons: 2005: Jyllands-Posten publishes 12 cartoons portraying the prophet Muhammad 2006: Cartoons are reprinted, leading to rioting in Middle East and dozens of deaths Why contraversial? Islam prohibits depictions of the prophet Muhammad Cartoons were created in reaction to fears about self-censorship Should newspapers reprint the cartoons? Cartoons are offensive to Muslims but are also newsworthy

Invention of the halftone

Halftone is the reprographic technique that simulates continuous tone imagery through the use of dots, varying either in size or in spacing, thus generating a gradient like effect. "Halftone" can also be used to refer specifically to the image that is produced by this process.

Music's (alleged) effects on young people

Have always been concerns about effects of lyrics on young people Hip-hop have attracted lots of controversy Fears of hidden or 'back masked' lyrics. Middle-class white parents concerned about effects of black music on their kids

Free Speech & Students

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) High school newspaper is a classroom exercise, not a vehicle for free speech. Administrators could censor publications for any content 'reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns' Results: Students publishing independent,online papers; also, some states pass lawsto protect students' free-press rights Morse v. Frederick (2007) Frederick puts up banner outside school saying, 'BONG HiTS 4 JESUS' Suspended for two weeks. Supreme Court said principal could punish speech that could 'reasonably be viewed' as promoting illegal drugs. Frederick supported in court by ACLU, gay rights groups, and Christian Legal Society.

Vannevar Bush: "As We May Think"

He died before the creation of the World Wide Web. Yet many consider Bush to be the Godfather of our wired age often making reference to his 1945 essay, "As We May Think." In his article, Bush described a theoretical machine he called a "memex," which was to enhance human memory by allowing the user to store and retrieve documents linked by associations. This associative linking was very similar to what is known today as hypertext.

Tim Berners-Lee: invented HTML and Web

He invented HTML and thus the World Wide Web. In 1989, Berners-Lee was a British physicist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (which goes by the French abbreviation, CERN), in Switzerland. He simply wanted researchers to be able to find documents they needed regardless of which computer the documents were on. So he wrote the software (Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML) for the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee has done several thought-provoking TED Talks (that's probably a redundancy; they're all thought-provoking) about his work. His most recent one, in March 2014, was titled "A Magna Carta for the web

Gordon Moore & Moore's Law

He is the co-founder of Intel, the company that probably made the computer chips that run your computer. In 1965, after working a lot with mainframe computers, Moore predicted that computing power would double approximately every two years. This became known as Moore's Law. It's basically held true: If you just bought a computer, it's probably twice as powerful as the version released two years ago.

Bob Metcalfe & Metcalfe's Law

He is the electrical engineer who co-founded Ethernet, which became the standard for connecting computers. He also originated Metcalfe's Law, which says "the value of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system." Let's say, for example, that you have a Facebook group (a network) of 100 people; Metcalfe's Law would put that value of that group at 10,000 (100 squared -- 100 x 100). Now, suppose your group grows to 200 people. Under Metcalfe's Law, the value is now 40,000 (200 squared). In other words, you've doubled the size of the network -- but the value of the network has gone up more than double.

P.T. Barnum

He raised publicity to a fine art, building interest in his shows by writing letters to the editor under fake names. This guy was a hoot. I once read a story about how he kept people moving through a tent that he had set up as a freak show. (Because if people stood still, the line came to a halt, and he didn't make money. So P.T. needed to keep the line moving.) In the tent, he hung a big sign that said, "This way to the EGRESS!" The word "egress" probably sounds like some kind of giant bird. But it means EXIT. So people who followed the sign found themselves outside!

Marc Andreessen: created Mosaic

He was a student programmer at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He and some friends used Berners-Lee's code to create Mosaic, the first easy-to-use graphical Web browser.

2 Digital TV Formats

High-definition television (HDTV)High-resolution, wide-screen format with enhanced sound Standard digital televisionSame quality as analog, but can broadcast up to six channels in airspace that carried one old-style channel ~ 77% U.S. homes have HDTV sets

How many U.S. homes subscribe to cable TV ... or to satellite TV

In U.S., about 50% of homes subscribe to cable TV Another 29% of U.S. homes subscribe to satellite TV In U.K., 13% of homes get cable and 39% get satellite service

Spike Lee & Kickstarter vignette

Indie films (Do the Right Thing) Commercial films (Inside Man) Kickstarter crowdfunding forDa Sweet Blood of Jesus $1.3 million from 5,000+ donors 'Future creators will benefit' Technology drives social media

Birth of Consumer Culture

Industrialization: We moved from work done by hand in small shops to mass production of goods in factories Modernization: From a society where your future is fixed at birth to a society where you can choose who you want to be Economy of abundance: Where there are as many or more goods available as there are people able to buy Brand names: A word or phrase attached to prepackaged goods so they can be better promoted Patent medicines: among the first Early brands include Quaker Oatsand Pears' Soap

Pros & cons of ads

Info consumers need Fuel economy Keep prices low Keep media cheap(& free from gov't. control) Entertaining Pro-social Encourage 'false needs' Commercialization of culture Intrusive 5,000 messages per day Offensive (sexist, etc.) or manipulative Perpetuate stereotypes Harmful to children

Intellectual property (SOPA, PIPA)

Intellectual property and copyright, including two proposed laws - SOPA and PIPA (both of which were dropped largely because of online protests

Invasion of privacy

Intrusion: Trespass into a space surrounding a person or property under his/her control. It's OK as long as the journalist is in a public place (the sidewalk) and doesn't use enhanced technology to see or hear the subject. Embarrassment: True but embarrassing facts that are not newsworthy. Example: Photo of a woman's underwear at a carnival funhouse

James Vicary & subliminal ads

James Vicary's movie ads Researchers' doubts Prof. Wilson Key: Images of sex & death hidden in ads

Roots of American Free Speech

John Peter Zenger case (1733) Zenger's New York Journal accused New York governor of corruption Governor had Zenger thrown in jail for seditious libel (criticizing the government) Zenger defense: The charges were true Jury found Zenger 'not guilty.' This established truth as defense against libel.

Hearst vs. Pulitzer: Yellow Journalism

Joseph Pulitzer's New York World Creation of the front page Created headlines with news Targeting immigrants and women Nellie Bly and stunt journalism William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal Rise of 'yellow journalism' Popularized comics, including Yellow Kid Sensationalistic stories promoting Spanish-American War in Cuba 'You furnish the pictures; I'll furnish the war'

Dangers to Journalists

Journalists face attacks, kidnappingand murder to cover war zones Journalists taken hostage (Foley & Sotloff killed by ISIS) 2011 - 46 journalists killed globally 2013 - At least 70 journalists killed Certain countries in Middle Eastand Latin America are dangerous

Tensions between PR and journalism

Journalists tend to see PR folks as sellouts - as hired guns, paid mouthpieces, people who've abandoned the pursuit of truth and crossed over to the "dark side" (which is what journalists call PR). Journalists call PR people "flacks." PR people tend to see journalists as self-righteous and cynical pricks who will twist words (or even fabricate or lie) to get a story. PR people call journalists "hacks."

Different functions of journalism, advertising/PR and entertainment

Knowing the differences among journalism (inform), advertising/PR (to persuade), and entertainment (to amuse) Separating fact from opinion and spin Understanding what to believe and what to dismiss or challenge

Japan

Large manufacturer of media technology and innovations Broadcasting is mix of commercial and public service Popularity of manga comic books

Late 1970s: Videocassette Recorders (VCRs) arrived on the scene for home use

Late 1970s: Videocassette Recorders (VCRs) arrived on the scene for home use Movie studios fight spread of VCRs, but 1984 Supreme Court decision says consumers can make recordings for own use Format war: VHS vs. Beta By 1991: 7 out of 10 U.S. homes had VCRs 21st Century: DVRs, DVDs, on-demand streaming started replacing VCR technology

Shield Laws

Laws that give journalists special protection from testifying in court about their stories and sources Many states have shield laws, but no current federal law NYT reporter Judith Miller jailed for 85 days for refusing to testify in case about CIA officer Do shield laws protect bloggers? Apple case says yes; Josh Wolf case says no

Development of movable type & printing

Literacy, standardization,challenges to status quo Age of Mass Comm (and Science ... Reason ...)

Consumer ads: local vs. national

Local advertising: Designed to get people to use local stores, businesses, or service providers National advertising: Designed to build demand for a nationally available product or service

Future of Advertising

Loss of television audience to DVR Mobile phone advertising Product placement / integration Google AdWords and AdSense (Long Tail) Recommendations & viral ads

Henry Luce & his magazines

Luce developed idea of Time magazine in early 1920s to present the week's news in context Followed by Fortune covering business Life presented the news through photos, featuring Margaret Bourke-White

3 types of publishers; top global and U.S. publishers

Major commercial publishers University and small presses Government printing office Global: 1. pearson 2 reed elsevier 3. thomas reuters 4 wolter kluwer 5. Bertelsmann US: 1. McGraw hill 2 Scholastic 3 Cengage 4 Wiley 5 Houghton Miffilin Harcourt

Movie economics: How to make a profit

Make a movie with A small budget A clear target audience Have a modest box office Make a great return on investment Think Fault in Our Stars, Bridesmaids, Slumdog Millionaire, Paranormal Activity

Girl Talk and musical mash-ups

Mash-up artists create new music by combining samples from multiple musical sources Typically these are not licensed and may be infringing on copyright Mash-ups often depend on long-tail distribution Released under 'Creative Commons' (a 'copyleft' as opposed to copyright)

Citizens United

McCain-Feingold law restricts corporate-funded TV commercials in presidential races A group called Citizens United challenged the law Supreme Court ruled that corporations, unionsand individuals could make unlimited donationsto political action committees Many people fear that this gives a lot of powerto people or groups with the most money

Marshall McLuhan's Global Village:

McLuhan wrote about global village in The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962) Looked at how electronic media help people interact globally Electronic media do bridge distances The Internet & social media sure do! But are we really residents of global village or just sightseers/tourists?

Media convergence

Media convergence - the fact that legacy news operations are moving to the web and delivering information in multiple formats (print, video, photos, audio, etc.).

Text books approach

Media world is changing; so is our relationship to the media We're all students of the media and players in the media world The media aren't simply institutions that 'do something' to us They are part of who we are - central to our lives

How movies reacted to rise of TV

Movie audiences peak in 1946 - 80 million tickets sold per week (65% of U.S.) By 1953, ticket sales drop to 46 million per week Today, 25 million tickets a week (8%) Larger format theaters & 3-D movies

Golden Age of Radio: popular programs

Music DramaLittle Orphan Annie, The Lone Ranger, The Shadow Soap operasGuiding Light started on radio in 1937, moved to television in 1952, ran until 2009 Amos 'n' Andy Started in 1926, became most popular show on radio Story of two African American men; writers/actors were white Controversial, but popular with white audiences and even some blacks Not as racist as it seemed?

Public radio

NPR founded in 1967 All Things Considered goes on the air in 1971 NPR's Morning Edition news show has bigger audience than any morning TV program NPR's web site is key part of network's strategy Is no longer National Public Radio, just NPR

How much authors and publishers make "Great books" vs. popular books: the history of this debate

Nathaniel Hawthorne  vs. the 'scribblers' Popularity of domestic novels Focus for contemporary publishers is finding authors who can write multiple bestsellers Vampires, wizards, and the NYT Best Seller list

Are newspapers dying?

National newspapers profitable, holding onto circulation Afternoon dailies have been closing for decades; several high-profile dailies have closed in recent years Most of the job losses have been at major urban papers Christian Science Monitor went to all-online So did New Orleans Times-Picayune, Seattle P-I

TV and diversity; racial representations

Networks criticized for ignoring people of color 2011: Of 27 new primetime shows, not one had a predominantly minority cast But workplace-based shows are showing more diversity Grey's Anatomy producer says shows must move beyond the 'sassy black friend' Growth of non-English speaking characters

Advantages & disadvantages of newspapers, magazines, billboards, radio, TV, Internet

Newspapers: ad revenue down 50%, 1999-2011 Magazines: narrow audiences; high print quality; longer lead time Outdoor: short, simple messages; going digital Radio: narrow audiences; drive time;  short lead time Television: Can be mass audience or niche; but do viewers really watch ads? Internet: fastest-growing segment

Nielsen Media Research

Nielsen monitors 9,000 homes PeopleMeters in large markets; diaries in small ones Sweeps periods used to measure audience size of individual stations (Nov., Feb., May, July) Rating point: Percentage of potential audience actually watching the show; based on all TVs, whether they're turned on or not Share: Percentage of television sets in use at a particular time that are tuned to a show

Russia & Former Soviet Republics

No tradition of free press Mix of gov't. & privately owned media(but often with gov't. connections) Shaky financial situation (not a lot of ads) High levels of self-censorship Zakazukha: News-by-order or news that supports patron's political agenda Government controls television

'Old' media vs. social media

OLD = Centralized Expensive to start Created by corporations, gov't. 1 to many Little if any feedback Need skills, training & money to produce content New = Decentralized Cheap to start Created by 'regular people,' too Many to many(& 1 to many) Constant interaction Anyone can generate content; no special skills required

Movies and the Long Tail

Online promotion Netflix and other online-based distribution systems Availability of small, obscure films in every market, not just cities

Who controls the media?

Owners Advertisers Government Special Interest Groups News Sources Audiences

Difficulty / futility of controlling information in today's digital world

Paper to pixels: Is this good or bad? Is Snowden a hero or a traitor? Moot point. Difficulty or futility of censoring or controlling information in today's digital world Now, information -gov't. secrets, news or entertainment - can be distributedeasily, globally and immediately The effect that media have on society (or politics, a la Snowden and WikiLeaks)

Paywalls and other ideas to generate revenues for newspapers

Pay for digital subscription About half of 1,400 dailiesnow restrict website access NYTimes: more from paywallthan from online advertising No more 'Penny Press'? Micropayments?

Direct effects model (& synonyms)

People feared strong, direct effects of WW I and WW II propaganda. Direct effects presumes media messages are a stimulus that leads to consistent, predictable attitudinal or behavioral effects. Also called the bullet theory orhypodermic needle theory (the media 'inject' people with ideas)

Spiral of Silence

People want to see themselves as part of a majority. They will remain silent if they perceive themselves as being in a minority. This tends to make minority opinions appear less prevalent than they are. But some people like having contrary opinions; others speak out because they care.

Targeting Gay Consumers

Perceived by advertisers as upscale and educated Gay market estimated at $641 billion Absolut vodka was early gay advertiser Gay-targeted ads becoming increasingly mainstream (Truth #3)

Mathew Brady

Photographer Mathew Brady became famous for portraits& Civil War photography team By 1864, Harper's Weekly was reproducing his team's photos Promoted idea that photographs could be published documents preserving history

Talk radio

Political talk radio: Most political talk is conservative; Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity most popular Shock Jocks: Howard Stern, Opie and Anthony, Bubba the Love Sponge All-sports radio: Passionate listeners who won't change channel

Country music

Pop music for adults Grew out of folk, hillbilly and 'old timey' music Revitalized in 1980 by movie Urban Cowboy Top artists: George Strait, Garth Brooks,Reba McIntire, Alan Jackson,Tim McGraw

Long Tail economic model: definition, characteristics, consequences

Portion of a distribution curve where a limited number of people are interested in buying a lot of different products Characteristics High number of goods; more niche goods than hits Low cost of reaching markets Ease of finding niche products Flattening of the demand curve for mainstream hits; choice lowers demand for hits Size of collective market; collection of niche products can be as big as hits Tailoring to personal tastes; consumers want content that fits their own wants and needs consequences Democratization of the means of production Democratization of the means of distribution Greatly reduced cost of connecting suppliers and consumers

Uses and Gratifications

Possible gratifications To be amused To experience the beautiful To have shared experiences with others To find models to imitate To believe in romantic love

Rise of mass society & mass media

Pre 1800s: People in U.S. lived in rural communities with people of similar ethnic, racial and religious backgrounds. 1800s: Industrial revolution - People move into cities, work for wages with people of diverse backgrounds. Fears: Media would replace church, family, and community in shaping public opinion

Who measures audience?

Print: Alliance for Audited Media TV: Nielsen Radio: Nielsen (after buying Arbitron) Goal: Get highest percentage of target audience at lowest CPM Targeting is done with demographics (age, income, sex, race, ethnicity), geographics (where people live), and psychographics (psychological, sociological, and anthropological data to determine a person's lifestyle and personality)

Muckrakers: what they did; where they're important; names of famous muckrakers

Progressive investigative journalists writing in the late 1800s, early 1900s McClure's - Popular reform-oriented muckraking magazine featuring work by Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell

Public service advertising

Public service advertising: Designed to promote the messages of non-profit institutions and government agencies

The three players in the book business

Publishers Authors Booksellers

Radio history: RCA, KDKA

Radio Corporation of America created to bring together patents, develop radio as medium Composed of General Electric, AT&T, Westinghouse & United Fruit Company. United Fruit Company??? Held radio patents to communicate with ships carrying fruit. 1920: KDKA in Pittsburgh launched as first commercial radio station WEAF (in NY): first to air commercials By 1923, more than 600 radio stations;but they needed programs to fill air time Sarnoff suggests RCA create a companyto provide programming to many stations 1926: RCA creates National Broadcasting Co.

AOL and other "walled gardens"

Ralph Hanson makes the point that Facebook in many ways is similar to AOL's "walled garden": It's a space where you can do a lot of things without ever venturing into the wide-open, freewheeling Internet. Twitter -- As Clay Shirky said on the NPR program "On The Media," the secret to Twitter's success is limiting each message to 140 characters: "There's a certain relief . . . in being forced to write in short form. When you're writing an email . . . you can end up agonizing over it and so forth. But if you can only say one thing, if you can only, you know, manage a sentence or even a sentence fragment, it really makes you concentrate on what it is you're wanting to say."

Why newspapers become more objective Newspapers, urbanization & democracy

Rapidly growing number of papers Growing number of people working for wages US transforming from rural to urban society Newspapers promoted democratic society People acquire the news 'habit

Saga of Dan Rather & movie "Truth"

Rather's story that accused former President George W. Bush of getting favored treatment when he was in the National Guard during the Vietnam War years. The story was based largely on memos from the 1970s that Rather and his reporting team obtained. But after Rather showed the memos on the air, some bloggers raised questions about whether they were authentic. The memos looked like they had been forged on a computer -- not typed on a typewriter (which was the technology of the 1970s). Eventually, Rather acknowledged that he couldn't vouch for whether the memos were real. The other reporters on this story were fired, and Rather later stepped down as the CBS anchor. Rather has insisted that the story's basic facts were true. He is now trying to salvage his reputation with a new movie called "Truth," starring Robert Redford. This film tries to give his side of the story.

Indirect effects model

Recognizes that people have different backgrounds, needs, values People's perceptions are selective So they respond differently to a message Somebody who just bought a car, somebody who is looking to buy a car, and somebody who doesn't drive will each respond differently to a car commercial

Ad Tactics/Appeals

Redundancy Testimonials Humor & emotion Patriotism Sex appeal Cognitive dissonance

E-books and audio books Print-on-demand

Reference books (dictionaries, manuals) Audio books had $331 million in sales in 2008 Print-on-demand: Print each book as it's ordered, using high-speed copiers Amazon uses this for smallest-selling titles So does the book wholesaler Ingram

canada

Relatively free press But rules to protect Canadian content Radio programming must be at least 35% Canadian Many U.S. media companies produce content in Canada because of lower costs

Research and planning; creative activity

Research and planning: How do you meet the clients' objectives? Do the ads accomplish what the client wants? Creative activity: Creating the ad itself. Often a tension between creativity and salesmanship. Media planning: Deciding which media provide the most cost-effective way to reach the target audience

Rise of rock 'n' roll: key individuals

Rhythm & blues + hillbilly music = Rock 'n' roll 1950s: Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry Memphis: Sun Records & Sam Phillips Dewey Phillips attracted multi-racial audience for Red, Hot & Blue radio show 1950s & 60s: Motown

Rise of P2P file sharing

Rise of P2P file sharing:Napster, Grokster Hard to fight them:like 'whack a mole' RIAA sued about 20,000 downloaders Now, focus is on education

Other inventions: rotary press, paper reels, typesetting machine

Rotary press Paper reels Typesetting machines Linotype

Godey's Lady's Book

Sarah Josepha Hale was editor from 1837 to 1877 Defined what women's magazines would become Gave women a voiceand professionalized magazine writing

Satellite radio

Satellite Radio - XM and Sirius merged in 2008 Are people willing to pay for radio? Beyond FCC's jurisdiction

SMCR model (Schramm)

SenderThe organization or individual responsible for the message being sent. MessageThe content being transmitted by the sender to the receiver. ChannelThe medium used to transmit the message. ReceiverThe audience for the mass communication message. Also called Transmission Model It's useful for identifying players in the mass communication process Assumes everyone gets same message at the same time But it's dated: That's not how social & digital media work, or even TV

"Seven sisters" women's magazines

Service magazines'Seven Sisters' and others: how to do things better. Health, cooking, employment, fashion

Meaning of "media"

Similar root words? Latin for between,in the middle Mass communication is mediated communication

Newspaper tabloids vs. broadsheets

Smaller format newspapers written in a lively, often sensationalistic, style 'Jazz journalism' New York Daily News & New York Post Racy London tabloids

Alternative weeklies: history, major chains

Started in 1960s & 70s as 'underground' papers Two major alt chains, New Times & Village Voice, merged in 2005 Targeted at young, urban readership that big media are having a hard time reaching Alt weeklies are growing in circulation

Social Learning

Steps of Social Learning We extract key information from situations we observe. We integrate these observations to create rules about how the world operates. We put these rules into practice to regulate our own behavior and predict the behavior of others.

Prior Restraint

Stopping publication of a story (as British crown did during colonial times) 1931 case, newspaper publisher Jay Near made racist, anti-Semitic charges in paper Minnesota court stopped Near from publishing U.S. Supreme court ruled that prior restraint could only be used to suppress military information in time of war and obscenity Daniel Ellsberg leaked report on Vietnam policy Restraining order against NY Times & other newspapers kept story from being published for two weeks Supreme Court ruled that need for 'informed and enlightened citizenry' outweighed government desire for secrecy Much information the gov't. thinks is secret is actually public knowledge In a free and open society, it is very difficult to keep information secret that determined people want to make public That's especially true with the Internet Prior restraint is almost impossible in U.S. and Western democracies

Streaming over the Internet & podcasting

Streaming Audio: Streaming talk and music over the Internet Podcasting: Downloading programs to take with you on your MP3 player

New York Times v. Sullivan

Sullivan was police commissioner in Montgomery, Ala. Civil rights ad in NYT had error; Sullivan claimed he was libeled by errors. Alabama courts ruled Sullivan was libeled, even though not identified and errors in ad had nothing to do with Sullivan. Supreme Court reversed ruling; said errors were 'inevitable' Truth must be open to public debate Ruled public officials must show 'actual malice' to win libel suit Gertz v. Welch extends 'actual malice' standard to public figures

Current trends in magazine publishing

Targeting narrower audiences Presentation matters; layout and graphics critical Articles are short; readers are busywith short attention spans

Television becomes dominant source of shared experience

Television brings world into the home in an easy-to-consume format Television becomes dominant source of shared experience Television can dominate people's leisure activity (average of 4 hours per day) Video from non-TV sources is growing in popularity

Central and Latin America

Television dominated by North American, Mexican, and Brazilian programming Popular telenovelas exported to United States Since 1990s, governments more stable, have freer press Growing newspaper circulation(unlike most of the world)

Federal Communication Commission

The airwaves are licensed to broadcasters, but the broadcasters do not own them FCC can regulate broadcasters to ensure that they act in the public interest FCC can tell broadcasters what frequencies and power to use and where their transmitters can be located

Digital divide

The digital divide within the U.S. has shrunk considerably. But there is still a huge divide worldwide. Access in some regions and countries is much higher than in other places

Media Logic

The forms the media use to present the world become the forms we use to perceive the world. People use media formats to describe the world. People use media formats to prepare for events so that they will be portrayed better through the media.

Advantages and disadvantages of customized content

The main advantage that online media offer consumers is that they can customize the site to deliver only the news they want. The personalized/customized Web allows us to live in a "filter bubble" or an echo chamber, hearing only the things we want to hear, things that reflect our own viewpoints.

Agenda Setting

The media don't tell the public what to think, but rather what to think about. Media sets the terms of public discourse. But can media determine what people will care about? How are social media affecting agenda setting?

Symbiotic relationship between PR and journalism

These two professions need each other: • Journalists rely on PR people to help "feed the beast" - to provide press releases, news tips, comment/reaction and interview opportunities as reporters gather the news. Reporters can't call every organization and say, "Do you have anything newsworthy going on today?" They rely on PR people to provide that information. • PR people rely on journalists to convey to a mass audience the information that the PR folks want to disseminate.

Bloggers as media watchdogs

They've held journalists accountable - exposing as false, for example, a news story broadcast in 2004 by Dan Rather, then the anchor of CBS Evening News.

Jeff Bezos, Amazon and The Washington Post

Think long-term; don't expect quick profits Partner with other newspapers;give their readers free access Bundle Post with other online services,like Spotify or Amazon Prime? Quality content: Hire more reporters Importance of readers, not advertisers

Long tail of Internet news: impact of citizen journalism

This includes citizen journalism, news reported by everyday people as opposed to professional journalists. Citizen journalism has become especially prevalent as cellphones have become ubiquitous. Now we all can take a photo, shoot video or post text and communicate it to a wide audience via the Web, Facebook, Twitter, etc.

How much TV we watch; how it's changing; effect on kids

To be entertained To learn things For social reasons Different children watch for different reasons and get different outcomes from their viewing They aren't that different from adults!

7 truths "they" don't want you to know

Truth One: The media are essential components of our lives. Truth Two: There are no mainstream media (MSM). Truth Three: Everything from the margin moves to the center. Truth Four: Nothing's new: Everything that happened in the past will happen again. Truth Five: New media are always scary. Truth Six: Activism and analysis are not the same thing. Truth Seven: There is no 'they.'

Libel defenses

Truth: Based on Zenger defense. Journalism textbooks say this is your best defense, though Hanson disagrees. Privilege: Statements made in government meetings, in court, or in government documents is protected. You must report these statements fairly. Opinion: Opinions neither true nor false so they can't be libelous. This protects editorial cartoons, parodies, and reviews (concerts, books, films, restaurants).

3 components of Web: URL, HTTP, HTML

URL (uniform resource locator) -- a Web address. It can be a website or a specific document HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) — the standard set of rules used by Web servers and browsers for sending and receiving text, graphics or other data. This is why all website addresses begin with "http://". But not all online information is on the "Web" part of the Internet. As a reporter, I often go to a government agency's "FTP" site (FTP stands for "file transfer protocol" - a different set of rules for moving data across the Internet). An FTP site looks like a Windows directory. Suppose I'm a reporter doing a story about elections, and I'm looking for data on donations to candidates. This data is collected by the Federal Elections Commission - the FEC. HTML (hypertext markup language) -- the programming language used to create Web pages. It uses "tags" - codes placed around text that tell a web browser how to display the text or images on that web page.

Post-9/11 Limits on Free Speech

USA Patriot Act Permits more wiretaps and domestic surveillance Widens definition of what is terrorism. Allows FBI to examine individuals' media use(library records, video rentals, Internet sites) Truth #4 - Nothing's new: Everything that happened in the past will happen again.

Social media; its 5 characteristics:

User-created generated content—Social networks aren't Web sites where you go just to consume content; you go there to create it. This content can include written words, photos, podcasts, and streaming audio and video. Comments—The communication doesn't just flow from one creator to other consumers. Everyone who is active on the social network is commenting on what others are posting. This interaction can range from extensive online debates to things as simple as "liking" a photo on Facebook. Tagging—People tag, or mark, photos and text in which they are featured. They can also tag ideas or keywords within their posts, such as the "hashtags" in Twitter. Social networking—People are able to share what they post online with groups of friends or like-minded people. These can be groups of friends on Facebook, "circles" on Google+, or followers on the simple blogging service Tumblr. Customization—Everyone can make their social network pages unique to them. For example, on your Facebook page you get to choose a small profile photo and a larger "cover" photo. On your Twitter page you get a small "avatar" image, and you can set the colors and background on your Twitter feed page.

Home video trends

VCRs in 1980s; by 1994, in 85% of U.S. homes Replaced by DVDs by 2005 By 2012, streaming (Netflix, Hulu, Amazon) more popular than playing DVDs All of these choices make moneyfor the studios (but they also openthe door to file-sharing/stealing)

Video games as mass communication

Video game consoles are media content delivery devices (because they can play DVDs, for example). • Video games, like television shows or movies, have stars and mascots. • Video games are a new venue for advertising • Video games like World of Warcraft represent entire online communities. • Video games can be more profitable than the movies. (Note the comparison of Grand Theft Auto IV vs. Iron Man in 2008.) • Video games provide synergy in promoting movies, books and TV shows. 97 percent of teens aged 12-17 play video games.

Video-on-demand

Video-on-demand Interacting with programming Convergence of television and Internet Redefining what 'television' is Moving from broadcast/cable/satellite to 'cord cutting' More content creators  (Netflix, Hulu, YouTube and the 'Long Tail')

National papers

Wall street Traditional look with focus on financial news Owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. Daily circulation of about 2.4 million Editorial page is one of nation's leading conservative voices Usa today Brought color and design to forefront Originally described as having 'News McNuggets' - the 'McPaper' Mid-2000s - Strengthens reporting; has daily circulation 1.8 million Has successful website to go with national distribution of paper NY times Started as penny paper Defines what is news in U.S. Although tied to New York, has national circulation Our textbook says it's a metro paper,but most journalists would disagree

Cultivation Analysis

Watching significant amounts of television alters the way an individual views the surrounding world. Can cultivate a response known as the Mean World Syndrome. Theory developed by George Gerbner,who's mentioned in Chapter 1

Offensive Speech

Westboro Baptist Church& its pastor, Fred Phelps Homophobic and hatefulmessages at funerals Supreme Court: Cannot stop Phelps' protests(but he must obey local laws) 'As a Nation we have chosen to protect even hurtful speech on public issues to ensure that we do not stifle public debate'

Role of producers

What does a producer do? Rise of concept albums Growing role of producer with disco

Net Neutrality

Whether to require Internet providers to provide equal access to content from all providers Example: Prevent Comcast from slowing downYouTube but giving priority to content from NBC (which it owns)

John McManus' SMELL test

Who is the SOURCE? What is the source's MOTIVATION? What EVIDENCE is provided? Do the facts LOGICally lead to the conclusions? What is LEFT OUT?

Booksellers: wholesalers/distributors, major chains, independent booksellers, e-tailers (Amazon) & mail-order book clubs

Wholesalers/distributors - Ingram Book Group Major bookstore chains - Barnes & Noble is largest bookseller Independent booksellers - American Bookseller's Association Online bookstores like Amazon Mail-order book clubs

Africa

Wide range of press controls Newspapers created to serve needs of white colonials; were published primarily in English and French News rarely published in African languages Radio is most important medium Television not a major medium South Africa is an exception: Popularnewspapers, TV & international music industry

Jorge Ramos

Worked at Mexico City TV Then for an L.A. TV station in 1970s Now anchor for Univision Compared with Walter Cronkite(and to Anderson Cooper) Passionate on immigrant issues

India

World's 2nd largest newspaper readership (72 million a day; #1 is China, at 85 million) All India Radio is dominant radio service Television going through period of growth, increasing freedoms; engage in self-censorship to prevent government controls Mumbai terror attacks highlighted importance of mobile social media

China

World's most populous country, largest newspaper market and media market Until '80s, media were gov't. propaganda;now, ad-based but still controlled by gov't. Talk radio popular, relatively free Levels of free speech vary over time Reporters censor themselves They must pass a political test to get licensed Prohibited from covering certain stories Gov't. censors Internet & social media

Radio Music Box Memo

Written in 1915 by American Marconi engineer David Sarnoff Suggested major uses for radio as mass communication tool including news, music, and sports Invented radio as a social institution More receivers than transmitters

Dick Stolley

Young is better than old Pretty is better than ugly Rich is better than poor Music is better than movies Movies are better than television Nothing is better than a dead celebrity

Definition of libel

a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation. Defamation: Damaging a person's reputation in some way Identification: Other people can recognize person in story, even if name isn't used Publication: Story is published or broadcast / seen by a third party (Technically, if the story is on the radio or TV, it's slander, not libel. Libel is when the story is printed.)

Where magazines get their revenues

ads

Ted Nelson: coined term hypertext

considered more of a thinker than a doer, he coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1963. Nelson credited Vannevar Bush for his inspiration. Back in 1960, he started Project Xanadu, with the goal of creating a computer network with a simple user interface. The project's website -- http://www.xanadu.com-- is pretty bizarre: part rant, part conspiracy theory. Years ago, Wired magazine had an insightful profile of Nelson

Music sales trends (RIAA)

digital buying up noremal buying down

Which countries have the highest and lowest Internet penetration rates?

falkland island highest puerto rico

Levels / types of communication

intrapersonal - with yourself interpersonal - between 2 people group- two or more people Mass - across society

Types of media effects: message, medium, ownership and active audience effects

message effects: Cognitive EffectsShort-term learning of information. Attitudinal EffectsChanging people's attitudes about a person, product, institution, or idea. Behavioral EffectsInducing people to adopt new behaviors or change existing ones. Much harder than changing attitudes. Psychological EffectsInspiring strong feelings or arousal in audience members. People often seek feelings such as fear, joy, revulsion, happiness, or amusement. Media effects: Marshall McLuhan Media theorist The type of media we use is as important as what we're saying. Media shape culture. Owner ship effects How does ownership affect the media? Do we get different messages from different owners? How controlling are Big Media companies? Audience effects divide audiences on the basis of geographics, or where people live; demographics, or their gender, race, ethnic background, income, education, age, educational attainment; or psychographics, a combination of demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and product usage. Media target different groups with different messages.

What's happened to newspaper ad revenues, vs. Google ads (and other digital ads)

newspaper down google and digital up

Ivy Lee

one of the two key founders of modern public relations, brought to the business a strong understanding of both economics and psychology. Lee recognized that the public often reacted more strongly to symbols and phrases than to rational arguments, and he built his campaigns around the importance of symbolism. He also saw that it was important to put a human face on corporations." (He was a newspaper reporter - working for the New York Times and New York World - before moving into PR.) Lee was the first PR professional to deal with crisis management. He believed in working with reporters - in actually helping them get information and do their stories. "Lee also recognized the importance of telling the truth. Although the arguments he presented clearly supported his clients' viewpoints, Lee was always careful to be accurate in any factual claims." 1906 - Lee represented coal mine operators during a strike by miners. He persuaded the coal company executives to be more forthcoming with reporters. Lee's advice: "Openly and honestly supply accurate and timely news to the press." In 1914, the Rockefeller family hired Lee to help the family out of a PR disaster called the Ludlow Massacre, in which guards killed 40 people during a strike at a Rockefeller-owned coal mine in Colorado. Lee's advice helped the Rockefellers salvage their reputation:

Lena Dunham vignette

photoshop

How PR differs: Paid vs. earned media

pr is earned media

Disintermediation

reduction in the use of intermediaries between producers and consumers

Gerbner's definition of communication

social interaction through messages.

How the Web lets anyone be a publisher

the Web as a communication medium is that it opens up the world of publishing and broadcasting to anyone who has a computer, an Internet account, and something to say. People no longer need to have a printing press or broadcast station to win national attention for their ideas. If what they write is compelling enough, people will pay attention.

Supreme Court decision on file-sharing services

violation of copyright

Which paper now has biggest circulation

wall street

Metro papers

washington post Came to national prominence with Watergate reporting of Woodward and Bernstein Low point for paper was Janet Cooke scandal Prominent source of government news Many people in U.S. and around the worldvisits the Post's website La times Leading West Coast paper Controversy surrounding cost cutting at paper;reporting staff has been cut in half Experimented with 'mainstreaming' Quote more women and minorities; try to appeal to larger, more diverse audience.