Masc Comm 151

Marshall McLuhan

"Global Village"

Public Diplomacy

-"an international actor's attempt to advance the ends of policy by engaging with foreign publics"

Internet Timeline and Pioneers

-1958: department of defense establishes ARPA -1994: Netscape develops Internet browser -2010: Google released operating system chrome

Foreign-based multimedia corporations

-Aboriginal People's TV Network (Canada) -NITV (Australia) -Televisa (Mexico) -Univision -Globo Communications (Brazil) -Cisneros group (Venezuela)

AFP

-Agence France Press -third largest wire service founded in 1835 in France -1,200 employees in 110 countries -102 correspondents in periphery -premiere supplier of news from Asia, Africa, and Arab-speaking nations -subsidized by subscriptions of French government and embassies -9,500 newspaper and TV subscribers

Broadcasting Board of Governors

-BBG oversees non-military international broadcasting by US. government -services financed by government grants and guided by policies of U.S. State Department -U.S. propaganda during Cold War, today promotion of commercialism -Voice of America -international radio and TV service -seen as propaganda arm of U.S. government internationally -radio and TV Marti -Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia -promoting free enterprise economies -Worldnet Television and Film service -TV programming directed at U.S. embassies -middle east broadcasting networks -Al-Hurra (TV) and Radio Sawa

BBC

-British Broadcasting Corporation -direct competitor of CNN with global TV service -founded in 1922, became public corporation in 1927 -financed through government grants and licensing fees -public service broadcasting with high quality programming -international voice during WWII -TV service in 1936, restart in 1946 -privatization debate in 1980s -world service launched in 1990s -more commercial competition declining audience

Viacom

-CBS forced by federal communication commission to sell producation and programming units -merged back with CBS in 2000 -Controls 35% of US broadcasting market -major player in Hollywood with Paramount -major sectors: networks and broadcasting, entertainment, video and music/theme parks, publishing -major focus on video entertainment -publishing unit Simon & Schuster -split again into Viaxom and CBS in 2005

24-hour news cycle

-CNN changed global media format in dramatic way -24-hour news cycle instead of 30-60 minute prime time newscasts -growing competition in niche market for all-news TV -main competitors of CNN are BSkyB, StarTV and BBC -BBC started 24 hour channel in 1994 -France launched France 24 in 2006 -Al Jazeera and Al-Arabiya -CNN losing ground domestically to FOX News and MSNBC

Other global news outlets

-Deutsche Welle -German radio and TV broadcaster -funded by government -Euronews -trans-european TV news network -channel News Asia (CNA) -based in Singapore -Questions over independence

European Public Sphere

-Different media models in Europe -liberal model: dominance of market mechanisms (UK, Ireland) -democratic corporatist model: public and commercial media coexist (Germany, Sweden, Denmark) -polarized pluralist model: integrated closely to party politics (southern Europe) -skepticism about Europeanization and European Public Sphere -media still predominantly national -media still predominantly national -german scholar Juergen Habermas' concept adopted to EU media policy -media thought to promote pluralism for healthy democracies -elections to european parliament driven by national topics -low voter turnouts -europeans can only vote for candidates from their own country -more participation in E

Media Wars

-Emir of Qatar started Al-Jazeera to raise status in region -breaking Saudi dominance of pan-Arab media -Saudi-Arabia bans Al-Jazeera reporters and starts Al-Arabiya -Channels portray governments different political and media ideologies -commercial channels still in hand of ruling families and far from independent -media cities created in Dubai and Abu Dhabi with economic incentives and "hands-off" approach -spread throughout region -but freedom only short-lived for two private Pakistani channels

Euronews

-Europe's answer to CNN with 22 public broadcasters as shareholders -EBU helped launch this multilingual, Multiplatform service in 1993 -uses raw news material and national broadcasts -focus on European news -received by 171 million households in Europe, compared to 135 million for CNN International and 89 million for BBC -quality news without news personalities -but Europeans are not aware of the channel -only popular among elites

GATS

-General Agreement on Trade in Service, WTO treaty 1995 fosters liberalization -EU and UNESCO criticize lack of standards for cultural and audiovisual policies -difficult to limit commitment to liberalization: economic, not cultural considerations decide on limits -difficult to implement policies on co-productions, financial support, quotas

Bollywood

-Indian film industry produces more than 800 films per year -Indian popular culture -increasing global reach -Slumdog Millionaire (distributed by Warner Bros. and FOX)

Development of CNN

-International approach traditionally with the Economist or International Herald Tribune -Ted Turner made bold move in 1980 to establish first 24-hour news channel -1981 Headline News -1985 CNN International -Satellite technology enabled decision Then: "News is the star" Today: News personalities -part of Time Warner since 1996 -In merger, CNN has not fared well -Budget cuts -Ted Turner resigned with TVW board -today, more than 4,000 employees, 36 bureaus abroad -CNN today reaches more than 200 countries with potential access of 500 million people -strong networks with 700 affiliates for video distribution -CNN World Report/World View provides platform for foreign broadcasters

ICANN

-Internet corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers -powerful and controversial institution created by U.S. Department of Commerce in 1998 -governed by international board of advisors, but U.S. centric -controls rights to add top-level domain names -Calls for multilateral organization at WSIS

Other advertising companies

-Interpublic Group of Companies (U.S.) -more than 4,000 clients in more than 100 countries: Johnson & Johnson, Unilever, General motors -Dentsu (Japan) -used to be largest advertising agency 032 offics in Japan and 27 more worldwide -6,000 clients: Sony, Canon, Hitachi, Toyota

Other European Media Corporations

-Lagardere Media (French) -Reed Elsevier (British) -Pearson (British) -Mediaset (Italy)

Media Programs of the EU

-Maastricht Treaty, 1993, and Lisbon Agenda incude safeguards for culture -MEDIA program of EU offers financial support to audiovisual industry ($1.4 million for 2007-2013) -European Film Promotion (EFP) launched in 1997 -MEDIA Mundus program promotes cooperation among countries -EU lacked media policy for long time, only implemented since 1990s -today, single European market for broadcasting and film -funding programs -free flow of online content and media pluralism -defending European cultural interests in WTO

Global Technologies and Organizations

-Marshall McLuhan -telecommunications system is the backbone of global economy -primary agencies dominate by core (international telecommunication union (ITU), intelsat) -semi-periphery and periphery demand changes for their needs and concerns

Layers of Global Public Diplomacy

-Monologic: one-way communication (Kennedy, Reagan, Obama, Voice of America, Radio Sawa) -Dialogic: two way or multidirectional (exchange of ideas across social and cultural boundaries) -collaborative: group ventures/joint projects (forming lasting relationships)

NWICO Debate

-NIEO passage encouraged periphery to push for NWICO -debate was drawn into East-West conflict (state control over mass media? journalistic code to govern actions of media?) -support by USSR and authoritarian nations for NWICO declaration (interested in restricting Western media) -general assembly established International Programme for the Development of Communication (U.S. denies funding) -increasing budgets and call of USSR for press freedom curbs donate debate in early 1980s -U.S. criticizes politicization and budget of UNESCO and withdraws in 1985 and does not return until 2002 -UK followed soon, rejoined in 1997

Associated Press

-Six New York newspapers started collaboration in 1848 to share telegraph cost for transmitting news -today owned by 1,700 newspapers -5,000 radio and TV stations as clients -quick expansion to Boston after start in New York -regional newspaper groups -first foreign bureau in Halifax in 1849 -transatlantic cable in 1856 -radio service since 1933, AP radio network since 1940s -APTN since 1979 -Today has 8,500 subscribers in 121 countries -services in five languages -staff of 1,600 in 243 bureaus -major U.S. news service since demise of UPI in 1993

EU Communication Policy

-Television without Frontiers directive of EU Commission, 1989 -availability of TV programs within EU -programs with European dimension -deluge of American imports: $8.2 billion trade deficit between EU and US -audiovisual media services directive, 2007 -preserve cultural diversity -safeguard media pluralism

Power of Culture

-UNESCO Convention on protection and promotion of diversity of cultural expressions, 2005 -resisting "cultural homogenization" (=Americanization) -adaptation of public broadcasting seen as key to counterbalance globalized commercial media markets

New International Economic Order

-UNESCO director-General Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow links debate over global information order to economic order -UN passed resolution to adopt NIEO in 1974 (attempt to shift power from core to periphery) -criticized as threat to free markets

American Multimedia Conglomerates

-US firms dominate global communication markets -top 5 of global media leaders: disney, newscorp, time warner, viacom, comcast -firms promote US values, culture, language around the world -great influence on other core, semiperiphery and peripheral markets (Mickey Mouse, Barbie, Beyonce) -influence on foreign policy and relations -advantages of US firms (english, access to capital markets, us procured TV shows, access to talent pool) -counter measures ineffective (quotas? europe imports 60-80% of tv programming from US)

UPI

-United Press International -founded by E.W. Scripps as United Press in 1907 to cover news from around the world -first to supply news to U.S. radio stations -merged with William Randolph Hearst's International News Service to become UPI in 1958 -main competitor of AP with 6,000 employees and 5,000 subscribers -in decline since 1980s as evening newspapers went out of business -offices closed across the U.S. -broadcast news division sold to AP -today owned by News World Communications, operated by South Korean Unification Church -Lost its influence on global news flow

Global Players of Music Industry

-Universal Music Group (France) largest global music company owned by Vivendi with more than 25% market share -1988 acquisition of CBS records, 2003 merger with Bertelsmann -Warner Music Group (U.S.) -sold by Time Warner to investors in 2003 -labels Warner Music, Elektra, Atlantic -Live Nation -started in 2005 with artists dissatisfied at other companies (Madonna, U2)

Major companies

-WPP (UK) -Omnicom Group (U.S.) -Publicis (France) -Interpublic (U.S.) -Dentsu (Japan) -Havas (France) -Hakuhodo (Japan) -MDC (U.S./Canada) -Asatsu-DK (Japan)

The Economic Growth Model

-Walter Rostow -development equated with economic growth -culture, customs largely ignored -lacking communication infrastructure -high rates of illiteracy -imported practices and technology created confusion -modernization did not produce success

Disney

-World's largest global media company -roots in entertainment (hollywood, music, theme parks), but also news divisions at ABC and ESPN -four major business divisions: media networks, parks and resorts, studio entertainment, consumer products -founded in 1923 by Walt and Roy Disney as animation company -Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 set new standards for animation films -many feature films followed also 11 theme parks around the world as major tourism destinations -broadcast entry with 1996 merger with capital cities/ABC -entertainment (Grey's Anatomy), news (world news tonight), sport (monday night football) -theme parks face cultural hurdles to understand local tastes and traditions -takeover of computer animation firm pixar in 2006 -operates at global level with American cultural products

Internationalization of media corporations

-adoption of cooperative strategy necessary for U.S. media corporations -mergers and acquisitions -legal and cultural import barriers -failure to anticipate international competition -subsidies for foreign media content -losting edge to Japan and Europe in electronics industry in 1980s

International Telecommunications Union

-after NWICO, ITU new battlefield between core and periphery (coordinates international use of telecommunications systems, technical standards, radio microwave interference, equipment interconnection)

Arab Spring

-al-jazeera has impact on what people discuss across the middle east -enabled the arab spring and change in governments

India

-become largest global film producer since 1990s with increasing exports -Bollywood releases twice the number of films as Hollywood -great cultural impact in Middle East, Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe -starting in U.S. and UK -served national market for a century -media liberalizations led to global growth -800+ productions a year in 15 languages -annual growth rates of 25% -distribution offices in U.S. and UK -growth aided by digital channels -India China Film Cooperation Commission -large home market aids global expansion of Bollywood -large indian diasporas across the globe (2.2 million in U.S., 1.5 million in UK) -Bollywood films still low budget compared to Hollywood ($3 million compared to $45 million on average) -Govt. deregulation allows foreign investment into Bollywood -taste of foreign audiences and entertainment becoming more important -criticism of failure to reflect authentic Indian culture -Hollywoodization of Bollywood

New media activism

-bloggers developed in reaction to lack of media freedom -40,000 active arab blogs in 2009 -politically-driven coverage of local affairs -Egyptian bloggers at forefront of Arab citizen journalism -frustrated young activists

International News Coverage

-close relationship between U.S. foreign policy interests and American news coverage -U.S. embassies courted correspondents during Cold War -Shift towards promoting economics opportunities

Media in China

-closed to outside between 1949 and mid-1970s -"open door" policy since 1970s and 1980s leads to changes -still government controlled, but information and entertainment providers for people -part of economy, commercial entities -vast growth in media outlets and their revenues -$101 billion revenue for media industry for 2011 -internet users increased from 2.1 million in 1998 to 538 million in 2012 -China Radio International surpassed Voice of America and Voice of Russia -expansion of China Central Television -Phoenix TV developing into global media conglomerate -third largest film production in the world -tv market opened to foreign TV programming and channels -media now emerging players at global stage -competing in Western markets -Xinhua News Agency attempts to rival AP and Reuters -expansion of Chinese soft power in global affairs -expected competition for media conglomerates

UNESCO backdrop

-commercial and public roots of global communication system (media and culture as commodities in US vs for the public good in Europe) -media viewed as cultural parents in large parts of the world -duality also present in NWICO debates -concern over western media dominance (e.g. Hollywood, ICANN) -established in 1946 to support development (educational, scientific, cultural and communication programs, dominance of UNESCO by core shifted towards periphery, one-country-one-vote gives periphery a voice)

Maitland Commission

-commission formed in 1980s in response to criticisms (study of inequities in telecommunications systems) -Maitland commission found great disparities in penetration levels -argues that telecommunications system is prerequisite for development -commission asked for expansion of telecommunications networks -altered traditional technical role of ITU to include concerns of periphery -periphery worked within ITU for reform -news issues arose, involving private sector

Global Media Marketplace

-communication,media, and information exports are primary engine of global economy for the U.S. and core nations -makers of U.S. cultural products overtook aerospace industry as primary U.S. employers ad exporters since end of Cold War -MTC (Viacom) available for 500 million households on all continents -sharp increase in media sales to foreign markets in 1990s -american movies and music are global commodities -global revenues projected to exceed $35 billion by 2016 -U.S. music industry will account for 50% -concern about dominance of core nations' cultural and economic values -american media companies have advantage of large domestic media market -latest technologies often introduced in U.S. market -MTV combines global TV, music and youth culture -global syndication of U.S. TV shows (baywatch, dallas, star trek, the simpsons) -replacement with cheaper reality shows and news magazines in 1990s -causes steep cost increases for sitcom productions

Functionalism

-concerned with marketing concerns of consumer society -lacks macro-level approach on system, ownership and power -need to analyze structural and systematic determinants of communication process

TV and films

-copyright issues (international lawsuits) -international video streaming -changing global distribution policies

Vivendi

-corporation with great influence in France and Europe -started in 19th century as company with interests in public utilities and construction -acquired Seagram in 2000 (universal Group), but failed to create synergies -had to reduce interest in Universal -still major player in Europe

CNN effect

-coverage of foreign events by CNN forces governments to act -ability to set the global agenda -Somalia crisis in 1990s widely covered -"If it is not on CNN, it does not exist"

NBC Universal (Comcast)

-created by merger of General Electric's NBC and Vivendi's Universal units in 2004 -NBC owned by General Electric since 1986 -since 2011, comcast he'd 51% majority with GE holding 49% of NBC Universal -Since 2013, 100% held by Comcast -major player in TV, entertainment, news, cable, theme parks, interactive -sets TV standards for more than 70 years -200 affiliates -telemundo, Bravo, CNBC -now combines media content production with industrial conglomerate and cable operations

International Music Industry

-dominant regions for sales in U.S,. Europe and Japan -niche market in Spanish -dominated traditionally by 5 global players from core nations -universal music group, sony music, EMI group, Warner music, Bertelsmann -sony music and BMG merged in 2003 -live nation artists emerged -global players dominate supply chain from copyright to distribution in core, semi-periphery and periphery -english as dominant language gives advantage to UK and U.S. -MTV serves as global promotion channel

International media

-dominated by core -major news wires: AP, Bloomberg, Reuters, AFP -international newspapers from U.S. and EU -radio: VOA, BBC, Deutsche Welle -TV and photo: CNN, BBC, Getty, Reuters -International advertising agencies

From Cold War to 9/11

-dramatic shifts in global communication -only one global military superpower -free flow of info -economic competition and global interdependence -new threats from terrorism through low-tech weapons

World Summit on the Information Society

-endorsed by UN and coordinated by ITU -held in 2003 and 2005 -discussed access, capacity and connectivity in Information society -contention over NWICO principles (reducing imbalances in IT systems, greater diversity of media ownership, governance on internet) -concern over American-centric Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) -periphery demands global agency with influence on future decisions

Germany

-engaged foreign talented groups in dialogues is leitmotif of German public diplomacy -modern nation of culture and "land of Ideas" -"made in Germany" -sharp contrasts to WWII era

Electronic Colonialism Theory

-eras of globalization (military conquests, Christian crusades, mercantile colonization, electronic colonization) -technology was a key element of mercantile colonization (Johannes Gutenberg's printing press, undermined authority, enabled literary workforce, profitable print media) -electronic colonization based on satellites, telecommunications and computer technology (developing nations: rise of nationalism and decolonization, core nations: information economy) -dependent relationship btw periphery and core -debate about "junk culture" and noncommercial media at UNESCO

OECD

-established after WWII to rebuild Europe -engaged in research to develop international economic and social policy -global think tank with economic focus for core and some semi peripheral nations elite group of 30 nations, but anticipated expansion

Sony

-established in 1946 in Japan -Innovation in consumer electronics (transistor radio, VCR, walkman) -expansion into music and film publishing (CBS records, Columbia Pictures, Bertelsman Music Group)

Western Research Failings

-failing to explain communication in context of system (influences on value systems, patterns of social organization, matrices of power and social organization)

New Diplomats

-famous person has more potential to influence public policy than diplomat -mass media cover initiatives of celebrities -new public diplomacy actors can challenge dominant assumptions in foreign policy (terrorists, sports stars, celebrities) -become recognized member of foreign policy establishment

Correspondents

-fewer in periphery -cost, lack of interest, shrinking news hole -parachute journalism

What is ECT?

-focuses on how global media influence how people look, think, and act -altering of socialization process -global marketing strategies -new global culture framed by multinational conglomerates

The Non-aligned movement

-former colonies wanted independence from US and USSR -goals: unique foreign policy ("third option"), decolonization of information, end to one way flow of media, independent wire service -conferences provide groundwork for larger debate

Reuters

-founded 1851 by Paul Julius Reuters in London -transmitted stock market quotations between London and Paris -expanded economic and general news coverage throughout Britain and colonies -1872 Far East, 1874 South America Technical development -1883: Column paper to transmit messages electronically -1920s: Radio -1927: Teleprinter to distribute news to newspapers -1964: stockmaster service to transmit financial data internationally -1992: visnews bought, Reuters TV started -publicly traded company since 1984 -main strengths -worldwide network known for quality of news -developing communications network -comprehensive financial database -reliability and technological innovation -purchased by Thompson (Canada) in 2008 Technical Development -1883: Column paper to transmit messages electronically -1920s: radio -1927: teleprinter to distribute news to newspapers -1964: stockmaster service to transmit financial data internationally -1992: visnews bought, Reuters TV started -publicly traded company since 1984 -main strengths -worldwide network known for quality of news -developing communications network -comprehensive financial database -reliability and technological innovation -purchased by Thompson (Canada) in 2008

Research Traditions

-functionalism -structuralism -professionalism

World Systems Theories

-global economic expansion from core-zone of nations to semi peripheral and peripheral zones -development of periphery towards zemiperiphery determined by pro capitalist standards of the core -semiperiphery on path to become core and rival U.S. and EU -periphery has least trade and weak economies, no news coverage, little Internet connectivity, lower literacy

Emerging Models

-great changes in Arab media -influence on global news flow -Al-Jazeera English started in 2006 -the national started in Dubai

History of the War correspondents

-greater literacy in 19th century -expanding newspapers demand international coverage -Crimean War 1853-56, American Civil War (telegraph allows for daily dispatches, growing number of correspondents)

New Departures

-growing consciousness on role of multinational corporations in creating colonial dependence -centrality of communication in development process -participatory communication approaches sensitive to local traditions, culture, language

Internet Users

-highes internet usage in China, U.S., Japan, India, and Brazil -core nations were early inventors -Semiperiphery quickly catching up (2005: U.S. accounted for more than 50% of global internet usage) -almost all Internet traffic still routed through U.S. -major internet companies in U.S.

Terrorism and 9/11

-increasing news coverage devoted to terrorism and wars -"Internet War" in Iraq -failures of western journalists as watchdogs -public diplomacy, PR and propaganda

World Trade Organization

-industrialized nations established General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 (international rules for free trade and reducing tariffs and subsidies) -WTO succeeded GATT in 1995 -china joined and signaled move to core -concern of periphery over free trade and impact of U.S. cultural industries and its labor practices -commercial vs pubic system -fear of greater global control for U.S. media conglomerates -argument for exclusion of media sector from WTO

NWICO

-international discussions over this in UNESCO in the 1970s and 1980s -balance in global information flow -right to national self-determination of domestic communication policies -two-way information flow for less developed countries -less developed countries criticized global media systems as outgrow of colonial patterns (one-way flow of information) -western governments and media opposed this (impact on freedom of the press and on media markets and profitability) -limited information on peripheral nations through media in core nations (small international news hole, cost cutting, "parachute" journalism, lack of public concern)

Intelsat

-international telecommunications satellite organization founded in 1965 for global satellite systems (intergovernmental organization) -provides service to more than 200 nations through telecommunications operators (first satellite in 1960s, private company in 2001 and taken over by investors in 2005) -competition from other companies as well as transoceanic fiver-optic cable systems -but only this can provide universal service -deregulation and privatization can change that and raise concerns for periphery

History and Structure

-international telegraph union formed in 1865 in europe (international standards for Morse code, rules for telephony, standards for radio equipment, allocation of radio frequencies) -criticism in 1950s and 1960s for favoring core nations in frequency disputes -greater criticism of ITU in 1980s and 1990s for narrow technical focus (telecommunications highly politicized, semiperiphery and periphery demand allocation of prime spectrum for their use) -main sectors of ITU today (radio communication, standardization, development, ITU telecom)

The World Wide Web

-internet-based process that stores, displays, search and formats computer-based information -internet browsers are key component -dominated by Netscape and Internet Explorer in 1990s

China

-lead-up to 2008 olympics raised concerns about China's image -information Department of Ministry of foreign affairs started in 2004 -highlights "peaceful rise" over "global threat"

Xinhua

-leading news company in China with 7,000 journalists -founded in 1931 as state news agency; still controlled by government today -strives for global role, but credibility questioned due to heavily censored news content

Reform movement

-liberalization, deregulation, privatization -decline of Marxist ideology -increasing literacy, Internet access, economic prosperity

Geo-stationary orbits

-limited space for satellites over equator -traditionally awarded on first-time basis -advantage for core nations -allotiting orbital slots in advance a pressing issue for periphery -fear that no spots remaining as periphery develops -compromise on linking signals

Challenges

-low salaries for journalists -lack of professionalism and ethics -predominance of opinion -freedom of expression limited

Impact of the Internet

-major impact on business, education, social life, government, politics -average people have access to vast amounts of information -mass dissemination of information to global audience -little control over information flow by media. politicians, governments -global public is better informed todat -U.S. centric and mainly English -Internet has cultural impact on users -Instantaneous global communication capability changed public life -Two-way information superhighway

Globalization and Communication

-modernization failed to deliver change in developing world (lack of telephone service, illiteracy, few local media successes, lack of connectivity) -top-down replaced by bottom-up approach -early development work used to contain communism through economic growth -U.S. aid spent on foreign policy goals, not needs of developing nations -little progress through core-based modernization -new media infrastructures dominated by core-produced content

ARPANET

-moved data from one system to another, making it less vulnerable

Public Diplomacy Actors

-nations and their citizens -multinational organizations (e.g. NATO) -non-governmental organizations (e.g. amnesty international) -awareness of brand image in an increasingly cluttered global information environment

Indigenous Programs

-nations with small audiences cannot compete with U.S. TV programming -need U.S. programs to fill schedules -erosion of their own culture -modeling local productions on U.S. programming models -adaptations have further cultural implications

Building the Internet

-origins in 1950s in U.S. military strategy to develop long-distance electronic communications in case of nuclear attack -team of scientists assembled for development with military funding -U.S. government established the Advanced Research Projects agency (ARPA) in 1958 -Rand Corporation documented vulnerability of U.S. communications system in nuclear attack -ARPA applied computer technology to military activities -construction of Internet's precursor ARPANET in 1969 (distributed national network based on stand-alone, remote networks)

Current Concerns in ITU

-periphery now in majority at ITU -core nations concerned about agenda relating to NWICO measures (access to desired spectrum, access to orbits for satellites, reducing the digital divide) -demand for greater emphasis of cultural, social and non-economic dimensions

"The Unites States of Europe"

-political and economic union of 28 nations -roots in 1951 European Coal and Steel community -concentration in european media markets -targeting pan-european audiences -new ovesight and regulation at european union

Latin American Media

-political, economic, social turmoil since WWII -Government and conglomerate control of media -little watchdog/investigative journalism -underdeveloped markets, but rising

Dow Jones

-publisher of Wall Street Journal, Barron's -founded in 1882, since 2007 owned by Newscorp -ownership in CNBC Europe and Asia, Marketwatch -Dow Jones news wire direct competitor of Bloomberg and Reuters -also known for Dow Jones Industrial Average

Al-Jazeera

-reporting earns anger from Arab officials -reporters banned in 17 of 22 nations of Arab League -news team heavily relied on veteran's of BBC Arabic TV service -Clinton Administration calls channel a "beacon of light" -9/11 changed views on Al-Jazeera in the west -aired videotapes of Osama bin Laden -reporters on ground in wars in Afghanistan and Iraq -coverage of bloody side of conflicts and from Arab perspective -President Bush criticizes "propaganda"

Role of Advertising

-required to sell goods and services in market-driven economies -need for advertising increases as multimedia corporations expand globally -standardization vs. local strategies -multinational advertising agencies create global brands -expansion of multinational advertising agencies -expands with global economy -successful campaigns needed to generate new revenue -satellite broadcasting generates new advertising markets -cored-based advertising has cultural and political consequences (contradicting Eastern European regimes in Cold War) -concentration process through mergers and takeovers

Japan

-second largest entertainment market -large home market to supports global distribution of animation and horror films -more than 60% market share for global animation films -outsourcing to subcontractors in other Asian countries -global joint ventures with U.S. firms (e.g. Disney) -Hollywood remaking Japanese films, especially horror movies -TV production exports less successful than films -other Asian countries banned Japanese TV productions due to colonial past -export increases since 1990s, but still slow growth in U.S.

Newscorp

-second largest global media company, controlled by media mogul Rupert Murdoch -moved headquarters to US in 2004 -roots in Australia as newspaper company -conservative agenda throughout company -main sectors: TV, film, books, newspapers, satellites, cable, sports -75% of sales in US, 25% internationally -British sky broadcasting group (BSkyB) -Star TV -FOX -Dow Jones -Used to own MySpace -Murdoch family in control, but tarnished by scandal -succession one of main challenges ahead -global media infrastructure guarantees unprecedented influence

Israel

-seen as country with mixed reputation and history -image of conflict state -sympathy rests with Palestinian minority -now rebranding attempts for "new" Israel -promotion of international tourism, technology, education, education, culture

History of Arab Media

-since 1950s, Arab media as "mouthpieces" of Middle East regimes -start of Al-Jazeera in 1996 a major change for Arab journalism -Emir of Qatar invested $140 million into channel to freely report news -inspiration to journalists across the region -restructuring of Middle East after collapsed of Ottoman Empire -politicized media under control of national governments -civil war in Lebanon in 1970s forced newspapers to move to London ("pan-Arab media") -"Protocol news" on TV and radio -first Gulf War in 1991 showed great influence of CNN and BBC -Arab governments lost control over information -saudi government sets up a pan-Arab satellite channel in London

UNESCO

-sponsored NWICO debate over international communication (strategic mistake to rely extensively on Soviet support, withdrawal of U.S. and UK, financial strain)

Inter Press Service

-started as nonprofit in 1964 in Rome to promote horizontal flow of news -cooperative basis among developing countries for developmental journalism -linking NGOs, developing self-reliant network for 250 journalists in 100 countries -focus on in-depth news from periphery

Bertelsmann

-started in 1835 as publishing house by Carl Bertelsmann in Germany -still privately held by family trust -major sectors: publishing, broadcasting, music -Gruner & Jahr, Random House, RTL groups, UFA film and TV production

Bloomberg

-started in 1981 in New York by Michael Bloomberg, who still controls majority -need for 24/7 global financial information -260,000 clients in 125 countries -Bloomberg Television launched in 1994, reaches 100 million households

Cultural Imperialism

-strong influence of US media conglomerates in global communication -no monolithic US global media empire, but concentration in the core -focus on profitability in global competition -criticism of transnational mergers (little regard for national concerns)

MTV and Electronic Colonialism

-strong influence on global youth culture -impact on attitudes, preferences and purchasing behaviors of teenagers purchasing behaviors of teenagers towards products from core nations -marginalized indigenous artists and cultures -little time given to non-mainstream music -low chances of success without MTV

Professionalism

-technocratic effects of imported communication infrastructure -modern technology fosters neocolonial-like dependence on core organizations -more power for ruling elite -dysfunctional elements of exporting cultural products with hardware and software

South Korea

-third largest market for entertainment in Asia -increasing popularity of Korean cultural products across Asia ("Korean Wave") -television programming and music exports ("K-Pop") -Global distribution of Korean films by FOX and Columbia and increasing remakes by Hollywood -deregulation and liberalization in 1990s led to rapid growth of cultural industries -also govt. investment into development of industry -more lenient govt. media control and democratization -guarantee of freedom of expression -cultural proximity benefits Korean films and TV productions in competition with Hollywood across Asian markets -other Asian countries also fear a cultural invasion and imperialism from Korea and called for ban -Chinese State Administration of Radio, Film and TV cut Korean drama imports in half in 2006

European Broadcasting Union

-unrelated to EU -works in 56 countries in Europe, North Africa and Middle East -focus on programming exchanges and broadcasting rights for sports events -furthering European integration

Time Warner

-used to be the largest global media company after merger with AOL in 2000 -15% of sales from Time Inc. 50% of sales from Warner Bros. -also turner broadcasting (CNN, TBS) -reaches around 150 million TV households in more than 200 countries -CNN leading news channel internationally, but often only third in US behind Fox News and MSNBC -dominant in 6 sectors: cable, publishing, films, music, broadcasting, internet

Media obstacles

-violence against journalists -authoritarian laws and policies -oligarchic ownership of TV -limited reach of print media

Structuralism

-who communicates with whom for what purpose -research found core media shape media systems in periphery -reliance on transfer of technology and software -cultural imperialism

WPP

-would have been the second largest advertising group -after merger failure, still largest company with 300+ companies, providing services to 300+ Fortune 500 companies -3000 offices world wide in 110 countries -88% of sales outside UK, 35% in U.S. -Clients: proctor & gamble, IBM, Johnson & Johnson, Unilever, Nestle

Walter Rostow

5 stages of economic development: -traditional society -establishment of preconditions to takeoff -takeoff into sustained growth -drive to maturity

Tim Berners-Lee

Cern Laboratories in Switzerland first mentioned concept of hyperlinking in 1980s -proposed using single interface to search information (use of Hypertext Markup Language-HTML, remote computer's address-URL, basis of modern WWW)

Marc Andreessen

National Center for Supercomputing Applications developed Mosaic browser in 1993 -formed Mosaic communication corporation (later netscape) -competition by Microsoft's Internet explorer (U.S. department of justice files suit on concerns over market domination)