Mastering
As a result of the cascade of electrons moving down the electron transport chain and leaving the light reactions
NADP+ is reduced to NADPH.
What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle.
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.
NADPH supplies the electrons that reduce the phosphorylated 3-PGA.
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
RuBP In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is added to RuBP.
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate and NAD+
What is different concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells?
the amount of DNA present, whether the DNA is housed in a nucleus or not, whether the DNA is linear or circular
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
3
In simple summary form, the input of the Calvin cycle for every product is __________, and the output is __________ used for glucose synthesis.
3 CO2 ...; a three-carbon molecule For every six molecules of G3P produced, 3 CO2 enter the cycle. (One G3P leaves the cycle as an output. The other five remain and are rearranged to form RuBP.) In addition, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a three-carbon molecule, is shunted off the cycle for glucose synthesis.
Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.
Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
ATP, NADPH, O2
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
An electron transport chain connects the two photosystems in the light reactions.
Bacteria divide by:
Binary fission is the method used by bacteria to divide.
What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. This is why plants need to take in carbon dioxide.
In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
Which statement regarding the light reactions is true?
Electrons are supplied to chlorophyll P680 as it reduces the primary electron accepto As the excited electrons of chlorophyll P680 are donated to the primary electron acceptor, they are replaced by the splitting of wate
The first step of bacterial replication is _____.
DNA replication The DNA must be copied in order to proceed.
_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment
Electron transport chain -The energy released as electrons are passed along the electron transport chain is used to pump protons into the thylakoid compartment.
What provides electrons for the light reactions?
Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. This is one of the reasons plants need water.
Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+.
Energized electrons from photosystem I are used to reduce NADP+
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide fixation occurs in the cytoplasm.
In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?
NAD+
_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e-
Photosystem 2
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
Six carbon dioxide molecules are required to produce two G3P molecules, which can be combined to make one glucose molecule.
Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true?
The greenhouse effect is exacerbated by the use of fossil fuels.
During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.
The mitotic phase encompasses both mitosis and cytokinesis.
During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
These are the events of interphase.
What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?
autotrophs
Asexual and sexual reproduction differ in that sexual reproduction _____.
can produce great variation among the offspring As long as there is some genetic variation in the parents, different offspring will inherit unique combinations of genes from each parent, creating variation among offspring.
In the Calvin cycle carbon dioxide provides _____, whereas ATP and NADPH provide _____ and _____, respectively.
carbon ... energy ... high-energy electrons However, the ultimate source of energy for the entire process is the sun.
Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from
carbon dioxide
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called
grana.
Photosystem II
passes electrons to photosystem I.
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.
photorespiration Conserving water simultaneously reduces the amount of carbon dioxide available to the plant.
Prior to mitosis and after S phase, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called
sister chromatids.
The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
thylakoids; stroma Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma.
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____
transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs In C3 and CAM plants carbon dioxide fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells.
Where do the electrons needed by photosystem II originat
water
