Mastering A&P - Ch.16 - End of Chapter Review

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.

second messengers

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Which of the following occurs in situations where different hormones produce the same effects at the same target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

synergism Synergism occurs when more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified. For example, let's say both hormone "A" and hormone "B" cause the liver to release glucose into the blood. When they act together, the amount of glucose released might be 150% of what is released if each hormone acts independently.

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol?

testosterone

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

the heart

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

thymus gland

The anterior pituitary gland does NOT produce __________.

thyroid hormone (is produced by the thyroid gland)

The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs are called __________.

tropins Four of the six anterior pituitary hormones—thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin), follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (gonadotropins)—are tropins (tropic hormones) that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.

Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?

will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland structure with the class of hormones it produces?

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

You eat a sugary snack. What happens next?

1. Blood glucose becomes high. 2. Pancreas releases insulin. 3. Insulin binds to receptors on target cells. 4. Cells take in glucose. 5. Blood glucose returns to normal.

Read each sentence and decide whether it describes type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or both. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. In type 2 diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin. 2. In type 1 diabetes, no insulin is produced. 3. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

Graves' disease

An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?

C - The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.

Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

C - adrenal glands The adrenal glands have a medulla that contains postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Its cortex helps regulates mineral levels in the body, along with other functions.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.

False Steroid hormones are lipid-based hormones synthesized from cholesterol.

Water-soluble hormones are inactivated and removed from the blood by the liver.

False Water-soluble hormones are rapidly removed from the blood by the kidneys.

You may predict that iodized salt may be effective in preventing all EXCEPT which of the following? congenital hypothyroidism Graves' disease endemic goiter myxedema

Graves' disease Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder which results in hyperthyroidism. The condition is caused by autoantibodies which mimic the action of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). Iodized salt cannot prevent Grave's disease.

Acromegaly

Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Cushing's disease

Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Pituitary dwarfism

Hyposecretion of growth hormone.

Addison's disease

Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Diabetes mellitus

Hyposecretion of the pancreas.

Myxedema

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.

Cretinism

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.

Which of the following hormones has the greatest effect on the overall metabolic rate?

TSH TSH is thyroid-stimulating hormone. The thyroid affects the metabolic rate of many organs and tissues of the body.

Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?

They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands?

They use ducts to secrete their products into the surrounding tissue fluid.

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.

True

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

True

The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that hormone, which is referred to as up- and down-regulation.

True

Leptin is secreted by ________.

adipose cells

Which endocrine gland produces cortisol?

adrenal gland

Secretion of __________ is increased in response to stress.

adrenocorticotropic hormone Stress is the primary trigger for the secretion of CRH from the hypothalamus, which in turn signals the anterior pituitary to secrete more adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which targets the adrenal cortex to promote the release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids elevate blood nutrient levels and blood pressure to ensure adequate nutrient delivery to the body during a prolonged stress response.

What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary would reduce the amount of urine that is formed?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the kidneys and modulates how much water is lost in the urine.

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

cortisol

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

growth hormone

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism, as seen in the individual in the center of this image?

growth hormone (GH) Growth hormone has effects on metabolism as well as growth. Hypersecretion can lead to gigantism.

What is directly required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

hormonal stimuli The anterior pituitary requires hormonal stimuli from the hypothalamus.

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

hormones

Low blood glucose concentration and high blood potassium concentration are examples of __________ stimuli for an endocrine gland.

humoral Some endocrine glands secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions (such as K+) and nutrients (such as glucose). These stimuli are called humoral stimuli (from the Latin term humor, which refers to bodily fluids).

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

hypophyseal portal system

What material is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle?

iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be produced Follicular cells prepare thyroglobulin, which is released and bound with iodine in the follicle. This material is stored in the follicle until thyroid hormone is needed by the body.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

What gland secretes growth hormone?

anterior pituitary

Complete the Concept Map to list and describe the chief effects of anterior pituitary hormones. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

anterior pituitary first produces PRL > lactation produces GH > growth of many tissues produces TSH > thyroid > produces TH > metabolism produces ACTH > adrenal cortex > produces cortisol > gluconeogenesis produces LH & FSH > gonad > produces sex hormones > maturation and funciton of reproductive system

What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane?

lipid-soluble Hormones that are lipid-soluble can dissolve through the plasma membrane.

If the anterior pituitary failed to produce LH appropriately, what might be the result?

lowered levels of testosterone or ovarian hormones Gonads are the sex organs: ovaries and testes. If adequate LH is not produced, the gonads will not produce normal levels of estrogen and progesterone (females) or testosterone (males).

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

melatonin