Mastering A&P; Chapters 24 & 25; Urinary and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone.
Angiotensin II has what effect on the CNS? (Module 24.9C) -Angiotensin II suppresses the activity of the CNS including reducing thirst, reducing ADH production and reducing sympathetic motor tone. -Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including reducing thirst, reducing ADH production and reducing sympathetic motor tone. -Angiotensin II suppresses the activity of the CNS including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone. -Angiotensin II has little effect on the CNS but activates the PNS. -Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone.
180
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. 480 18 125 1.8 180
at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop
At which point is the osmotic concentration of filtrate highest? -as it leaves the glomerular capsule -as it blends with tubular fluid in the distal convoluted tubule -at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop -as it enters the proximal convoluted tubule -as it enters the descending limb of the nephron loop
25 mm Hg
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. 60 - (25 + 10) = 60 mm Hg 50 mm Hg 35 mm Hg 25 mm Hg
Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney.
Describe autoregulation at the kidneys. (Module 24.9A) -Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by activating the sympathetic nervous system. -Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney. -Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing respiratory rate. -Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by activating the central nervous system. -Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by releasing hormones that influence salt and water reabsorption in the kidney.
proteins.
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except hydrogen ions. creatinine. uric acid. proteins. urea.
Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.
Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. (Module 24.8B) -Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the distal convoluted tubule constricts the afferent arteriole. -Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole. -Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole drains into peritubular capillaries. -Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the kidneys are in close proximity to the renal arteries. -Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because less proteins enter the afferent arterioles.
Distal convoluted tubule
Identify the segment of the nephron that makes the final adjustments to the composition of tubular fluid. (Module 24.10A) collecting duct nephron loop glomerular capsule proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Identify the three distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney. (Module 24.7A) filtration, reabsorption, and secretion secretion, excretion, and elimination filtration, excretion, and secretion reabsorption, secretion, and excretion filtration, reabsorption, and excretion
net filtration would decrease
If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? net filtration would decrease net filtration would not be altered net filtration would increase
the external urethral sphincter
If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with? the external urethral sphincter the internal urethral sphincter the trigone the internal anal sphincter the pyloric sphincter
micturition
In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipí," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine? defecation mastication filtration degustation micturition
ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)
In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine? ADH - high; 100 mOsm (urine) ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine) ADH - low; 600 mOsm (urine) ADH - high; 600 mOsm (urine)
ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)
In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate? ADH - low; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min) ADH - high; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min) ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min) ADH - low; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min)
An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid.
In the PCT, ions and organic substrates are actively removed, thus causing what to occur? (Module 24.13A) -An increase in sodium transporters in the membrane. -A decrease in sodium transporters in the membrane. -An increase in aquaporin channels in the membrane. -An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid. -An osmotic flow of water into the tubular fluid.
During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid.
In which direction do fluids and solutes move in each of the three kidney processes? (Module 24.6A) -During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid. -During filtration, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space. -During filtration, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space. -During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid. -During filtration, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during secretion, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid.
proximal convoluted tubule
In which portion of the nephron and collecting system does the most reabsorption occur? nephron loop collecting duct distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule
increase the glomerular filtration rate.
Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following except increase systemic blood pressure. increase the glomerular filtration rate. increase cardiac output. stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction. produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs.
increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to -increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. -decrease secretion of aldosterone. -decrease urinary albumin concentration. -increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. -increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.
energy-dependent exchange pump.
The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of osmosis. diffusion. cotransport. energy-dependent exchange pump. facilitated diffusion.
glomerular filtration rate.
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the corpuscular output. net filtration pressure. glomerular filtration rate. autoregulation capacity. filtration ratio.
the same osmotic concentration as plasma.
The filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle has: -a lower osmotic concentration than plasma. -a higher osmotic concentration than plasma. -the same osmotic concentration as plasma. -the same composition as plasma and contains plasma proteins.
the release of natriuretic peptides.
The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves all of the following except -aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. -the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). -the release of natriuretic peptides. -a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts. -a properly functioning nephron loop.
Establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla
The nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons have an important function that other parts of the nephron do not share. What is this function? -establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla -reabsorption of glucose -reabsorption of water and ions -secretion of drugs and toxins
True
True or false? The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. True False
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure? glomerular hydrostatic pressure urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure capsular colloid osmotic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure
Collecting system
Variable secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions is a specific function of which renal structure? proximal convoluted tubule collecting system distal convoluted tubule nephron loop
the urine storage reflex and the urine voiding reflex
What are the two reflexes that control urination? (Module 24.17A) -the urine deglutition reflex and the urine micturition reflex -the urine deglutition reflex and the urine defecation reflex -the urine trigone reflex and the urine detrusor reflex -the pontine storage center and the pontine micturition center -the urine storage reflex and the urine voiding reflex
It increases renin production and release.
What does the juxtaglomerular complex do in response to decreased filtration pressure? (Module 24.9B) It increases renin production and release. It decreases renin production and release. It increases ADH production and release. It increases aldosterone production and release. It decreases ADH production and release.
Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume.
What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (Module 24.12C) -Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which decreases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. -Increased ADH will decrease the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. -Increased ADH will decrease the number of aquaporins in the DCT which decreases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. -Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. -Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and increases urine volume.
It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.
What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? (Module 24.10B) -It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. -It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. -It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. -It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. -It would not affect K+ concentration in the urine because Cl- is exchanged for Na+.
To create a concentration gradient in the renal medulla that permits the production of concentrated urine.
What is the function of countercurrent multiplication? -To increase the flow of fluids and solutes through the nephron to increase urine volume. -To reduce the reabsorption of solutes in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). -To create a concentration gradient in the renal medulla that permits the production of concentrated urine. -To decrease the blood flow to the juxtamedullary nephrons.
isotonic - 300 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule? hypertonic - 600 mOsm hypertonic - 1200 mOsm isotonic - 300 mOsm hypotonic - 100 mOsm
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? gravity colloid osmotic pressure of blood hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
99
What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) is reabsorbed in the PCT? 25 75 50 90 99
Filtration
What physiological process occurs at the glomerulus? micturition filtration reabsorption secretion excretion
urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume increases
When ADH levels in the DCT decrease, what happens to the urine osmotic concentration? (Module 24.12.D) -urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume increases -urine osmotic concentration increases and urine volume decreases -urine osmotic concentration increases and urine volume increases -urine osmotic concentration stays the same and urine volume increases urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume decreases
Hydrogen ions
When the pH of body fluids decreases, which of the following are secreted in exchange for sodium ions reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule? potassium ions glucose hydrogen ions toxins and drugs
Proximal convoluted tubule
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?
The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.
Which event correctly occurs under maximum ADH stimulation? -Facultative water reabsorption occurs in the PCT. -Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the DCT. -The DCT and collecting system become impermeable to water. -The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.
Capsular colloid osmotic pressure
Which factor controlling glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually 0 mm Hg under normal circumstances? blood colloid osmotic pressure filtration pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure capsular colloid osmotic pressure
FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.) FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct? -ADH is synthesized by the adrenal gland and works in the kidney. -ADH would increase urine volume. -ADH inserts water channels into the luminal membrane of the proximal tubules. -ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.
Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct? -Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule. -Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex. -Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption. -Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels.
blood cells and large particles
Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? ions, such as sodium and potassium blood cells and large particles nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea water and small solutes
nephron loop
Which segment of the nephron is solely involved in the reabsorption of water and sodium and chloride ions? (Module 24.7C) collecting duct nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule glomerular capsule
Renal corpuscle
Which structure filters the blood? collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle nephron loop
protein
Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? creatinine glucose protein chloride
filtration
Which transport mechanism(s) results from blood pressure that forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space? reabsorption secretion filtration reabsorption and secretion