Mastering A&P, Chapters 26 and 27, The Reproductive System and Development
vasectomy
In a(n) ________, each ductus deferens is cut, and either a segment is removed and the ends tied (or cauterized) or silicone plugs are inserted. ovariectomy prostatectomy hysterectomy vasectomy tubal ligation
after the first trimester
When does the placenta become sufficiently functional to continue the pregnancy? (Module 27.7C) after one week after the first trimester after the second trimester after nine weeks after one month
uterine tube
Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization normally occur? uterine tube ovary vagina uterus
maintenance of accessory glands and organs of the male reproductive system
Which function is a peripheral effect of testosterone? -interstitial cell stimulation -stimulation of the nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules -depression of the pituitary production of FSH -maintenance of accessory glands and organs of the male reproductive system
second trimester
Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems? second trimester postnatal development third trimester first trimester
umbilical arteries.
Deoxygenated blood is carried to the placenta by the umbilical vein. umbilical arteries.
progesterone
During gestation, contraction of the myometrium is inhibited by ________, produced by the placenta. oxytocin estrogen prostaglandins progesterone inhibin
developing follicles secrete estradiol.
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle: -progesterone levels rise and estrogen levels fall. -the follicular phase ends when FSH stimulates some secondary follicles to develop into tertiary follicles. -the combination of GnRH and elevated estrogen levels stimulates LH secretion. -developing follicles secrete estradiol.
hypothalamus, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the testes
Identify the sources of hormones that control male sexual and reproductive functions. (Module 26.7B) -hypothalamus, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland -adrenal gland, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the testes -adrenal gland and the testes -testes, seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands -hypothalamus, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the testes
umbilical cord; allantois
Identify the structure connecting the fetus to the placenta, and name the extra-embryonic membrane from which it is derived. (Module 27.6C) umbilical cord; allantois umbilical cord; chorion yolk sac; allantois umbilical cord; amnion yolk sac; chorion
senescence.
The clinical term for "growing old" is senility. aging. apoptosis. senescence. maturation.
dilation
The first stage of labor is the ________ stage. neonate contraction dilation expulsion placental
form the embryo.
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will form the placenta. form blood vessels of the placenta. form the morula. form the embryo. provide nutrients for early growth.
secrete testosterone.
The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except secrete testosterone. secrete androgen-binding protein. maintain the blood-testis barrier. support spermiogenesis. secrete inhibin.
Human papillomavirus.
The pathogen responsible for nearly 75% of cervical cancers is Human papillomavirus. Human immunodeficiency virus. Chlamydia. Herpes simplex. Borrelia burgdorferi.
third
The period of gestation that is characterized by the largest fetal weight gain and fat deposition is the ________ trimester. first second third
first
The period of gestation when the rudiments of all major organ systems are established is the ________ trimester. first second third
LH
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is FSH. LH. GH. ACTH. ADH.
follicle maturation.
A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for menstruation. follicle maturation. ovulation. atresia. menopause.
an increase in stored nutrient levels of the oocyte
A secondary oocyte, not a mature ovum, is ejected from the ovary during ovulation. Oocyte activation brings about all of the following changes except: -increase in the metabolic rate of the oocyte -prevention of fertilization by more than one sperm -an increase in stored nutrient levels of the oocyte -completion of meiosis II
implantation.
Attachment to and penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as: cleavage. fertilization. placentation. embryogenesis. implantation.
ovulation.
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers atresia. menstruation. ovulation. menopause. follicle maturation.
progesterone-only shots
The use of which birth control method often results in the cessation of the uterine cycle? (Module 26.16B) progesterone-only shots the rhythm method intrauterine device condoms diaphragm with spermicide
The 5-year survival rate for localized testicular cancer is 99%.
Choose the correct statement regarding testicular cancer. -Screening with periodic PSA tests is recommended. -The 5-year survival rate for localized testicular cancer is 99%. -The average age at the time of diagnosis is 18 years. -More than 95 percent of testicular cancers result from abnormal nurse cells.
Benign prostatic hypertrophy is an enlargement of the prostate whereas prostate cancer is a malignancy.
Compare benign prostatic hypertrophy with prostate cancer. (Module 26.17A) -Benign prostatic hypertrophy affects young men whereas prostate cancer affects older men. -Benign prostatic hypertrophy affects older men whereas prostate cancer affects young men. -Benign prostatic hypertrophy affects the seminal glands in addition to the prostate whereas prostate cancer just affects the prostate gland. -Benign prostatic hypertrophy is an enlargement of the prostate whereas prostate cancer is a malignancy. -Benign prostatic hypertrophy is a malignancy whereas prostate cancer is a shrinkage of the prostate gland.
Organogenesis is the process of organ formation.
Define organogenesis. (Module 27.8A) -Organogenesis is the process of organ maturation during postnatal development. -Organogenesis is the process of cleavage and implantation. -Organogenesis is the process of organ formation. -Organogenesis is the process of organ growth during the third trimester. -Organogenesis is the process of embryo formation during the first twelve weeks.
The placenta forms the interface between the embryonic/fetal system and the maternal system.
Describe the placenta. (Module 27.5C) -The placenta forms the interface between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast. -The placenta contains fluid that surrounds and cushions the embryo or fetus. -The placenta forms the interface between the blastocoele and the amniotic cavity. -The placenta is a layer of cells that surround the yolk sac. -The placenta forms the interface between the embryonic/fetal system and the maternal system.
Embryonic development refers to the events that occur during the first 2 months after fertilization. Fetal development begins at the 9th week and continues until birth. Prenatal development consists of both embryonic and fetal development.
Distinguish among embryonic, fetal, and prenatal development. (Module 27.1B) -Embryonic development begins at fertilization and occurs until implantation. Fetal development begins at implantation and continues until the end of the second trimester. Prenatal development refers to the events of the third trimester. -Embryonic development begins at the 9th week and continues until birth. Fetal development refers to the events that occur during the first 2 months after fertilization. Prenatal development consists of both embryonic and fetal development. -Embryonic development begins at implantation and continues until the end of the second trimester. Fetal development begins at fertilization and occurs until implantation. Prenatal development refers to the events of the third trimester. -Embryonic development begins at implantation and continues until the end of the second trimester. Fetal development refers to the events of the third trimester. Prenatal development begins at birth and continues to maturity. -Embryonic development refers to the events that occur during the first 2 months after fertilization. Fetal development begins at the 9th week and continues until birth. Prenatal development consists of both embryonic and fetal development.
progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial growth and secretion
During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, __________. -FSH levels decline due to the negative feedback effects of inhibin -progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial growth and secretion -a precipitous decrease in LH level triggers the completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte -the combination of GnRH and elevated estrogen levels inhibits LH secretion
Relaxin causes cervical dilation, fetal weight distorts the myometrium, and the distortion of the cervix and the myometrium triggers release of oxytocin.
List and describe the factors involved in initiating labor contractions. (Module 27.10A) -Decreasing estrogen levels causes cervical dilation and endometrial contractions. -Falling levels of estrogen and prosterone cause cervical dilation and the shedding of the functional layer which causes myometrial contractions. -Relaxin causes cervical dilation, fetal weight distorts the myometrium, and the distortion of the cervix and the myometrium triggers release of oxytocin. -Relaxin causes cervical dilation, fetal weight distorts the myometrium, and the distortion of the cervix and myometrium triggers the release of inhibin. -Inhibin causes cervical dilation, fetal weight distorts the myometrium, and the distortion of the cervix and myometrium triggers the release of prolactin.
increased respiratory rate and tidal volume, increased blood volume and GFR, increased nutrient requirements, and increases in the size of the uterus and mammary glands
List the major changes that occur in maternal systems during pregnancy. (Module 27.9A) -increased immune function, increased heart rate and blood pressure, decreased nutrient requirements and decreased thermoregulation -decreased immune function, decreased heart rate and blood pressure, decreased blood volume and GFR, and decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume -increased respiratory rate and tidal volume, decreased nutrient requirements, decreased blood volume and GFR, and decreased size of the uterus and mammary glands. -increased respiratory rate and tidal volume, increased blood volume and GFR, increased nutrient requirements, and increases in the size of the uterus and mammary glands -decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume, decreased blood volume, increased GFR and nutrient requirements, increases in the size of the uterus and mammary glands
placental
The placenta is expelled from the uterus during the ________ stage of labor. expulsion dilation contraction afterbirth placental
human chorionic gonadotrophin
The presence of which hormone in the urine provides a reliable indicator of pregnancy, as detected by home pregnancy tests? (Module 27.7B) LH relaxin human placental lactogen placental prolactin human chorionic gonadotrophin
initiate sperm production in the testes.
The primary role of FSH in males is to -develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics. -influence sexual behaviors and sex drive. -stimulate the nurse cells to produce inhibin. -initiate sperm production in the testes. -stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone.
progesterone.
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is luteosterone. progesterone. LH. FSH. estrogen.
expulsion
The stage of labor during which the fetus emerges from the vagina is called the ________ stage. expulsion dilation emergence placental fetal
The volume of blood flowing into the placenta reduces the volume in the systemic circuit of the mother.
Which is true regarding the physiological stresses of pregnancy? -Maternal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases by up to 30 percent. -Maternal tidal volume decreases. -The volume of blood flowing into the placenta reduces the volume in the systemic circuit of the mother. -By the end of the third month of pregnancy, the mammary glands are fully developed.
diaphragm
Which of the following is a barrier method of birth control? hormonal post-coital contraception rhythm method diaphragm tubal ligation oral contraceptives
A single sperm does not possess enough acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte by itself.
Which of the following statements is most accurate in explaining the value of the large numbers of sperm ejaculated to cause fertilization? -A male who ejaculates less than 100 million sperm is functionally sterile. -Hundreds of sperm contacting the oocyte membrane triggers oocyte activation. -A single sperm does not possess enough acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte by itself. -Normally, thousands of sperm reach the site of fertilization.
