mastering a&p respiratory system
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? a decreased temperature b increased tissue PO2 c decreased amounts of BPG d decreased pH e None of the answers is correct.
d
Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as a internal respiration. b external respiration. c alveolar ventilation. d pulmonary ventilation. e gas diffusion.
a
Boyle's law states that gas volume is a inversely proportional to pressure. b directly proportional to pressure. c directly proportional to temperature. d inversely proportional to temperature. e both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature.
a
Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2, ? View Available Hint(s) a CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2. b CO2 is a smaller molecule and diffuses faster than O2. c The capillary walls are more permeable to CO2 than O2.
a
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the a diameter of an alveolus. b thickness of the respiratory membrane. c PCO2 of the blood. d PO2 of the alveoli. e solubility of oxygen in plasma.
a
Evan's lungs probably have an abnormally large a Residual volume b Inspiratory reserve volume c Expiratory reserve volume d Tidal volume
a
How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle? View Available Hint(s) a The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase. b The partial pressures of O2 and CO2 would remain unchanged. c The partial pressure of O2 would increase, and the partial pressure of CO2 would decrease.
a
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is a bound to hemoglobin. b bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. c dissolved in plasma. d in ionic form as solute in the plasma.
a
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? View Available Hint(s) a atmospheric pressure b intrapleural pressure c intrapulmonary pressure
b
Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch? a left primary bronchus b left lung c right primary bronchus d right lung e both left lung and left primary bronchus
b
Evan complains that the air in his lungs sometimes "doesn't want to go out." Which of the following muscles is likely working harder than normal while trying to get the air out? a Diaphragm b Transversus thoracis c External intercostals d Pectoralis minor
b
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as a respiratory minute volume. b alveolar ventilation volume. c anatomic dead space. d functional residual capacity. e minimal volume.
c
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is a COPD. b pulmonary embolism. c pneumothorax. d respiratory distress syndrome. e anoxia.
d
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. a 4 to 6 b 22 to 24 c 10 to 12 d 12 to 18 e 16 to 20
d
The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________. a three lobes; three lobes b two lobes; two lobes c two lobes; three lobes d three lobes; two lobes e None of the answers is correct.
d
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces a articulation. b ululation. c whistling. d speech. e phonation.
e
All of the below are sensory stimuli that can modify the activities of the respiratory center except a baroreceptors. b chemoreceptors. c stretch receptors. d irritant chemical or physical particles. e thermoreceptors.
e
Carbonic anhydrase a can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. b can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. c is an enzyme. d is in RBCs. e All of the answers are correct.
e
Emphysema: a occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. b is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritants. c occurs in individuals identified as blue bloaters. d is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining.
a
Which characteristic is correct regarding an oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve? a Blood entering the systemic circuit has a PCO2 of 95 mm Hg. b Where the slope is steep, a very small change in blood PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin. c Venous blood, leaving peripheral tissues, contains minimal oxygen reserves. d Each arriving oxygen molecule decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for the next oxygen molecule.
b
Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve? a If the pH increases, the saturation curve shifts to the right. b If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen. c If the pH decreases, the saturation curve shifts to the left. d If the temperature decreases, hemoglobin more readily gives up its oxygen reserves.
b
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? View Available Hint(s) a The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. b The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. c How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.
b
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? a It is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages. b It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages. c It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. d It is also called the windpipe. e It ends in the mediastinum.
b
Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli? a Type II pneumocytes are the site of gas exchange. b Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles. c Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. d Alveolar capillaries constrict when oxygen levels are high. e None of the answers is true.
b
Which of the following would be greater? a the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade b the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade
b
Dalton's law states that a gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. b gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. c in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. d the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. e gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
c
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? View Available Hint(s) a histamine b an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system c epinephrine d acetylcholine (ACh)
c
Evan is most likely suffering from a Atelectasis b Chronic bronchitis c Emphysema d Asthma
c
Henry's law states that a in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. b gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. c the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. d gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. e gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
c
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? View Available Hint(s) a lungs will inflate b lung volume will stay the same c lungs will collapse
c
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. a 10 b 50 c 25 d more than 90 e 75
d
Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration? View Available Hint(s) a O2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries, and CO2 would diffuse into the cells. b O2 would diffuse into the pulmonary capillaries and CO2 would diffuse into the alveoli. c Both O2 and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries. d O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
d
_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______. View Available Hint(s) a O2; alveoli b O2; pulmonary cavities c CO2; pulmonary capillaries d CO2; alveoli
d
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the a movement of air into and out of the lungs. b movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. c utilization of oxygen. d movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. e movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
a
The glottis is a the opening to the larynx. b the opening to the pharynx. c the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. d part of the hard palate. e a flap of elastic cartilage.
a
The measure of how easily the lungs expand and contract is termed a compliance. b rebound response. c inflation index. d elasticity. e resistance.
a
The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain. a brain stem b cerebral cortex c cerebellum d cerebrum e diencephalon
a
The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. b ciliated squamous epithelium. c simple squamous epithelium. d surfactant cells. e moist cuboidal epithelium.
a
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? View Available Hint(s) a diaphragm and external intercostals b internal intercostals and external oblique c diaphragm and internal intercostals
a
Which of the following accurately describes alveolar sacs? a Each of them forms a common chamber connected to several individual alveoli. b They cover the inner surface of the thoracic wall. c They form a common passage that is connected to multiple individual alveoli. d Each of them is formed by the branching of a terminal bronchiole inside a pulmonary lobule.
a
Which of the following would be greater? a hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low b hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high
a
Which of the following would be greater? a the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 b the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2
a
Which statement is correct? View Available Hint(s) a During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same. b During external respiration, oxygen is unloaded from the blood. c During internal respiration, carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood. d The greater the available surface area the lower the amount of gas exchange during internal respiration
a
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will a decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. b double the rate of breathing. c reduce the vital capacity by 10%. d decrease pulmonary ventilation. e decrease the rate of breathing.
b
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is a less than the pressure in the atmosphere. b greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. c greater than intraalveolar pressure. d equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. e less than intrapulmonic pressure.
b
If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens? a Alveolar PO2increases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases. b Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.
b
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the a lamina propria. b mucus escalator. c respiratory mucosa. d respiratory defense system. e conducting portion of the respiratory tract.
b
The conchae a form part of the soft palate. b create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus. c provide an opening to paranasal sinuses. d divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. e provide an opening into the pharynx.
b
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the a cuneiform cartilage. b epiglottis. c cricoid cartilage. d corniculate cartilage. e thyroid cartilage.
b
The term "hypercapnia" refers to a labored breathing. b elevated PCO2. c an increase in pH. d the cessation of breathing. e elevated PO2.
b
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the a lungs. b bronchioles. c upper respiratory tract. d alveoli. e lower respiratory tract.
c
Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange? a partial pressure of the gases b rate of blood flow through the tissue c the molecular weight of the gas d available surface area
c
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as a solute dissolved in the plasma. b carbonic acid. c bicarbonate ions. d solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. e carbaminohemoglobin.
c
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because a large masses of air can pass through the trachea. b it facilitates turning of the head. c large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. d All of the answers are correct.
c
The auditory tubes open into the a larynx. b laryngopharynx. c nasopharynx. d oropharynx. e nasal cavity.
c
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of a moist cuboidal epithelium. b surfactant cells. c simple squamous epithelium. d pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. e ciliated squamous epithelium.
c
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? a It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism. b It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. c It causes RBCs to swell. d It is driven by a rise in PCO2. e It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs.
c
Which type of epithelium lines the inferior portions of the pharynx? a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium b simple cuboidal epithelium c stratified squamous epithelium d simple squamous epithelium
c
________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). a Pulmonary ventilation rate b Vital capacity c Alveolar ventilation rate d Respiratory minute volume e External respiration rate
c
when there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that a atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. b intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric. c they are equal. d intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. e atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.
c
Asthma is a caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. b a collapsed lung. c an obstructive tumor. d an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. e characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.
d
During swallowing, a solids and liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. b the larynx is elevated. c the epiglottis folds back over the glottis. d All of the answers are correct. e None of the answers is correct.
d
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the a PCO2 should be high. b pH should be slightly acidic. c BPG levels in the red blood cells should be high. d PCO2 should be low. e PO2 should be about 70 mm Hg.
d
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from a uncontrollable laryngospasms. b production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. c inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus. d inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport e All of the answers are correct.
d
In emphysema, which of the following occurs? a Compliance increases. b Alveoli collapse. c There is elevated PCO2 in the blood. d All of the answers are correct. e None of the answers is correct.
d
What happens to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream? a It binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells b It is converted to a molecule of carbonic acid, c It dissolves in plasma d All of the answers are correct. e None of the answers is correct.
d
If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed a emphysema. b apnea. c metaplasia. d anaplasia. e atelectasis.
e
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of a carbon dioxide transport. b external respiration. c acid-base balance. d hemoglobin synthesis. e internal respiration.
e
Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. a chemoreceptor b baroreceptor c pneumotaxic d expiratory e apneustic
e
The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as a hyperoxia. b hypercapnia. c anoxia. d hypoventilation. e hypoxia.
e
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is a sodium ion. b hemoglobin. c oxygen. d bicarbonate ion. e carbon dioxide.
e
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center. a ventral respiratory group (VRG) b dorsal respiratory group (DRG) c pneumotaxic d apneustic e All of the answers are correct.
e
The respiratory defense system is important because it a keeps out pathogens. b helps warm the air. c helps filter the air. d keeps out debris. e All of the answers are correct.
e
damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in a increased surface tension in the alveoli. b a loss of surfactant. c increased tendency to alveolar collapse. d a decreased rate of gas exchange. e All of the answers are correct.
e
