Mastering & ACTIV_ Chapter 9 - The Articulations

Syndesmosis is to ligament as symphysis is to completely fused. fibrous cartilage. dense regular connective tissue. periodontal ligament. rigid cartilaginous bridge.

fibrous cartilage.

The knee is reinforced laterally by the __________ ligament. tibial collateral fibular collateral anterior cruciate popliteal

fibular collateral

Curling into the "fetal position" ________ the intervertebral joints. hyperextends flexes extends rotates abducts

flexes

The shoulder joint, or ________ joint, permits the greatest range of motion of any joint. glenohumeral coracocondylar deltobrachial clavicoscapular humeroacromial

glenohumeral

The joints between vertebrae are examples of ________ joints. hinge condylar saddle gliding pivot

gliding

Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones? hinge gliding pivot ball-and-socket saddle

gliding

The synarthrosis that binds the teeth to the bony sockets is a gomphosis. suture. syndesmosis. synchondrosis. synotosis.

gomphosis.

In ________ crystals of uric acid form within the synovial fluid of joints. rheumatism degenerative joint disease rheumatoid arthritis osteoporosis gouty arthritis

gouty arthritis

The largest and strongest articulation at the elbow is the humero-ulnar joint. ulnar joint. ulnaradial joint. radial joint. humeroradial joint.

humero-ulnar joint.

The greatest range of motion occurs at the articulation between the __________. femur and acetabulum humerus and scapula humerus and ulna femur and tibia

humerus and scapula

Which of these motions happens in the *sagittal* plane? supination hyperextension eversion abduction

hyperextension

An extension past the anatomical position is known as hyperextension. flexion. double-jointed. rotation. extension.

hyperextension.

Identify the incorrect pair. saddle joint; first carpometacarpal joint gliding joint; sacroiliac joint hinge joint; ankle joint pivot joint; hip joint condylar joint; radiocarpal joint

pivot joint; hip joint

All of these motions refer to the foot *except*... plantar flexion inversion eversion pronation

pronation

Identify the type of joint at label "3."

saddle

Which of these motions occurs in the *coronal* (frontal) plane? hyperextension abduction lateral rotation flexion

abduction

A movement away from the midline of the body is called inversion. flexion. abduction. adduction. extension.

abduction.

Use the naming scheme structure + o + bone +al to name the articulation between the acetabulum (of the pelvis) and the femur bone.

acetabulofemoral joint

The normal movement of the knee joint during walking involves abduction. extension. flexion. adduction. both flexion and extension.

both flexion and extension.

The elbow joint is extremely stable because several muscles support the joint capsule. the capsule lacks ligaments. the ulna and humerus interlock. the joint lacks bursae. the articular capsule is thin.

the ulna and humerus interlock.

Knee Injuries Athletes place tremendous stresses on their knees. Ordinarily, the medial and lateral menisci move as the position of the femur changes. The knee is most stable when it is straight. However, if a locked knee is struck from the side, the lateral meniscus can tear and the supporting ligaments can be seriously damaged. Placing a lot of weight on the knee while it is partially flexed can trap a meniscus between the tibia and femur, resulting in a break or tear in the cartilage. In the most common injury, the lateral surface of the leg is driven medially, tearing the medial meniscus. In addition to being quite painful, the torn cartilage may restrict movement at the joint. It can also lead to chronic problems and the development of a "trick knee"--a knee that feels unstable. Sometimes the meniscus can be heard and felt popping in and out of position when the knee is extended. Other knee injuries involve tearing one or more stabilizing ligaments or damaging the patella. Torn ligaments can be difficult to correct surgically, and healing is slow. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are frequently caused by twisting an extended weight-bearing knee. Soccer, football, and basketball players are more likely than other athletes to injure their ACLs. Nonsurgical treatment with exercise and braces is possible but requires a change in activity. Reconstructive surgery using part of the patellar tendon or a graft from a cadaver tendon may allow a return to active sports. A strong hit or force to the lateral surface of the knee, as in a football tackle or flying hockey puck, may damage both the ACL and the medial collateral ligament (MCL).The patella can be injured in a number of ways. If the leg is immobilized (as it might be in a football pileup) while you try to extend the knee, the muscles are powerful enough to pull the patella apart. Impacts to the anterior surface of the knee can also shatter the patella. Knee injuries may lead to chronic painful arthritis that impairs walking. Total knee replacement surgery is rarely performed on young people, but it is becoming increasingly common among elderly patients with severe arthritis. During a weightlifting event, a participant suffered a painful injury involving a connective tissue pad on the lateral border of his left knee. Which structure is most likely the one that got damaged? the lateral meniscus the medial meniscus the lateral collateral ligament the fibular collateral ligament

the lateral meniscus

MASTERING

Articulations (Ch. 9) Post-lab

ACTIV

Articulations (Joints)

Which term describes a complex movement that includes both changing the angle at a joint and then moving the distal bone in a circular direction?

Circumduction

The knee joint is stabilized by ________ major ligaments. 7 11 9 3 5

7

A chiropractor manipulates joints, specifically the vertebral joints, to correct dislocations. What is another way to state this? A chiropractor puts pressure on specific points to correct partial dislocations. A dislocation can only be corrected by a chiropractor. Synarthroses are major weak points for subluxations. A chiropractor corrects major dislocations that occur at amphiarthroses.

A chiropractor puts pressure on specific points to correct partial dislocations.

Mike falls off his skateboard and sprains his ankle. Which of the following most likely occurs with this type of accident? A bursa is damaged and leaks synovial fluid. A ligament is stretched and collagen fibers in the ligament are damaged. The tibia is broken and must be set in a cast. Articulating bones are forced out of position and ligaments are torn. Dislocation of the ankle occurs.

A ligament is stretched and collagen fibers in the ligament are damaged

Factors that increase the stability of the hip joint include almost complete bony socket. tough capsule. strong muscular padding. supporting ligaments. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Joints can be classified structurally as bony. synovial. cartilaginous. fibrous. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following occurs when the articular cartilage is damaged? The matrix begins to break down. The exposed surface appears rough. Friction in the joint increases. Normal synovial joint function is unable to continue. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following explains the occurrence of a hip fracture rather than a hip dislocation? Only three ligaments are present in hip joints to provide stability. There is a severe lack of capsular fibers in hip joints compared to other synovial joints. Stress gets transferred from head of femur to the diaphysis via the thin neck. Muscles surrounding the hip joint are altogether small and thus provide little stability. All of the above.

Stress gets transferred from head of femur to the diaphysis via the thin neck.

Which of the following types of movement are not permitted at a synovial joint? eversion retraction gliding flexion They are all permitted.

They are all permitted.

Most cartilaginous joints allow slight movements, making them... diarthroses amphiarthroses pseudoarthroses synarthroses

amphiarthroses

The fibrocartilage outer layer of the intervertebral disc is called the gelatinous fibrosus. nucleus pulposus. gelatinous pulposus. annulus fibrosus. synovial fluid.

annulus fibrosus.

Within an intervertebral disc, which structure provides the tough outer layer of fibrocartilage and which structure provides the soft inner core for resiliency and shock absorption? (Figure 9-6) nucleus pulposus; anulus fibrosus nucleus fibrosus; anulus pulposus anulus pulposus; nucleus fibrosus anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus anular ligament; spinous ligament

anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus

Arthritis always involves damage to the ________ cartilages, but the specific cause can vary. costal elastic fibrous articular intervertebral

articular

What structure covers the bony surfaces of a synovial joint to prevent the surfaces from touching? (Figure 9-1) meniscus synovial membrane fibrous joint capsule articular cartilage elastic cartilage

articular cartilage

An _______, sometimes called a "joint", is any place where two bones come together.

articulation

Only one shape-type of joint is multiaxial (or triaxial). Which is it? saddle hinge ball-and-socket pivot condyloid

ball-and-socket

A ________ is a tender nodule formed around bursae over the base of the great toe. spur callus blister pimple bunion

bunion

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid? lubrication protects articular cartilages increases osmotic pressure within joint provides nutrients shock absorption

increases osmotic pressure within joint

Use the naming scheme inter + bone +al to name the articulation between two carpal bones

intercarpal joint

A common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, called dorsiflexion. eversion. plantar flexion. inversion. protraction.

inversion.

The movement of rotating a limb outward is called ________ rotation. medial abductive superficial internal lateral

lateral

Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid? waste removal shock absorption mechanical support lubrication

mechanical support

The movement of rotating a limb toward the anterior surface of the body is called ________ rotation. external medial frontal lateral outward

medial

The most common athletic knee injury produces damage to the patella. medial meniscus. tendons. ligaments. lateral meniscus.

medial meniscus.

In a triaxial articulation, movement can occur in all three axes. movement can occur in only two axes. no movement is possible. movement can occur in only one axis. only circumduction is possible.

movement can occur in all three axes.

The gelatinous core of an intervertebral disc is called the synovial fluid. gelatinous pulposus. gelatinous fibrosus. annulus fibrosus. nucleus pulposus.

nucleus pulposus.

Which of the following movements is a good example of depression? moving the hand toward the shoulder opening the mouth extreme bending of the head backwards spreading the fingers turning the hand palm upward

opening the mouth

Which of these actions can only be performed by the thumb? extension opposition supination elevation

opposition

To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called eversion. rotation. circumduction. opposition. retraction.

opposition.

The ligament that encloses the ________ attaches to the tibial tuberosity. . head of the femur medial malleolus patella lesser trochanter greater trochanter

patella

The ligament that provides support to the front of the knee joint is the ________ ligament. tibial collateral patellar posterior cruciate anterior cruciate popliteal

patellar

The atlantoaxial joint is an example of a ________ joint. pivot condyloid gliding saddle ball and socket

pivot

Which of the following types of joints is monaxial, but capable of only rotation? gliding saddle ball-and-socket hinge pivot

pivot

Jessica just woke up from her nap at daycare. Earlier this morning, the class celebrated her fourth birthday with cupcakes and singing. Now she feels like crying when she tries to roll over. She can't seem to get moving out of her little cot. "Come on, Jessie, let's play tag," says her best friend. When Jessica finally gets to a sitting position on the side of the cot, she doesn't feel like taking a single step. When she stands, she feels slow and clumsy. She certainly cannot run after her classmates. She sits for a while at the coloring table. When she tries to reach across the table for crayons, she winces and withdraws her hand. Her teacher notices Jessica's lethargy and offers her a glass of juice. Even her favorite juice does not taste good to her. When Jessica's mother comes to pick her up from daycare, the teacher pulls her aside for a quick conference. "Jessica has not been participating in any play activities this whole week," reports the teacher. "Even today, on her birthday, she refused to play tag. She takes a really long time getting up from the floor after story circle. And she has been limping after naptime. I wonder what's going on." Jessica's mother takes her to see her pediatrician, who refers her to a rheumatologist, a doctor who specializes in rheumatic diseases. This doctor withdraws some synovial fluid using a small needle from Jessica's warm, swollen, tender knee that has limited motion. What types of joint are freely movable like the knee? Amphiarthroses are freely movable joints. Diarthroses are freely movable joints. Synarthroses are freely movable joints. Synchrondroses are freely movable joints.

Diarthroses are freely movable joints

________ is a type of angular movement that increases the angle between articulating bones. Extension Rotation Abduction Flexion Adduction

Extension

Function of fat pads

Fill spaces in a joint.

________ is a type of angular movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones. Rotation Abduction Adduction Extension Flexion

Flexion

Damage to Intervertebral Discs If the posterior longitudinal ligaments are weakened, as often occurs as we age, intervertebral discs become more vulnerable to damage. The compre ssed nucleus pulposus of a disc may distort the anulus fibrosus, forcing it partway into the vertebral canal. This condition is called a bulging disc (Figure a). If the nucleus pulposus breaks throu gh the anulus fibrosus, it too may protrude into the vertebral canal. This condition is called a herniated disc (Figure b). When a disc herniates, it compresses spinal nerves and may cause pain. Lumbar pain and disc disease are potential hazards for nurses, who lift and transfer patients as part of their job. How is a bulging disc different from a herniated disc? In a bulging disk, the anulus fibrosus protrudes into the nucleus pulposus. In a bulging disk, the anulus fibrosus protrudes into the vertebral canal. In a bulging disk, the anulus fibrosus has become torn. In a bulging disk, the hyaline cartilage of the anulus fibrosus is still intact.

In a bulging disk, the anulus fibrosus protrudes into the vertebral canal.

Which of these statements about the hip joint is FALSE? It permits flexion. It permits plantar flexion. It permits adduction. It permits circumduction.

It permits plantar flexion.

Which of the following is false? The tension produced by muscle tendons surrounding a joint help stabilize the joint. The tighter two bones are held together within a joint, the stronger the joint. The shapes of the articulating surfaces within the joint help prevent movement in a particular direction and strengthen and stabilize the joint. The rotator cuff functions to limit the range of movements of the shoulder joint. The more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint.

The more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint.

The interspinous ligament is a paired ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae.

Dislocation When reinforcing structures cannot protect a joint from extreme stresses, a dislocation results. In a dislocation, there is complete loss of contact between the articulating surfaces. Articular cartilages are damaged, ligaments tear, and the joint capsule is distorted. The inside of a joint has no pain receptors, but nerves that monitor the capsule, ligaments, and tendons are quite sensitive, so dislocations are very painful. Dislocations are more common in highly movable joints. Which of the following types of joints would be LEAST likely to dislocate? a bony synostosis a fibrous syndesmosis a triaxial diarthrosis a cartilaginous symphysis

a bony synostosis

Dislocation When reinforcing structures cannot protect a joint from extreme stresses, a dislocation results. In a dislocation, there is complete loss of contact between the articulating surfaces. Articular cartilages are damaged, ligaments tear, and the joint capsule is distorted. The inside of a joint has no pain receptors, but nerves that monitor the capsule, ligaments, and tendons are quite sensitive, so dislocations are very painful. Dislocations are more common in highly movable joints. Which of the following types of joints would be LEAST likely to dislocate? a bony synostosis a fibrous syndesmosis a cartilaginous symphysis a triaxial diarthrosis

a bony synostosis

The posterior longitudinal ligament is a paired ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies.

Tom was experiencing pain, numbness, and weakness after he lifted a heavy box. Which of the following is the most likely injury that occurred? a loss of the annulus fibrosis slippage of the hyaline cartilage a herniated intervertebral disc fracture of a vertebra

a herniated intervertebral disc

The flava ligament is a paired ligament that connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

a paired ligament that connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

Pronation is defined as movement of the mandible anteriorly, as seen when biting the upper lip. a rolling of the distal epiphysis of the radius over the ulna. twisting the forearm so that the palms face anteriorly. the shortening of the angle between the radius and the humerus. a twisting of the ulna medially.

a rolling of the distal epiphysis of the radius over the ulna.

The anterior longitudinal ligament is a paired ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

Which ligament connects the clavicle and the acromion? glenohumeral acromioclavicular coracoacromial coracohumeral coracoclavicular

acromioclavicular

All of these actions can happen at the temporomandibular joint *except*... adduction protraction elevation depression

adduction

Identify the incorrect pair. synarthrosis; immovable joint chondrosis; freely moving joint gomphosis; articulation between tooth and bone amphiarthrosis; slightly movable joint They are all correct; there is no incorrect pair.

chondrosis; freely moving joint

The joint between the forearm bones and the wrist is a ________ joint. condylar saddle pivot glide hinge

condylar

The joints that connect the four fingers with the metacarpal bones are hinge joints. condylar joints. pivot joints. condyloid joints. saddle joints.

condylar joints.

Which of the following ligaments assists in stabilization of the shoulder joint? coracoacromial coracoclavicular subscapularis coracoacromial and subscapular ligaments coracoacromial and coracoclavicular ligaments

coracoacromial and coracoclavicular ligaments

Which of the following is not a property of synovial joints? freely movable covered by a capsule covered by a serous membrane contain synovial fluid lined by a secretory epithelium

covered by a serous membrane

What is the functional classification of this type of joint?

diarthrosis

A ________ occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position. bunion fracture dislocation sprain bursitis

dislocation

All of the following movements occur at the intervertebral joints except lateral flexion. flexion. rotation. extension. dorsiflexion.

dorsiflexion.

Which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food? elevation pronation flexion circumduction abduction

elevation

The movement of a body part upward is called elevation. abduction. protraction. supination. extension.

elevation.

Excessive turning of the sole of the foot outward is called __________. inversion eversion dorsiflexion protraction

eversion

A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole of the foot outward is known as plantar flexion. dorsiflexion. inversion. eversion. pronation.

eversion.

A collagenous type of connective tissue that reinforces the synovial joint and is found outside the joint capsule is called the meniscus. intracapsular ligament. extracapsular tendon. intracapsular tendon. extracapsular ligament.

extracapsular ligament.

Which of the following movements is a good example of hyperextension? moving the hand toward the shoulder extreme bending of the head backwards turning the hand palm upward spreading the fingers opening the mouth

extreme bending of the head backwards

The structures that assist the bursae in reducing friction between the patella and other tissues are the popliteal ligaments. lateral menisci. fat pads. medial menisci. cruciate ligaments.

fat pads.

Contraction of the muscle that is attached to the radial tuberosity results in rotation of the shoulder. extension of the forearm. abduction of the forearm. adduction of the forearm. flexion of the forearm.

flexion of the forearm.

List the various types of angular movements. (Figure 9-3) pronation and supination circumduction flexion/extension/hyperextension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction inversion and eversion dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

flexion/extension/hyperextension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction

Monaxial joints are known as ________ joints. saddle hinge gliding condylar ball-and-socket

hinge

The elbow joint is an example of a(n) ________ joint. pivot gliding hinge condylar saddle

hinge

The back of the knee joint is reinforced by ________ ligaments. posterior cruciate anterior cruciate tibial collateral patellar popliteal

popliteal

You ________ your mandible when you grasp your upper lip with your lower teeth. protract pronate extend pivot rotate

protract

Some articulations don't fit any naming pattern. Which of these is an articulation between two coxal (hip, pelvic) bones? pubic symphysis medial meniscus pelvic collateral sagittal suture

pubic symphysis

An example of a synchondrosis is the articulation of the femur with the acetabulum. radius and the ulna. ribs with the sternum. atlas and the axis. navicular bone with the cuniform bones.

ribs with the sternum.

The coxal bones articulate with the sacrum at the ________ joint. vertebrocoxal sacroiliac vertebroilial iliocoxal coxosacral

sacroiliac

Which of these joint types allow more than one axis of movement? (select two) saddle pivot hinge condyloid

saddle condyloid

What two bones, not landmarks, does the acromioclavicular ligament connect? (Figure 9-9) sternum and clavicle scapula and clavicle acromion and clavicle humerus and clavicle rib 1 and clavicle

scapula and clavicle

Which of the following joints is an example of a ball-and-socket joint? ankle wrist shoulder elbow knee

shoulder

Which of the following movements best illustrates abduction? bending of the head backward opening the mouth spreading the fingers turning the palm upward

spreading the fingers

Which of the following movements is a good example of abduction? turning the hand palm upward opening the mouth moving the hand toward the shoulder extreme bending of the head backwards spreading the fingers

spreading the fingers

The movement of the forearm while twisting a doorknob is protraction and retraction. flexion and extension. abduction and adduction. lateral rotation and medial rotation. supination and pronation.

supination and pronation.

The intervertebral disc joint is called a symphysis. synchondrosis. glide joint. condylar joint. synarthrosis.

symphysis

Which of the following joints would allow a slight movement between the bones? gomphosis synovial synostosis symphysis

symphysis

Which of these words *does not* apply to the joint between a tooth and its socket? fibrous joint gomphosis synarthrosis symphysis

symphysis

The _______ membrane secretes _______ fluid to lubricate and stabilize a synovial joint. articular joint synovial intracapsular

synovial

Bursitis and Bunions Bursae are normally flat and contain a small amount of synovial fluid. When injured, however, they become inflamed and swell with synovial fluid. This causes pain in the affected area whenever the tendon or ligament moves, resulting in a condition called bursitis. Inflammation can result from the friction due to repetitive motion, pressure over the joint, infection, or trauma. Bursitis associated with repetitive motion typically occurs at the shoulder. Musicians, golfers, baseball pitchers, and tennis players may develop bursitis there. The most common pressure-related bursitis is a bunion. Bunions may form over the base of the great toe as a result of friction and distortion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. High heels and tight, pointy-toed shoes are often the culprit. The fluid within bursae functions to cushion structures in or around a joint. In bursitis, excessive fluid accumulates and joint movements become painful. What is the name of this fluid within healthy bursae? plasma sebum synovial fluid pus

synovial fluid

Bursitis and Bunions Bursae are normally flat and contain a small amount of synovial fluid. When injured, however, they become inflamed and swell with synovial fluid. This causes pain in the affected area whenever the tendon or ligament moves, resulting in a condition called bursitis. Inflammation can result from the friction due to repetitive motion, pressure over the joint, infection, or trauma. Bursitis associated with repetitive motion typically occurs at the shoulder. Musicians, golfers, baseball pitchers, and tennis players may develop bursitis there. The most common pressure-related bursitis is a bunion. Bunions may form over the base of the great toe as a result of friction and distortion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. High heels and tight, pointy-toed shoes are often the culprit. The fluid within bursae functions to cushion structures in or around a joint. In bursitis, excessive fluid accumulates and joint movements become painful. What is the name of this fluid within healthy bursae? sebum plasma synovial fluid pus

synovial fluid

Articular cartilage is found within a __________. synostosis synarthrosis synovial joint synchondrosis

synovial joint

The fluid that fills the joint cavity in a diarthrosis is produced by the __________. cruciate ligaments synovial membrane fat pad menisci

synovial membrane

Which of the following is not a member of the rotator cuff? supraspinatus teres major teres minor infraspinatus subscapularis

teres major

SAME PASSAGE A torn lateral collateral ligament destabilizes the connection between which of the following bones? the patella and the tibia the femur and the tibia the femur and the fibula the femur and the heads of the tibia and fibula

the femur and the fibula

Knee Injuries Athletes place tremendous stresses on their knees. Ordinarily, the medial and lateral menisci move as the position of the femur changes. The knee is most stable when it is straight. However, if a locked knee is struck from the side, the lateral meniscus can tear and the supporting ligaments can be seriously damaged. Placing a lot of weight on the knee while it is partially flexed can trap a meniscus between the tibia and femur, resulting in a break or tear in the cartilage. In the most common injury, the lateral surface of the leg is driven medially, tearing the medial meniscus. In addition to being quite painful, the torn cartilage may restrict movement at the joint. It can also lead to chronic problems and the development of a "trick knee"--a knee that feels unstable. Sometimes the meniscus can be heard and felt popping in and out of position when the knee is extended. Other knee injuries involve tearing one or more stabilizing ligaments or damaging the patella. Torn ligaments can be difficult to correct surgically, and healing is slow. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are frequently caused by twisting an extended weight-bearing knee. Soccer, football, and basketball players are more likely than other athletes to injure their ACLs. Nonsurgical treatment with exercise and braces is possible but requires a change in activity. Reconstructive surgery using part of the patellar tendon or a graft from a cadaver tendon may allow a return to active sports. A strong hit or force to the lateral surface of the knee, as in a football tackle or flying hockey puck, may damage both the ACL and the medial collateral ligament (MCL).The patella can be injured in a number of ways. If the leg is immobilized (as it might be in a football pileup) while you try to extend the knee, the muscles are powerful enough to pull the patella apart. Impacts to the anterior surface of the knee can also shatter the patella. Knee injuries may lead to chronic painful arthritis that impairs walking. Total knee replacement surgery is rarely performed on young people, but it is becoming increasingly common among elderly patients with severe arthritis. During a weightlifting event, a participant suffered a painful injury involving a connective tissue pad on the lateral border of his left knee. Which structure is most likely the one that got damaged? the lateral collateral ligament the lateral meniscus the fibular collateral ligament the medial meniscus

the lateral meniscus

The medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the ________ ligament. tibial collateral popliteal cruciate patellar fibular collateral

tibial collateral

Use the naming scheme bone 1 + o + bone 2 +al/ar to name the articulation between the tibia and femur bones.

tibiofemoral joint

Which of the following movements is a good example of supination? opening the mouth extreme bending of the head backwards spreading the fingers turning the hand palm upward moving the hand toward the shoulder

turning the hand palm upward