Mastering Bio: Evolution (selective)

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian islands have different elaborate courtship rituals that involve fighting other males and stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?

behavioral isolation

Adaptive radiation

is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition

According to the punctuated equilibria model,

most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species.

A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought? A) C and E B) A and E C) B and B D) A and B

B) A and E

In Europe, there is a long narrow hybrid zone, shown in red on the map, between the high-altitude habitat of the yellow-bellied toad and the lowland habitat of the fire-bellied toad. Despite this, there is little gene flow between the two species. Select the correct explanation. A) Toads mate only with their own kind in order to avoid producing unhealthy hybrid young. B) Hybrids have poor survival and reproduction and thus produce few viable offspring with members of either parent species. C) Yellow-bellied toads and fire-bellied toads are two different species.

B) Hybrids have poor survival and reproduction and thus produce few viable offspring with members of either parent species.

Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards? A) Disruptive selection B) Stabilizing selection C) Directional selection

B) Stabilizing selection

Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies? A) Disruptive selection B) Stabilizing selection C) Directional selection

B) Stabilizing selection

An adaptation is: A) the cause of natural selection B) a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment C) a trait that gives rise to a new species D) an individual's attempt to conform to its environment

B) a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment? A) Evolution B) Heritability C) Adaptation D) Fitness

C) Adaption

What prevents speciation from occurring in sympatric populations? A) Genetic drift B) Geographical isolation C) Gene flow D) Natural selection

C) Gene flow Gene flow prevents speciation in sympatric populations.

Identify the pair of homologous structures. A) Maple leaf and maple seed B) Maple leaf and oak leaf C) Neither of the above; plants do not have homologous structures.

C) Neither of the above; plants do not have homologous structures.

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection? A) A dog that serves as the "eyes" for a blind individual. B) A rabbit that is housebroken. C) A chimpanzee that communicates through sign language. D) A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

D) A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

Which term is used to describe populations that live close enough to interbreed? A) Speciation B) Polyploidy C) Allopatry D) Sympatry

D) Sympatry

What is the meaning of Darwin's expression "descent with modification"?

Descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time.

Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?

Disruptive selection

True or false? The last ice age produced many different species mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats.

False

True or false? A mating between a tetraploid individual and a diploid individual produces biologically fit offspring.

False Offspring produced from this mating would be triploid and likely produce nonviable gametes with an uneven number of chromosomes.

True or false? Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.

False: Heterozygote advantage results in more genetic variation in the population.

Why are the large finches now living on the Galápagos Islands different from the original source population from a nearby island?

Genetic drift occurred in the two populations. The separation of habitats reduced gene flow between the populations. Natural selection favored individuals that were more fit in the new environment.

Which of the following statements about autopolyploid individuals is true? A) They contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes. B) They can always produce fertile offspring. C) They can never produce viable offspring. D) They result from matings between individuals of different species.

A) They contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes. All polyploid individuals contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____. A) microevolution B) natural selection C) genetic drift D) macroevolution E) mutation

A) microevolution Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is the definition of microevolution.

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.

Adaptive radiation

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____.

Adaptive radiation

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.

Adaptive radiation

Which of the following statements about adaptive radiation is correct? 1) Adaptive radiation occurs very slowly over time. 2) Adaptive radiation occurs in the presence of competitors. 3) Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage. 4) Adaptive radiation occurs in species that live in one habitat.

Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage.

Which of the following are causes of evolutionary change? A) natural selection B) mutation C) genetic drift D) gene flow

All A) natural selection B) mutation C) genetic drift D) gene flow

Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true? 1) Reinforcement is a type of natural selection. 2) Reinforcement decreases the morphological difference between two incipient species. 3) Reinforcement is also called dispersive selection. 4) Reinforcement increases the number of intermediate phenotypes.

Reinforcement is a type of natural selection.

Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?

South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.

Identify the four postulates of natural selection. 1) Some trait differences are heritable. 2) Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. 3) Individuals in a population all possess the same traits. 4) Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. 5) All individuals in a population have equal reproductive success. 6) Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

1) Some trait differences are heritable. 2) Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. 3) Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. 4) Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

What is genetic drift?

A change in allele frequencies caused by random events

Homeoplaisies

A character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor.

Within a few weeks of treatment with the drug 3TC, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of 3TC-resistant viruses. How can this result best be explained?

A few drug-resistant viruses were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.

Basal taxon (phylo tree)

A lineage that evolved early and remains unbranched is a basal taxon (outgroup)

Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today? A) Directional selection B) Stabilizing selection C) Disruptive selection

A) Directional selection

Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers? A) Disruptive selection B) Stabilizing selection C) Directional selection

A) Disruptive selection

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring? A) Heritability B) Fitness C) Adaptation D) Evolution

A) Heritability

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection? A) Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population. B) Heritable variation does not exist among individuals in a population. C) Drug resistance exists among all individuals in a population. D) Environmental variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

A) Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? A) Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits. B) Individuals experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce. C) Individuals experience uniform success in their ability to survive or reproduce. D) Individuals experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

A) Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits.

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens? A) Large hen, large rooster B) Small hen, large rooster C) Large hen, small rooster D) Small hen, small rooster

A) Large hen, large rooster

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true? A) Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others. B) Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution. C) Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits. D) Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation.

A) Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

A population of birds colonizes an area in which the insects upon which they feed live inside trees. Which of the following events accounts for an observed increase in average beak size in the bird population over time? 1) Increased fitness of the large-beaked birds, creating a new species 2) Decreased fitness of the insects, allowing the birds to catch them more easily 3) Increased fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to natural selection 4) Decreased fitness of small-beaked birds, creating a new species

Increased fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to natural selection

How can an allopolyploid plant become a biologically fit new species?

Nondisjunction event during mitosis

Polyphlyletic (phylo tree)

Of a group of organisms derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.

Paraphyletic (phylo tree)

Of a group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, but not including all the descendant groups.

Monophyletic or clade

Of a group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.

A subset of a population of birds leaves its habitat on the mainland and colonizes a nearby island. The birds, after a period of time, become reproductively isolated. The island sinks and the population of birds that lived on the island returns to its original habitat. Which of the following statements about these bird populations is true? 1) The birds were separated by a vicariance event. 2) The populations will be able to interbreed even though they are different species. 3) The populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species. 4) The populations were sympatric while they diverged.

The populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species.

True or false? A flood that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a lake is an example of a vicariance event that may result in allopatric speciation.

True

True or false? Convergent evolution is said to have occurred if the mouse species on two islands with similar habitats are found to have similar characteristics even though they originated from different species that did not have these characteristics.

True

Nondisjunction

the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.