Mastering Bio Semester 2

All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and an orange-eyed mendelien have black eyes. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two orange-eyed mendeliens?

0 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed

If B represents the allele for black eyes (dominant) and b represents the allele for orange eyes (recessive), what would be the genotypic ratio of a cross between a heterozygous black-eyed MendAlien and an orange-eyed MendAlien?

0 homozygous black (BB): 1 heterozygote (black) (Bb): 1 homozygous orange (bb)

Drag each image to the phase of meiosis I it depicts.

1 Two centrioles are shown. Chromosomes are condensed 2 Two centrioles are at the opposite poles and chromosomes align at the metaphase plate 3 Chromosomes are pulled to the opposite poles 4 Two cells are formed

If B represents the allele for black eyes (dominant) and b represents the allele for orange eyes (recessive), what would be the phenotypic ratio of a cross between a heterozygous black-eyed MendAlien and an orange-eyed MendAlien?

1 black : 1 orange

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. Benign tumor 2. malignant 3. metastasis 4. cancer 5.carcinoma

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. Character 2. Trait 3. Monohybrid Cross 4. Alleles 5. Dominant 6. Recessive 7. Phenotype 8. Genotype

Drag the labels onto the flowchart to place them in the correct sequence.

1. Pesticide is applied... 2. Some insects have a gene... 3. The surviving insects reproduce...

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. Proto-oncogene 2. Oncogene 3. Tumor-Suppressor Gene 4. Growth Factor

Drag each image to the phase of meiosis II it depicts.

1. chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles 2. Two centrioles are shown. Chromosomes are condensed 3. Two centrioles are at the opposite poles and chromosomes align at the metaphase plate 4 Two cells are formed

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of ________ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule.

3

Hershey and Chase used _____ to radioactively label the T2 phage's proteins.

35S

How many different types of nucleotides are found the the human DNA

4

We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence ending with a stop codon will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of

4 amino acids

It is estimated that the modern continents began to take shape

65 million years ago.

Which of the following statements about proto-oncogenes is false?

A mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene can stop cell division immediately.

________ marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop.

A terminator

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify how nucleotides pair up. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A-T T-A C-G G-C

Drag the labels to the pedigree to identify the genotypes of individual family members. If you can't tell with certainty whether an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant for the trait, place the label "DD or Dd" in that box.

A. Dd B. DD or Dd C. dd D. DD or Dd E. DD or Dd F. dd

Drag the terms to their correct locations on the figure below.

A. Double Helix B. Phosphate Group C. Deoxyribose D. Hydrogen Bond E. Base Pair F. Nucleotide G. Nitrogenous Base

Drag the genotypes and phenotypes from the left to correctly complete the Punnett square for the F2 generation. Drag only blue labels to blue targets and pink labels to pink targets. Labels may be used more than once.

A. GG B. Green C. Gg D. Green E. Gg F. Green G. gg H. Yellow

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the components of replicating DNA strands.

A.Parental DNA B. DNA polymerase C. Leading strand D. Lagging Strand E. DNA ligase F. Replication Fork

Drag the terms to the appropriate locations on the concept map.

A: Kinetic B: Potential C: Motion D: Chemical Energy E: Entropy F: Heat G: First Law of Thermodynamics H: Second Law of Thermodynamics

Which of these is a testcross?

A? x aa

In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?

ATP

Which of the following statements is false?

An X chromosome is an autosome

Which of the following statements is false?

An mRNA molecule transcribed from DNA is shorter than the genetic message it carries.

Which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is false?

An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait.

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Anaphase

Which of these gametes contains one or more recombinant chromosomes?

B and C

The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the male parent is _____.

BB

What color is the deoxyribose?

Blue

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.

Which sequence pairs with GCAC

CGTG

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.

Cytokinesis

The radioactive isotope 32P labels the T2 phage's _____.

DNA

Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?

DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

The first step of bacterial replication is _____.

DNA replication

Enhancers are

DNA sequences to which activator proteins bind.

Which of the following is not needed in order for translation to occur?

DNA template

Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component?

DNA → RNA → protein

Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, Dr. Smith has an inherited form of deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele d. The normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is D. Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes?

Dd and Dd

Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with?

Descent with modification occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics

Which of the following best expresses the concept of natural selection?

Differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics

Which of these phases encompasses all of the stages of mitosis?

E

Which of these DNA molecules is the shortest?

E (The shorter the DNA molecule, the farther it moves.)

A child is brought to the hospital with a fever of 107°F. Doctors immediately order an ice bath to lower the child's temperature. Which of the following statements offers the most logical explanation for this action?

Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions.

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA is true?

Exons are spliced together.

How can a phylogenetic tree be used to make predictions?

Features shared between two groups are likely to have been present in their common ancestor.

If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding strand would be

GCCATG.

Which of the following statements regarding genetic diversity is false?

Genetic diversity is enhanced by mitosis.

Who demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage?

Hershey and Chase

Which of the following statements regarding genetics is false?

In keeping with our greater complexity, the human genome has about 100 times more genes than that of yeast.

Drag the labels onto the equation to identify the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis.

In order: CO2+H20+Light=Sugar+O2

During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.

Interphase

Nucleoli are present during _____.

Interphase

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the stages of the cell cycle.

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase

What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?

It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.

Which of the following would prevent an organism from becoming part of the fossil record when it dies?

It is fully decomposed by bacteria and fungi.

Which of the following options correctly describes the behavior of a tetrad during anaphase I of meiosis?

It splits into two pairs of sister chromatids, and one pair goes to each pole of the dividing cell.

Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight?

Large, Broad Leaves

That each gamete contains a single allele of the eye color gene is an illustration of _____.

Mendel's Law of Segregation only

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Metaphase

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

Mitochondrion

Which of the following statements regarding mitosis and meiosis is false?

Mitosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Which of the following statements best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders?

Most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce.

Which of the following statements regarding natural selection is false?

Natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organism's fitness

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

Prophase

During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur?

Prophase I

Synapsis occurs during _____.

Prophase I

During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell

Prophase II

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the linking together of RNA nucleotides to form RNA?

RNA polymerase

The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.

RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand

The genetic material is duplicated during

S phase

How is the merging of continents to form Pangaea believed to have altered Earth's environments at the end of the Paleozoic era?

Shallow coastal areas were drained, leading to the extinction of many marine species.

Which of the following statements regarding chemical reactions is false?

Some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them.

Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?

Stomata

Which parts of nucleotides are identical between each other

Sugar and phosphate only

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand of the strand shown?

TGACA

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?

Telophase

How would the shape of a DNA molecule change if adenine paired with guanine and cytosine paired with thymine?

The DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length.

Which of the following statements regarding hypotheses about inheritance is false?

The blending hypothesis suggests that all of the traits of the offspring come from either the mother or the father.

Which of the following statements regarding the cell-cycle control system is false?

The cell cycle control system operates independently of growth factors.

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

The chromosomes must be duplicated

Which of the following statements regarding the currently available fossil record is false?

The currently available fossil record shows that the first life forms were eukaryotes.

Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation?

The dod idn ote at.

Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a base substitution mutation?

The doe did not eat.

Which of the following statements regarding cross-breeding and hybridization is false?

The hybrid offspring of a cross are the P1 generation.

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that

The muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise

Which of the following must occur for a plant or animal to grow and develop normally?

The organism must be able to control the timing and rate of cell division in different parts of its body.

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is false?

The ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the same in structure and function.

Which hypothesis is most likely to be productive for their initial investigation?

The three-dimensional structure of the proteins may have been altered.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is false?

They are monomers used to build proteins.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

Which of the following statements regarding the flow of genetic information is false?

Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata.

True

Who developed a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin's?

Wallace

Which of the following assumptions or observations is not part of Darwin's idea of natural selection?

Whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance.

Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?

a G paired with a T

A monohybrid cross is

a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one character.

A pair of sex chromosomes found in a human male is most like

a bride and groom

You are asked to culture an unidentified sample of animal tissue. You notice that the cells seem to fail to exhibit density-dependent inhibition. The source of this tissue sample is most likely

a cancer

In mammals, the presence of four limbs is ________ and hair is ________.

a shared ancestral character . . . a shared derived character unique to mammals

Use the information in the character table below to build and label a phylogenetic tree of vertebrates. Drag the blue labels to blue targets to indicate the appearance of these four derived characters in the evolution of vertebrate groups. Recall that an amnion is a membrane that encloses an embryo inside a fluid-filled sac. Drag the white labels representing various vertebrate groups to white targets to complete the phylogenetic tree.

a. Hinged Jaws b. Four Walking Legs c. Amnion d. Hair, mammary glands e. Fish f. Frog g. Turtle h. Lemur

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the various chromosome structures.

a. Pair of homologous chromosomes b. centromere c. sister chromatids

Drag the labels to the appropriate locations in this concept map.

a. amino acids b. functions c. peptide bonds d. central carbon e. primary structure f. secondary structure g. R group h. tertiary structure i. quaternary structure

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the stages of the life cycle. Not all labels will be used.

a. gametes b. haploid c. meiosis d. fertilization e. diploid f. zygote g. mitosis

Drag each label to its proper place in the diagram.

a. histone b. nucleosome c. supercoil d. chromosome e. chromatin

Drag the labels to the correct locations on these images of human chromosomes.

a. homologous chromosomes b. centromere c. sister chromatids d. autosomes e. sex chromosomes f. karyotype

Substrates bind to an enzyme's ________ site.

active

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized?

aerobic respiration

How do mutations affect an organism?

all of the above

Which of these is NOT a carcinogen?

all of the above are carcinogens

What is different concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells?

all of the above are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

Photosynthesis requires many steps to make glucose. As a result of the synthesis process

all the carbons from the six carbon dioxide atoms are found in glucose

Which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein?

an alpha helix

The similarities in function of hummingbird wings and the wings of a butterfly reflect

analogy but not homology.

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.

anaphase

Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____.

anaphase I

During _____ sister chromatids separate.

anaphase II

Research since Mendel's time has established that the law of the segregation of genes during gamete formation

applies to all sexually reproducing organisms.

The result of the following cross indicates that genotypically the offspring _____.

are all Bb

Structural proteins

are found in hair and tendons

Mature human nerve cells and muscle cells

are permanently in a state of nondivision

The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the female parent is _____.

bb

Bacteria divide by:

binary fission

Repressors _______ .

bind to DNA sequences and inhibit the start of transcription

Which of the following disciplines has found evidence for evolution based on the native distributions (locations) of living species?

biogeography

Mutations in the p53 gene can lead to cancer by

causing the production of a faulty protein that is no longer able to inhibit cell division.

Heating inactivates enzymes by

changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape.

Ever since Darwin, systematics has tried to

classify species in groups that reflect evolutionary relationships.

Which of the following options most accurately lists the sequence of events in translation?

codon recognition → peptide bond formation → translocation → termination

The process through which species not closely related may come to resemble one another if they live in a similar environment is known as

convergent evolution.

As a patch of scraped skin heals, the cells fill in the injured area but do not grow beyond that. This is an example of

density-dependent inhibition.

When animal cells are grown in a petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they have formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish. This arrest of division is an example of

density-dependent inhibition.

Mutations in the proto-oncogene ras and the tumor suppressor gene p53

disrupt normal regulation of the cell cycle.

All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and an orange-eyed mendelien have black eyes. This means that the allele for black eyes is ________ the allele for orange eyes.

dominant to

After DNA replication is completed, _____.

each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction.

endergonic

This graph illustrates a(n) _____ reaction.

endergonic

Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?

endergonic

What is the correct label for "A"?

energy of activation

Which of the following are products of cellular respiration?

energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide

Which one of the following would be correctly classified as a protein?

enzymes

The core theme of biology, which explains both the unity and diversity of life, is

evolution.

A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously.

exergonic

The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction.

exergonic

The reaction A --> B + C + heat is released in a(n) _____ reaction.

exergonic

When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it uses the energy released from a(n) ________ reaction to drive a(n) ________ reaction.

exergonic . . . endergonic

Select the INCORRECT association.

exergonic ... uphill

_____ is a carcinogen that promotes colon cancer.

fat

Which of the following options lists major events in the history of life on Earth in the proper order, from earliest to most recent?

first prokaryotes; photosynthesis; first eukaryotes; colonization of land by plants and fungi

Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy.

food

Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.

four ... haploid

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces

four haploid cells

The development of colon cancer occurs slowly, and colon cancer is more frequently seen in the elderly than the young. This is most likely because

four or more somatic mutations must occur to give rise to the cancer, which takes time.

Proteins cannot be denatured by

freezing

During the process of electrophoresis, the ________ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size.

gel

Without crossing over

genetic recombination could not occur

Which of the following options lists taxonomic categories in the correct order from most specific to most general?

genus, family, order, class, phylum

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

In this reaction _____.

heat has been released to the environment

The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.

helicase

A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:

her egg cells

A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be ________ to transmit it to offspring.

heterozygous for the trait and able

During prophase I of meiosis,

homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.

Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics are

homologous chromosomes.

At a chiasma, two ________ are attached to each other.

homologous or non-sister chromatids

Structures that evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor are

homologous.

Humans share several features with salamanders. Certain genes and proteins are nearly identical between the two species; both species have four limbs with a similar skeletal structure; the species' early embryos are very similar; and where the salamander has a functional tail, humans have a vestigial tailbone. In evolutionary terms, these are examples of

homology.

Which of the following environments is thought to have promoted the dehydration synthesis of polypeptides and other macromolecules from smaller organic monomers on a prebiotic Earth?

hot sand, clay ,or rock along the seashore

Drag the labels onto the equation to identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration.

https://imgur.com/a/GpnlUm7

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the inputs and outputs of the two stages of photosynthesis. Use only pink labels for pink targets.

https://imgur.com/a/iWVzI6d This pic is correct. Hopefully it doesn't get taken down eventually

Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA?

initiation of a new RNA molecule

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during

interphase

An enzyme _____.

is an organic catalyst

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose

is carried by electrons

Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.

is gas exchange . . . produces ATP

As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.

is unchanged

When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction,

it lowers the activation energy of the reaction

Sister chromatids are

joined together at a centromere

Which of the following is a function of a tRNA molecule?

joining to only one specific type of amino acid

Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that

kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules.

After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined the infected cells and found that theycontained _____, which demonstrated that _____ is the phage's genetic material.

labeled DNA ... DNA

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

lactate and NAD+

In the genetic code,

many amino acids are specified by more than one codon

During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.

metaphase II

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.

negative ... positive

Most people afflicted with recessive disorders are born to parents who were

not affected at all by the disease.

The monomers of DNA and RNA are

nucleotides

A gene that can cause cancer when present in a single copy in a cell is called a(n)

oncogene

Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to normal cells becoming cancerous?

one or more of the cell's genes being removed by a virus

If an isotope has a half-life of 4 million years, and a fossil is 16 million years old, how much of the original isotope will be found in the fossil?

one-sixteenth of the original amount

This is an image of a _____.

phage

The sugar of a nucleotide bonds with what part of the second nucleotide to create a polynucleotide

phosphate

What type of cell is shown?

plant cell in telophase

Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I results in an increase in the number of

possible combinations of characteristics

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.

prometaphase

Chromosomes become visible during _____.

prophase

The correct order of events during meiosis is

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

prophase I.

Most enzymes are _____.

proteins

Most of a cell's enzymes are

proteins

Which of the following helps maintain the structure of chromosomes and control the activity of genes?

proteins

A protein containing more than one polypeptide chain exhibits the ________ level of protein structure.

quaternary

Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?

random fertilization, independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis, crossing over

In the equation 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O, the H2 molecules are ________ and the H2O molecules are ________.

reactants . . . products

Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by

recessive alleles

The result of the following cross indicates the orange eyes are _____ black eyes

recessive to

Enzymes work by _____.

reducing activation energy

The action of helicase creates _____.

replication forks and replication bubbles

Darwin found that many of the species on the Galápagos islands

resembled species on the nearest mainland.

Some RNA molecules can function like enzymes. These particular enzymatic RNA molecules are called

ribozymes.

The basis of cellular differentiation is

selective gene expression

Cancer of the colon is caused by

several somatic cell mutations

Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I and random fertilization are most like

shuffling cards and dealing out hands of poker.

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called

sister chromatids.

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

size.

DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.

small

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?

substrate

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.

telophase

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.

telophase I

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.

telophase II

An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

template

If the left end of the daughter strand indicated in the figure (see arrow) is being synthesized in one continuous piece, then

the DNA at point C is being synthesized in one continuous piece.

The energy required to initiate an exergonic reaction is called

the activation energy.

The primary structure of a protein is

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

Which of the following takes place during translation?

the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins

According to ________, energy cannot be created or destroyed.

the first law of thermodynamics

The "one gene-one polypeptide" theory states that

the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide.

A scientist suspects that the food in an ecosystem may have been contaminated with radioactive nitrogen over a period of months. Which of the following substances could be examined for radioactivity to test the hypothesis?

the hair produced by humans living in the ecosystem

During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.

the mitotic phase

Which of the following characteristics of protein will remain intact if the protein is denatured?

the number of amino acids in the protein

A systematist includes a lizard in a phylogenetic analysis of relationships among bird families. In this analysis, the lizard would be treated as

the outgroup.

The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to

the overall three-dimensional structure

In this reaction _____.

the products have less potential energy than the reactants

The technique called radiometric dating is based on

the steady, clocklike decay of certain radioactive isotopes over time.

Which of the following processes is endergonic?

the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water

Based on your understanding of enzyme structure, which of the following would you recommend that they also investigate?

the temperature of the liquid in the washing vat

What is energy coupling?

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures?

the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale

The relationship between DNA and chromosomes is most like

thread wrapped around a spool

Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are

three-nucleotide sequences

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.

thymine ... cytosine

The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called

transcription

Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as

true-breeding.

Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.

two ... haploid

During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.

two chromosomes and four chromatids

Looking into your microscope, you spot an unusual cell. Instead of the typical rounded cell shape, the cell has a very narrow middle separating two bulging ends. It sort of looks like the number 8! Then you realize that this cell is

undergoing cytokinesis.

The copying mechanism of DNA is most like

using a photographic negative to make a positive image.