mastering biology ch 12

A transgenic animal is

an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species.

Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals

at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair.

Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector?

bacteriophages

Golden Rice is golden in color because it is rich in

beta-carotene.

The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines

gene cloning.

Biotechnology

has been around since the dawn of civilization.

The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that

human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin.

The number of proteins in humans

is much greater than the number of genes.

What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile?

20

Use the figure below to answer the following question. The bands in the ladder are in 10-base increments, starting with 10 bases at the bottom and going to 70 bases at the top. Approximately how many bases are in the DNA molecule that the arrow is pointing to?

36 bases

Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?

98.5%

Which of the following statements about nucleic acid probes is false?

A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA.

________ are a major source of restriction enzymes.

Bacterial cells

"Sticky ends" are

DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.

After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme

DNA ligase.

The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.

DNA polymerases

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

DNA profiling

Which of the following statements about DNA technology is false?

DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.

Which of the following statements about genomics is false?

DNA technology limits genomic studies to prokaryotes.

Below is a figure depicting the whole-genome shotgun method. Which step is most similar to a step used when preparing a genomic library?

Step 1

The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is

Escherichia coli.

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?

Human and E. coli genomes contain approximately the same proportions of noncoding DNA.

Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes?

It is fast and inexpensive.

Which step in the creation of cDNA involves the use of reverse transcriptase?

Step 3

Which step in this process requires use of restriction enzymes?

Step B

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that results from a defective CFTR protein that alters ion flow through the cell membrane such that water does not cross the cell membrane. Gene therapy is being used to attempt to help cystic fibrosis patients. Which of the following steps is not needed to develop a gene therapy treatment for cystic fibrosis?

Make antibodies to the defective CFTR protein to enhance the patient's immune system.

Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false?

Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.

If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by ________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.

PCR

A supplemental appendix is to a book as a ____________ is to a bacterial chromosome.

Plasmid

Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is true?

Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome.

Which of the following statements regarding repetitive DNA is false?

Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans.

What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists?

STR analysis

Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _________.

Size

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

Size.

When DNA molecule "A" is cut with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, it is cut into four pieces. When DNA molecule "B," which is exactly identical to DNA molecule "A" except for the presence of one SNP, is cut with EcoRI, it is cut into three pieces. What is the best explanation for this observation?

The SNP occurs in a single EcoRI restriction site in DNA molecule "B."

Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism?

a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

Which of the following is the best definition of a genomic library?

a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome

A nucleic acid probe is

a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness?

a very close match in the DNA profile

During the process of electrophoresis, the ________ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size.

agarose gel

A cDNA library differs from a genomic library in that

cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed.

Restriction enzymes __________________________.

cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

Restriction enzymes

cut DNA at specific sites.

The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to

form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA.

Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations.

gamete-forming

In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid

is used as the vector.

The only cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are

mammalian cells.

DNA ligase binds

nucleotides in the DNA backbone together.

When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as

recombinant DNA.

Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called

restriction sites.

The enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA is

reverse transcriptase.

The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism and results in the production of thousands of different recombinant plasmids.

shotgun

When genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1% of the population, it is known as a

single nucleotide polymorphism.

A vaccine works by

stimulating the immune system.

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein,

the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.

Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms?

the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage

In order for gene therapy to be permanent in the patient being treated,

the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multi

The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called __________________________.

the polymerase chain reaction

Which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers (at least, not yet)?

transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin

Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called

transposable elements.

The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with

transposable elements.