mastering biology ch 12
What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile? 200 20 1 1,000
b
Which of the following statements about genomics is false? Genes from different species that have analogous sequences suggest similar function. DNA technology limits genomic studies to prokaryotes. Whole sets of genes and their interactions are studied in the field of genomics. The first complete genome to be sequenced was a prokaryote.
b
Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? tRNA ribosomes bacteriophages human chromosomes
c
Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding? 99.9% 79% 49% 98.5%
d
What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual? DNA microarrays DNA profiling DNA technology DNA analysis
b
The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines genetic engineering. transformation. DNA technology. gene cloning.
d
A vaccine works by preventing the translation of mRNA. stimulating the immune system. inhibiting viral replication. inhibiting bacterial replication.
b
During the process of electrophoresis, the ________ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size. sample mixture negatively charged electrode agarose gel positively charged electrode
c
Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations. bone marrow somatic gamete-forming photoreceptor
c
Which of the following is the best definition of a genomic library? a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes only exons from an organism's genome a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes multiple organisms' genomes a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes some parts of organism's genome
a
Which of the following statements regarding repetitive DNA is false? Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans. Repetitive DNA can show great variation among individuals. Repetitive DNA is usually found between genes. Repetitive DNA is usually repeated multiple times in the genome.
a
A nucleic acid probe is an enzyme that locates a specific restriction site on RNA. a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene. a plasmid that recognizes a specific DNA sequence. a virus that transfers DNA to a recipient cell.
b
After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme DNA helicase. DNA ligase. ATP methylase. DNA polymerase.
b
An advantage of using reverse transcriptase to prepare a gene for cloning is that reverse transcriptase is more efficient than RNA polymerase. the resulting DNA strand will lack introns. reverse transcriptase is more efficient than DNA polymerase. the resulting DNA strand will lack exons.
b
Biotechnology is a modern scientific discipline that has existed for only a few decades. has been around since the dawn of civilization. is strictly concerned with the manipulation of DNA. is generally considered more harmful than valuable to society.
b
Golden Rice is golden in color because it is rich in vitamin C. beta-carotene. vitamin A. chromium picolinate.
b
If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by ________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime. RFLP PCR STR analysis restriction digests
b
In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid is cultured inside the human cell, which contains the gene to be cloned. is used as the vector. is the source of the gene to be cloned. is used to insert the human gene into the bacterial chromosome.
b
The enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA is RNA polymerase. reverse transcriptase. DNA ligase. a restriction enzyme.
b
The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to allow plasmids to attach to the main bacterial chromosome. form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA. bind to DNA and thereby activate transcription. bind to ribosomes and thereby activate translation.
b
The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
b
The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with transcription factors. transposable elements. tandem repeats. sex-linked genes.
b
The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that using human insulin increases the probability that, in the future, the person suffering from diabetes can be weaned from a dependence on insulin. cow, pig, or horse insulin cannot keep a diabetic alive for more than three months. human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin. there are too few cows, pigs, and horses to provide an adequate supply of their insulin.
c
The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called __________________________. recombinant DNA short tandem repeats the polymerase chain reaction gel electrophoresis
c
Use the figure below to answer the following question. The bands in the ladder are in 10-base increments, starting with 10 bases at the bottom and going to 70 bases at the top. Approximately how many bases are in the DNA molecule that the arrow is pointing to? 44 bases 40 bases 36 bases 30 bases
c
When genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1% of the population, it is known as a recombinant DNA molecule. short tandem repeat. single nucleotide polymorphism. genomic library.
c
Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms? the fact that the protein products of transplanted genes might lead to allergic reactions the fact that some plants carrying genes from other species might represent a threat to the environment the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage the fact that rogue microbes might transfer dangerous genes into other organisms
c
Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false? Long stretches of repetitive DNA are prominent at centromeres and ends of chromosomes. Current estimates are that there about 21,000 genes in the human genome. Human and E. coli genomes contain approximately the same proportions of noncoding DNA. Telomeres seem to have a structural function.
c
Which step in the creation of cDNA involves the use of reverse transcriptase? step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4
c
A transgenic animal is an animal that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele. an animal in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy. an animal containing genes from three or more species. an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species.
d
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that results from a defective CFTR protein that alters ion flow through the cell membrane such that water does not cross the cell membrane. Gene therapy is being used to attempt to help cystic fibrosis patients. Which of the following steps is not needed to develop a gene therapy treatment for cystic fibrosis? Insert the RNA version of the CFTR gene into a virus. Remove cells from a patient and infect them with the recombinant virus. Clone the normal-functioning CFTR gene and make an RNA version of the gene. Make antibodies to the defective CFTR protein to enhance the patient's immune system.
d
DNA ligase binds recombinant DNA to transformed bacterial cells. recombinant DNA to recombinant proteins. nucleotide base pairs together. nucleotides in the DNA backbone together.
d
In order for gene therapy to be permanent in the patient being treated, the normal gene must first be treated with UV radiation to ensure noninfectivity. the defective gene must first be removed from all somatic cells. the normal gene must be added to the germ line cells. the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multi
d
Restriction enzymes facilitate nucleotide base pairing. bind together strands of DNA. stop transcription and translation. cut DNA at specific sites.
d
Restriction enzymes __________________________. copy DNA restrict access to the DNA of a cell bind DNA together at specific nucleotide sequences cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
d
Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called introns. sticky ends. exons. restriction sites.
d
The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism and results in the production of thousands of different recombinant plasmids. genetic engineering restriction cloning shotgun
d
The number of proteins in humans is less than half the number of genes. cannot be determined because the human genome is too complex. is approximately equal to the number of genes. is much greater than the number of genes.
d
The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs. phages plasmids restriction enzymes DNA polymerases
d
When DNA molecule "A" is cut with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, it is cut into four pieces. When DNA molecule "B," which is exactly identical to DNA molecule "A" except for the presence of one SNP, is cut with EcoRI, it is cut into three pieces. What is the best explanation for this observation? Not enough EcoRI was used to cut DNA molecule "B." The SNP occurs in all EcoRI restriction sites in DNA molecule "B." An excess of EcoRI was used to cut DNA molecule "A." The SNP occurs in a single EcoRI restriction site in DNA molecule "B."
d
Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false? The genomes of nearly 7,000 species have been completely sequenced. The genome of a mouse has been sequenced. The first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced was yeast. Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.
d
Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _________. size sequence quantity charge
a
"Sticky ends" are DNA fragments with single-stranded ends. produced by PCR. always long sequences of a single nucleotide. produced by the action of DNA ligase.
a
A supplemental appendix is to a book as a ____________ is to a bacterial chromosome. plasmid restriction enzyme bacterium genetically modified organism
a
Below is a figure depicting the whole-genome shotgun method. Which step is most similar to a step used when preparing a genomic library? step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4
a
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their size. solubility in the gel. ability to bind to mRNA. nucleotide sequence.
a
Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called transposable elements. vectors. plasmids. exons.
a
Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals could not speak. at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair. never interbred with humans. are more closely related to chimpanzees than humans.
b
The only cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are mammalian cells. yeast cells. algal cells. E. coli cells.
a
What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists? STR analysis gene cloning RFLP analysis genetic engineering
a
When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as recombinant DNA. a vector. a plasmid. cloned DNA.
a
Which of the following statements about nucleic acid probes is false? A nucleic acid probe can be used to find a specific gene. A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA. A nucleic acid probe binds to a complementary sequence in the gene of interest. A nucleic acid probe is usually labeled with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag to help identify its location.
b
Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is true? Proteomics is the study of protein interaction within a cell. Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome. Proteomics involves the complete analysis of the prokaryotes. Proteomics and genomics allow scientists to study life in an ever-increasing reductive approach.
b
Which step in this process requires use of restriction enzymes? step A step B step C step D
b
Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes? It is extremely accurate. It is fast and inexpensive. It is very labor-intensive. Multiple genomes can be analyzed simultaneously.
b
________ are a major source of restriction enzymes. Plant cells Bacterial cells Human cells Archaea cells
b
A cDNA library differs from a genomic library in that genomic libraries are only stored in bacterial cells. the cDNA was constructed from introns only. cDNA libraries are more stable. cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed.
d
When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the plasmids are inserted into the bacterial chromosome. the bacterial genome and plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the desired gene (often the cell of a plant or animal). the plasmids multiply and produce the protein outside of the bacterium. the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.
d
Which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers (at least, not yet)? transgenic rice with genes for milk proteins transgenic salmon with a growth hormone gene that allows them to grow more quickly transgenic pigs with a roundworm gene that allows them to make more omega-3 fatty acids transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin
d
Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism? Dolly, the cloned sheep a bacterium found with a plasmid that provides protection against an antibiotic a "test-tube" baby produced via in vitro fertilization a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin
d
Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness? birth certificates pictures from family reunions testimony from relatives a very close match in the DNA profile
d
Which of the following statements about DNA technology is false? DNA technology is now used to produce vaccines that are harmless mutants of a pathogen. DNA technology is now used to mass-produce human growth hormone. DNA technology is now used to mass-produce human insulin. DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.
d