Mastering Biology Ch. 6

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

Oxidized

2. In cellular respiration, glucose becomes ________ to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).

Reduced

3. In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes _______ to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.

Converted to heat

A single glucose molecule produces about 38 molecules of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. However, this only represents approximately 38% of the chemical energy present in this molecule. The rest of the energy from glucose is _____.

NADH ... reduced

As shown below, an electron carrier, such as __________, acts as an energy-storage molecule when it is __________.

Plasma membrane

Bacteria have no membrane-enclosed organelles. However, some still generate ATP through cellular respiration. Where is the electron transport chain found in these organisms?

The Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport

Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATPmolecules are produced during _____.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized. However, an intermediate __________ can be siphoned off and used to synthesize fats.

NADH; NAD+

During fermentation, __________ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to __________.

Glucose . . . enzymes

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.

citric acid cycle intermediates

In nutrient-rich environments (like your mouth), bacteria can use the provided amino acids to synthesize their proteins. However, should the environmental conditions change and become nutrient-poor, bacteria would need to synthesize their amino acids. They can do this using __________.

ATP ... mitochondria

In the first stage of cellular respiration (glycolysis), two molecules of pyruvate are produced. In the remaining stages of cellular respiration, a number of additional products are produced, such as __________. These other stages occur in the __________.

Mitochondrion

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

Electrons

1. The transfer of __________ from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.

Mitochondrial matrix

A scientist wants to study the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells. What part of the cell would she use as a source of these enzymes?

NAD+

4. In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as ______ picks up electrons and H+ and becomes reduced to NADH.

Oxygen

5. NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor, ________.

ATP

6. The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make _____.

Human cells also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them

A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to treat people with bacterial infections. However, he can't do this because _____.

Loses electrons and becomes oxidized

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________.

Three . . . two

NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH 2 molecule.

Lean people exposed to cold temperatures

Recent data suggests that heat-generating brown fat is most active in __________.

Glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

Lactic acid

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center want to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles begin to function anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of _____.

The energy necessary to power the rearrangement of chemical bonds in H2O and CO2

Sunlight is essential for the varied life on Earth. Sunlight provides energy to photosynthetic organisms by providing __________

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

In the cytoplasm

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.

Build amino acids, fats, and sugars

Using the ATP generated during cellular respiration, the intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, such as pyruvate and acetyl CoA, can be siphoned off and used to __________.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

They are used to form water.

What is the ultimate fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

Photosynthesis

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.

Four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

Each turn of the citric acid cycle generates one ATP and ___ additional energy-rich molecules: __________.

Carbon dioxide

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes, radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________.

The Citric Acid cycleand the electron transport chain

Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria? Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?

A proton gradient is formed

In cellular respiration, which of the following outcomes is the result of electrons moving through the electron transport chain (or its components)? In cellular respiration, which of the following outcomes is the result of electrons moving through the electron transport chain (or its components)?

Transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.

In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.

Mitochondria

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration.

The citric acid cycle

Most NADH molecules generated during cellular respiration are produced during __________.

2 pyruvic acid & 2 NADH molecules

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?

ATP

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

Glucose

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

Glycolysis

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

Citric Acid Cycle & electron transport chain

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?