Mastering Biology Chapter 27 HW 2

For the 20-base sequences shown here, calculate the percent difference between your test sample and each of the species standards.

Salmo: 0 O. gorbuscha: 20 O. keta: 25 O. kisutch: 15 O. nerka: 15 o. tshawytscha: 20

Using the phylogenetic tree, identify whether each of the sample sequences was labeled correctly or was mislabeled.

Sample A: sold under correct name Sample B: Pacific-for-Pacific Substitution Sample C: sold under correct name Sample D: sold under correct name Sample E: Pacific-for-Pacific Sunstitution Sample F: sold under correct name Sample G: Atlantic-for-Pacific Substitution

The table below shows the calculations you just did for Ardipithecus ramidus, plus those same calculations for the other 7 species. In addition, the sum values for ∑(xi−x¯)2∑(xi−x¯)2, ∑(yi−y¯)2∑(yi−y¯)2, and ∑(xi−x¯)(yi−y¯)∑(xi−x¯)(yi−y¯) have been filled in. (The "∑∑" symbol indicates that the nn values were added together.)

Second row: 1.6 Fifth row: 427.8

Enter your answers in the table below. Round your answers to one decimal place.

Second row: 39.1 Fifth row: 42.2

The graph shows mortality and brain size data for 14 species of birds. Deviation from expected brain size is shown on the x-axis, and mortality rate is shown on the y-axis. Deviation values <;0<;0 indicate brain sizes smaller than expected; values >;0>;0 indicate sizes larger than expected.

The slope of the best-fit line indicates that adult mortality is lower in birds with brains that are LARGER than expected for their body size. This suggests that these unusually LARGE brains confer an advantage in SURVIVAL.

Knowing that birds are endothermic and crocodiles are ectothermic, can you use phylogenetic bracketing to predict whether dinosaurs other than birds are ectothermic or endothermic? Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Terms can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

We cannot use phylogenetic bracketing to predict whether dinosaurs other than birds were ectothermic. We only can conclude that the dinosaur that gave rise to birds was endothermic as are all living birds.

Which of the following anatomical features of the 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid?

a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side

The correlation coefficient indicates the extent and direction of a linear relationship between two variables (xx and yy) and ranges in value between -1 and 1. When r<0r<0, yy and xx are negatively correlated, meaning that values of yy become smaller as values of xx become larger. When r>0r>0, yy and xx are positively correlated (yy becomes larger as xx becomes larger). When r=0r=0, the variables are not correlated. What is the correlation between miRNA diversity and animal complexity?

miRNA diversity and animal complexity are positively correlated.

Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length?

monkeys

You are an avid gardener. Which of the following will likely produce the best-tasting tomatoes from your garden?

nutrient-dense soil

Now you have everything you need to calculate the correlation coefficient rr for the variables xx and yy, using this formula: r=1n−1∑(xi−x¯)(yi−y¯)sxsyr=1n−1∑(xi−x¯)(yi−y¯)sxsy Enter the correct value for rr to two decimal places. Keep in mind that the correlation coefficient can range in value between -1 and 1.

r = 0.96

According to Dan Barber, which of the following is key to helping organic farmers succeed?

restaurants

A key characteristic of modern birds is flight powered by feathered wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence support the hypothesis that the first feathers served a purpose other than flight?

some feathered theropods were not capable of flight

The 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx fossil has birdlike features such as feathered wings, but it also has characteristics that we associate with living reptiles. Which of the following are considered reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx? Select all that apply.

teeth in the jaws long, bony tail claws on the ends of each digit in the "hands"

Why was the discovery of organisms, such as Archaeopteryx, that have a mix of traits usually associated with two different groups considered validation of Darwin's theory of evolution?

the discovery provided evidence that species descend with modification from other species

Which discovery ultimately overturned the prevailing perception that all dinosaurs were large, slow, and lumbering?

the small theropod dinosaur Deinonychus, which had a large sickle-shaped claw on each of its hind limbs

What three crops have been the mainstay of the American diet for the last 50 years?

wheat, soy, corn

Each label below contains the same portion of your test sample sequence, but each label starts the alignment in a different position. Drag each one to the target to see which one yields the best alignment.

------CGGCACCGCCCTAAGTCTCTTGATTCGAGC

Enter the correct value for rr to two decimal places. Keep in mind that the correlation coefficient can range in value between -1 and 1.

0.92

Use the definition of the slope to estimate how long it took for mean brain volume to increase by 100 cm3 over the course of hominin evolution.

0.4 million years

Once you have obtained your salmon sample from a local store, you need to isolate the DNA from it and make many copies of the COI gene using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For a review of how PCR works, see Hint 2. Place the following steps of the DNA extraction and PCR process in the correct order. Not all labels will be used.

1. Clean out... 2. Disrupt cell... 3. Eliminate non-dna... 4. Add taq...to dna sample 5. use a thermal...

Now use the values you have already calculated to calculate bb (the yy-intercept) in this equation: b=y¯−mx¯b=y¯−mx¯. Enter your answer to the nearest whole number. (x¯x¯ and y¯y¯ are the means of these two variables.)

1293

The equation for a straight line between two variables, xx and yy, is y=mx+by=mx+b. In this equation, mm is the slope of the line and bb is the yy-intercept (the point at which the straight line crosses the yy-axis). When m<0m<0, the line has a negative slope. When m>0m>0, the line has a positive slope. The correlation coefficient, rr, can be used to calculate the values of mm and bb in a linear regression. First, use the values you have already calculated to calculate mm in this equation: m=rsysxm=rsysx. Enter your answer to the nearest whole number. (sysy and sxsx are the standard deviations of variables xx and yy.)

257

Now you know that the equation for the regression line best fit to this data is y=257x+1293y=257x+1293. Here is what that regression line looks like on a graph, including the data points from which it was derived. The equation for a regression line can be used to calculate the value of yy expected for any particular value of xx. What is the expected mean brain volume for a hominin that lived 4 million years ago (that is, x=−4x=−4)?

265 cm3

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their __________.

method of reproduction

According to this article, the future sustainability of agriculture will rely on humans embracing which of the following?

A more diverse diet.

Which of the following has allowed the craft beer market to unintentionally benefit the soil?

An increase in the amount of barley being used.

Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chimps and modern humans lived around 7 million years ago?

Analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago.

Refer back to the table in Part A. Which animal phylum has greater complexity than Urochordata?

Annelida

What did scientists learn from other fossils found in the same sediment layer as Ardi?

Ardi lived in a woodland habitat

Breeding populations of amphibian species threatened by Bd have been established in captivity. Evidence from captive-bred Cuban tree frogs suggests that frogs can acquire resistance not only from exposure to live Bd, but also dead Bd. Which of the following strategies do you think is most appropriate if the goals are to maximize survival rates of the captive frogs and repopulate regions decimated by Bd?

Cuban tree frogs could be bred in captivity and exposed to dead Bd. The exposed frogs could then be released to regions where their populations were heavily affected by Bd.

Examine the data in the table, and select the graph that best represents the abundance of lymphocytes (per g frog) by treatment group.

Chart where first dot is at 130ish and goes to 240 then 240 then 220

Which of the following statements about bird evolution are accurate based on the evidence presented? Select all that apply.

Feathers may have originally evolved for insulation. Feathers may have originally evolved for interspecies communication and display.

The first step to determining if there is a linear (straight-line) relationship between brain volume and fossil age is to calculate the correlation coefficient for the data shown in the table below. The data table provides xixi (mean age in millions of years ago) and yiyi (mean brain volume in cm3) of 8 hominin species. Ages with negative values represent millions of years before the present (which has an age of 0.0). Calculating the correlation coefficient for this data is a multi-step process.

First row: -1.6 Second row: -2.8 Third row: 8 Fourth row: 881.3 Fifth row: -556.3 Sixth row: 309470 Seventh row: 1558

Calculating the correlation coefficient for this data is a multi-step process. The data table has been expanded below. Start by calculating the mean values for number of miRNAs (x¯x¯) and number of cell types (y¯y¯). (The mean is the sum of the data values divided by nn, the number of observations.) Round your answers to one decimal place. Next calculate the values for (xi−x¯xi−x¯) and (yi−y¯yi−y¯) for Porifera. Round your answers to one decimal place. Next calculate the values for (xi−x¯)2(xi−x¯)2 and (yi−y¯)2(yi−y¯)2 for Porifera. Round your answers to the nearest whole number. Then calculate the value for (xi−x¯)(yi−y¯)(xi−x¯)(yi−y¯) for Porifera. Round your answer to the nearest whole number. Follow the steps above and enter your answers in the table below.

First row: 43.8 Second row: -38.0 Third row: 1444 Fourth row: 67.2 Fifth row: -42.2 Sixth row: 1781 Seventh row: 1604

Which of the following best describes the change in frog survival following exposure to Bd?

Frogs with prior exposure to Bd survived at higher rates than frogs with no prior exposure to Bd.

Humans are _______.

Homo sapiens

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding human evolution? Select all that apply.

In the latest phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture. The fossil record contains creatures with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes. The first humans evolved in Africa.

What does the positive correlation between miRNA diversity and animal complexity suggest about the role of miRNA diversity in the evolution of animal complexity?

It suggests that differences in animal complexity result from differences in developmental regulation of gene expression.

How might natural selection favor the evolution of large brains despite their high maintenance costs?

Large brains may make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce.

The fossil record shows that large brains (relative to body size) have evolved in certain lineages, including hominins. In such lineages, what can you infer about the relative costs and benefits of large brains?

Natural selection favored the evolution of larger brains, suggesting that the benefits of large brains outweighed the costs.

Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart?

New World monkeys

Let's take a closer look at how the primers work in PCR. During the denaturing step of PCR, the normally double-stranded DNA is separated by heat into two single strands. These single-stranded DNA molecules are now ready for primers to bind to the appropriate locations within the COI gene. The forward primer is the one that binds to the template strand of the COI gene, while the reverse primer binds to the non-template strand. Both primers are required for Taq DNA polymerase to copy the region in between.Most primers are 18-21 bases long, but for simplicity, we're only showing 10 bases of the COI gene primers here. In the diagram below, place the correct forward and reverse primers into position. The possible forward primers are shown in pink; the possible reverse primers are shown in blue. (See the Hints if you need help getting started.)

Red: 5' - ACATTGGCAC - 3' Blue: 3' - ACTAAGAAAC - 5'

Which of the following trees is the best match for the relationships shown in the distance matrix? (See Hints 1 and 2 for help.)

O. nerka O. keta O. gorbuscha O. kitsutch O. tsh S. salar Test sample

For the eighth observation (i=8i=8), identify the animal phylum, xixi, and yiyi.

Phylum Urochordata: xi=25xi=25; yi=77

Based on the evidence, identify the most appropriate statement describing the relationship between prior exposure to Bd and acquired resistance.

Prior exposure to Bd stimulates the frog's immune response, enabling the frogs to acquire some degree of resistance to the pathogen.

_____ are the oldest known primate group.

Prosimians

Examine the trace for the 10-base sequence of the COI gene shown above. Enter the sequence of nucleotides for this section of the COI gene. Use A for adenine, C for cytosine, G for guanine, and T for thymine (e.g., ACGT...). For help reading the trace, see Hint 1.

TACTGATTCG

In this exercise, you will use the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene to investigate relationships among salmon species. (This gene encodes a protein that functions in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.) You will compare the COI gene sequences from your salmon test samples to the standard sequences for each salmon species. In order for the COI gene to be useful for distinguishing among the different salmon species, which three statements must be true?

The COI gene must be conserved enough that the same PCR primers work for all the species being tested. The COI gene must be variable enough that there are at least a few differences between each salmon species. The COI gene must be conserved enough that the sequences can be aligned for comparison.

Which of the following best describes the abundance of Bd on a frog's skin following exposure to Bd?

The abundance of Bd on a frog's skin is higher for naïve frogs than it is for frogs with prior exposure to Bd.

Scientists have concluded that bdelloid rotifers have likely been asexual for 100 million years. What evidence supports this conclusion?

The comparison of the DNA of bdelloids and that of sexually reproducing rotifer species

Louis and Mary Leakey found two different fossil hominid skulls at Olduvai. Which of the following statements about the skulls is true?

The second skull represented a species more closely related to modern humans than the first skull's species.

According to the figure below, what is the smallest monophyletic group that includes dinosaurs?

The group should include birds, the two dinosaur lineages, and the common ancestor of the dinosaurs.

The correlation coefficient indicates the extent and direction of a linear relationship between two variables (xx and yy) and ranges in value between -1 and 1. When r<0r<0, yy and xx are negatively correlated, meaning that values of yy become smaller as values of xx become larger. When r>0r>0, yy and xx are positively correlated (yy becomes larger as xx becomes larger). When r=0r=0, the variables are not correlated. What is the correlation between mean brain volume of hominin species and the mean age of the species?

The mean brain volume and mean age of hominin species are positively correlated.

Listed below are four adaptations of terrestrial vertebrates. Which is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals with NO need to return to water at any stage of the life cycle?

amniotic eggs

Which of these primate groups is most closely related to humans?

apes

Which of the following shared characteristics of living birds and theropod dinosaurs provided support to the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs? Select all that apply.

birds and theropods have S-shaped necks birds and many theropods have feathers birds and many theropods have a wishbone (or furcula) birds and theropods have hollow bones that are strong, but light

How do scientists know that the hominid called "Ardi" is about 4.4 million years old?

by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above and below the layer containing Ardi

The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the _____.

hominids

How did Dr. Jack Horner's discovery of dinosaur nesting grounds support the hypothesis that birds evolved from a group of dinosaurs?

it provided evidence that dinosaurs raised and cared for their young in colonies like many birds

Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives? Select all that apply.

large brain size bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) extensive tool use

Which clade does NOT include humans?

lophotrochozoans