Mastering Biology Chapter 5

Which statement best describes phagocytosis? (ebook Module 5.9)

A cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a vacuole.

Most cellular work is accomplished by _____ energizing molecules by _____ them. (ebook Module 5.12)

ATP ... phosphorylating

Which of the following is a difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion? (ebook Module 5.6)

Active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not.

Which of the following statements about cell membrane transport is true? (ebook Module 5.8)

Active transport works with the assistance of proteins to move molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.

Cells A and B are the same size and shape, but cell A is metabolically quiet and cell B is actively consuming oxygen. Oxygen will diffuse more quickly into cell _____ because _____. (ebook Module 5.5)

B ... the diffusion gradient there is steeper

Green olives may be preserved in brine, which is a 20-30% salt solution. How does this method prevent contamination by microorganisms? (ebook Module 5.5)

Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water.

Which of these statements describes what occurs in facilitated diffusion? (ebook Module 5.5)

Facilitated diffusion of solutes occurs through protein pores in the membrane.

Which of the following statements is true about diffusion? (ebook Module 5.5)

It is a passive process.

Which of the following statements is true about passive transport? (ebook Module 5.3)

Passive transport requires no expenditure of cellular energy.

Which of these situations accurately represents osmoregulation in organisms? (ebook Module 5.5)

Plant cells need a hypotonic environment in order to stay turgid.

Which of the following statements is true about membrane proteins?

Proteins can bind other molecules, which may trigger specific cellular functions.

Which of the following is an example of the second law of thermodynamics? (ebook Module 5.10)

The aerobic respiration of glucose generates heat.

The membrane is referred to as a "fluid mosaic" structure. Which of the following statements is true?

The fluid is phospholipid, and the mosaic is protein.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following is true? (ebook Module 5.10)

The ordering of one system depends on the disordering of another.

The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions? (ebook Module 5.5)

a hypertonic sucrose solution

When in solution, a molecule that moves slowly across an artificial membrane moves rapidly across a plasma membrane. This occurs regardless of whether the concentration of this molecule is higher inside or outside the cell. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most likely to be responsible for the movement of the molecule across a plasma membrane? (ebook Module 5.8)

active transport

Cellular respiration is an example of _____. (ebook Module 5.11)

an exergonic reaction

Stability of an animal cell plasma membrane is enhanced by _____. (ebook Module 5.1)

cholesterol molecules

The movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from a region of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration is called _____. (ebook Module 5.4)

diffusion

The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP is an _____ reaction that _____ energy. (ebook Module 5.12)

endergonic ... requires an input of

A nursing infant is able to obtain disease-fighting antibodies, which are large protein molecules, from its mother's milk. These molecules probably enter the cells lining the baby's digestive tract via _____. (ebook Module 5.9)

endocytosis

If the entropy of a system is increasing, this means that _____. (ebook Module 5.10)

energy input will be needed to maintain organization

The secretion of neurotransmitters out of the nerve cell, from small vesicles at the end of the axon, can be considered an example of _____. (ebook Module 5.9)

exocytosis

What condition might result from an excess of aquaporins? (ebook Module 5.7)

fluid retention in pregnant women

Phospholipids are well suited to be the main structural components of membranes because they _____.

form a selectively permeable structure

When considering the formation of membranes, they _____.

form spontaneously in aqueous environments

If the volume of a cell increases when it is placed in an aqueous solution, that solution is said to be _____ to the cell. (ebook Module 5.5)

hypotonic

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called _____. (ebook Module 5.4)

osmosis

Some liver cells ingest bacteria, a function probably accomplished by _____. (ebook Module 5.9)

phagocytosis

Which of the following terms specifically refers to the intake of very large particles by cells? (ebook Module 5.9)

phagocytosis

Which of the following best describes the general structure of a cell membrane?

proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipid

LDLs enter cells by means of _____. (ebook Module 5.9)

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific kind of molecule? (ebook Module 5.9)

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Seawater is dangerous to drink because _____. (ebook Module 5.5)

seawater is hypertonic to your body tissues and drinking it will cause you to lose water by osmosis

The lipids in a cell membrane are arranged _____.

so that the non polar parts of two lipids point toward each other

The first law of thermodynamics _____. (ebook Module 5.10)

states that energy is neither created nor destroyed

Energy is _____. (ebook Module 5.10)

the capacity to perform work

The transport of molecules of a particular solute from inside an animal cell across the cell membrane to the extracellular fluid always requires energy when _____. (ebook Module 5.8)

the concentration of the solute is lower inside the cell than outside it

A reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when _____. (ebook Module 5.11)

the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants