mastering biology for final exam

Inflammatory responses typically include _____. -increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area -inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow -reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma -release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area

-increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

Cardiac Output= ?

Heart Rate*Stroke Volume

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells? -B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph. T cells are activated by membrane-bound antigens. -One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor). -One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. -T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow.

One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity.

Which of the following is most true of sexual reproduction? -Only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females. -Asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety. -Asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions. -Sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction.

Only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females.

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

a condition in which self molecules are treated as non-self

Innate immunity is ________.

activated immediately upon infection

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the _____.

adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine

Clonal selection is an explaination for how

an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies

Clonal selection implies that _______.

antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes.

Animals utilizing external fertilization are typically _____.

aquatic animals -External fertilization is observed in moist habitats because in these habitats sperm can swim to the egg through the water.

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. -Schwann cells - provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons -astrocytes - metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness -oligodendrocytes - produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system -radial glia - the source of immunoprotection against pathogens

astrocytes - metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens either freely dissolce or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that

bind to antigens presented on major histocompatibility complexes by host cells

A common feature of action potentials is that they

cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarize

Helper T cells are part of _____.

cell-mediated immune responses

Hormones are _____. -chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph -are all under the control of the pituitary gland -produced only in response to environmental stress -signals that must interact with DNA in order to be effective -always proteins

chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph -Hormones are secreted into body fluids, usually blood, and communicate developmental and regulatory messages within the body.

Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the synapse. If a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusc Onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen? -convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation -decrease in the frequency of action potentials -paralysis of muscle tissue -no effect

convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation

An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick. Her immune system's recognition of the second infection involves memory _____.

cytotoxic T cells

The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is _____.

ecdysteroid

In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by

endocytosis

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are

erythropoietin and kidney, respectively

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would _____. -lose all short-term memory -have greatly increased long-term memory -lose their sense of balance -have greatly altered emotional responses

have greatly altered emotional responses

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal? -greater production of T3 than of T4 -hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin -hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____.

hypothalamus

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____. -thalamus -cerebellum -medulla oblongata -hypothalamus

hypothalamus

Hypoglycemia, or low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human, is "corrected" by a(n)

increase in the secretion of glucagon

Exercise and emergency reactions include _____. -decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic divisions -increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions -increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system -increased activity in the enteric nervous system

increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions

Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells

initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach

In their mechanism of action, a difference between lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones is that _____. -water-soluble hormones bind reversibly to DNA lipid-soluble hormones activate a "second messenger" pathway -lipid-soluble hormones bind to an intracellular receptor and this hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA -water-soluble hormones cross the plasma membrane more readily than do lipid-soluble hormones -the water-soluble hormones travel only in the blood, and the lipid-soluble hormones travel only in the lymphatic fluid

lipid-soluble hormones bind to an intracellular receptor and this hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA -Most water-soluble signals bind to plasma membrane proteins, initiating signal-transduction pathways. In contrast, the lipid-soluble hormones enter target cells and bind with intracellular receptors; the hormone-receptor complexes act as transcription factors, thus altering gene expression.

The primary fxn of the corpus luteum is to

maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred

The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary differ in that _____. -the anterior lobe of the pituitary is nervous tissue that connects directly to the brain whereas the posterior pituitary is derived from non-neural tissues -the anterior lobe of the pituitary receives neuronal impulses from brain cells whereas the posterior lobe receives blood-borne hormones -many anterior pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands whereas posterior pituitary hormones regulate nonendocrine tissues -the posterior pituitary gland synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone whereas the anterior lobe receives all of its hormone products in the blood -the posterior lobe of the pituitary operates independently of the brain whereas the anterior lobe is directly dependent on brain activity

many anterior pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands whereas posterior pituitary hormones regulate nonendocrine tissues -Anterior pituitary hormones: FSH and LH (ovaries and testes), TSH (thyroid), and ACTH (adrenal cortex) stimulate endocrine glands -posterior pituitary hormones: ADH (kidney tubules) and oxytocin (mammary glands, uterine tissues, brain) regulate nonendocrine tissues.

Jet lag occurs when a person moves rapidly from one time zone to another, causing conflict between the body's biological rhythm and the new cycle of light and dark. Some scientists suspect that jet lag may result from disruption of the daily cycle of secretion of the hormone known as _____. -estrogen -prolactin -insulin -epinephrine -melatonin

melatonin -Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, but only at night; its production is regulated to some extent by day length.

If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response?

memory

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are _____.

menstrual → proliferative → secretory

Action potentials move along axons _____. -more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons -more slowly in axons of large than in small diameter -by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane -by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions

more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas the carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors, are _____.

natural killer cells

In humans, oogenesis in comparison to spermatogenesis is different in that _____. -oocyte production works best at cooler temperatures than those that support spermatogenesis -female puberty typically occurs much later than the age of male puberty -oogenesis does not complete meiosis until after fertilization, but spermatogenesis is complete before the sperm leave the body -oogenesis continues throughout life, but spermatogenesis typically ends at age 55 years -the names and chemical identities of the pituitary hormones are completely different between males and females

oogenesis does not complete meiosis until after fertilization, but spermatogenesis is complete before the sperm leave the body -This is true. The second division is completed only after a sperm penetrates the egg. But is this the only correct answer?

Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____. -located in the thalamus and hypothalamus, respectively -located in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, respectively -dispersed along the ventral and dorsal, respectively -organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next -located on the left and right sides, respectively, of the cerebellum

organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next -The sensory and motor parts of these cortices are topographically matched along the border of the frontal and parietal lobes, and are predictably arranged.

Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of _____.

oxytocin

A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling? -autocrine -neuroendocrine -paracrine -endocrine

paracrine

Among mammals, the male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue include the _____.

penis and clitoris

A vasectomy _____.

prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra

A nerve poison that blocks acetylcholine receptors on dendrites would _____. -inactivate acetylcholinesterase, allowing acetylcholine to persist in the synapse -inhibit the regeneration of acetylcholine for use by the presynaptic terminals -reduce the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the postsynpatic membrane -cause continued stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane -cause an immediate and enduring depolarization

reduce the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the postsynpatic membrane -The binding of neurotransmitter molecules to their specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane opens ion channels, which completes the transmission of the impulse to the receiving cell. A nerve poison that blocked the acetylcholine receptors would prevent reception of the signal.

Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (that is, near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would most likely_____.

reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis

The counter-regulatory functions of the pancreas refer to the fact that it _____. -releases one hormone that reduces glucose levels in the blood and another that increases them -releases one hormone that increases body temperature (fever) and another that decreases body temperature -releases acetylcholine when a person is calm, and epinephrine when a person is frightened or exercising -releases one hormone that increases urine production and another hormone that reduces urine production -releases one hormone that increases heart rate and another that decreases heart rate

releases one hormone that reduces glucose levels in the blood and another that increases them -The counter-regulatory hormones and their actions are insulin, which decreases glucose levels in the blood, and glucagon, which increases glucose levels in the blood.

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves _____.

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect _____.

speech

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from _____.

the antibody having at least two binding regions

The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that _____.

the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed with no extensive fluid flow out of the body, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body

In the sequence of permeability changes for a complete action potential, the first of these events that occurs is

the opening of the voltage-gated potassium channels

Peaks of LH and FSH occur during

the period before ovulation

The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to

the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without the passage of blood through a pumping chamber.

A key part of the humoral immune response is

the production of antibodies by plasma cells

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces

When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood

the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster rate

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur? -when conditions for survival are unfavorable -when males and females find each other -when conditions for survival are favorable -What conditions favor sexual over asexual remains a complete mystery.

when conditions for survival are unfavorable