Mastering Biology Q's Midterm 1
Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. Entamoeba
1 &4 plasmodium and trypanosoma
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus? 8 16 24 32
24?
You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 m deep), and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protist? 1. hydrogenosome 2. apicoplast 3. pseudopods 4. chloroplast from red alga 5. chloroplast from green alga
3 and 4
After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed. Can you match the parts of the ovule with the corresponding parts of the seed? After fertilization of the ovule, the ______ develops into the food supply of the mature seed. After fertilization of the ovule, the _______ develops into the seed coat. After fertilization of the ovule, the _________ develops into the embryo of the mature seed.
After fertilization of the ovule, the *megaspore* develops into the food supply of the mature seed. After fertilization of the ovule, the *integument* develops into the seed coat. After fertilization of the ovule, the *fertilized egg* develops into the embryo of the mature seed.
Which of the following could occur only after plants moved from the oceans to land? Animals could also move onto land because they had easier access to nitrogen. Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources. Cyanobacteria could also move onto land because their host plants occurred there. Plants in the oceans were able to evolve forms that lived in much deeper parts of the oceans.
Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources.
Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the life cycle of mosses? Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. The sporophyte generation is dominant.
Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the research of both Went and Charles and Francis Darwin on shoot responses to light? A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips. Agar contains a chemical substance that mimics a plant hormone. Once shoot tips have been cut, normal growth cannot be induced. Light stimulates the synthesis of a plant hormone that responds to light. When shoots are exposed to light, a chemical substance migrates toward the light.
A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips.
Which of these structures is a separate generation from the plant sporophyte? A male gametophyte within a pollen grain The ovule A seed -Review the basic sexual life cycle in plants and the life cycle of an angiosperm.
A male gametophyte within a pollen grain
Roots acidify the soil solution by releasing ________ and pumping ________ into the soil. CO2; K+ N; Na+ CO2; Na+ CO2; H+
CO2; H+
Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle? Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. The pine tree is a gametophyte.
Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes
Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____. slime mold alpha proteobacterium Cyanobacterium Apicomplexan archaean extremophile
Cyanobacterium- Structural and molecular biological evidence supports the idea that endosymbiotic cyanobacteria gave rise to the chloroplasts found in red and green algae and land plants.
Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperms. Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus. The life cycle of seed plants does not include a gametophyte generation. In angiosperm life cycles, the female gametophyte is the ovule.
Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus. note the ploidy of the embryo and endosperm within the seed
Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. endocytosis absorption chemosynthesis photosynthesis ingestion
absorption
Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except transport through tracheids. adhesion of water molecules to cellulose. active transport through xylem cells. evaporation of water molecules. cohesion between water molecules.
active transport through xylem cells.
Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA. all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur. mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes, whereas plastids utilize their own ribosomes. the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes.
all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.
retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____. helps in dispersal of the zygote allows it to be nourished by the parent plant protects the zygote from herbivores evolved concurrently with pollen
allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
A stamen consists of _____. stigma and anther ovary and sepal anther and filament stigma and style stigma and filament
anther and filament
All seed plants _____. produce flowers are nonvascular produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation are heterosporous
are heterosporous
All seed plants _____ are nonvascular produce flowers are heterosporous produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation
are heterosporous All seed plants produce separate male and female spores
Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) ________. are evolutionarily more advanced than seed plants can be included in the grade monilophyte because they do not have a complex vascular system are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants are more similar to ancestral red algae than are vascular plants
are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants
Deuteromycetes _____. represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage
are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage
Spores and seeds have basically the same function/dispersal but are vastly different because spores ________. have a protective outer covering; seeds do not have stored nutrition; seeds do not have an embryo; seeds do not are unicellular; seeds are not
are unicellular; seeds are not
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest. ascomycete, ascocarp, ascus, ascospore ascocarp, ascomycete, ascus, ascospore ascocarp, ascus, ascospore, ascomycete ascomycete, ascus, ascospore, ascocarp
ascomycete, ascocarp, ascus, ascospore
Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. Zygomycota Chytridomycota Ascomycota Chordata Basidiomycota
ascomycota (sac fungus)
After some time, the tip of a plant that has been forced into a horizontal position grows upward. This phenomenon is related to whether the plant is in the northern or southern hemisphere. gibberellin production by stems. auxin production in cells receiving red light. auxin movement toward the lower side of the stem. calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum of shaded cells.
auxin movement toward the lower side of the stem.
The initial response of the root cells of a tomato plant watered with seawater would be to begin to plasmolyze as water is lost. actively transport water from the cytoplasm into the vacuole. actively absorb salts from the seawater. rapidly produce organic solutes in the cytoplasm. rapidly expand until the cells burst.
begin to plasmolyze as water is lost.
Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants? brown algae red algae dinoflagellates green algae both red algae and green algae
both red algae and green algae
seedless plants include _____. mosses and angiosperms only lycophytes and pterophytes bryophytes and gymnosperms bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails only nonvascular plants
bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails
How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained? by the differentiation of secondary phloem by the differentiation of secondary xylem by the differentiation of apical meristem by the division of its cells by the differentiation of cork
by the division of its cells When a vascular cambium cell divides, one cell differentiates and the other cell remains meristematic.
All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except calcium. potassium. carbon dioxide. nitrogen. water.
carbon dioxide.
Which of the following plant growth responses is primarily due to the action of auxins? the detection of photoperiod the triple response of shoots cell elongation leaf abscission cell division
cell elongation
Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____. surface ... surface center ... center center ... surface surface ... center top ... bottom
center ... surface Wood, or secondary xylem, is formed toward the stem's center, and secondary phloem is formed toward the stem's surface
Closest algal relatives of land plants are _____. Which type of algae have rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, peroxisome enzymes, and other unique traits shared only with land plants? rhodophytes charophytes psilophytes bacillariophytes chrysophytes
charophytes
Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? hydrogenosome chloroplast mitosome mitochondrion Two of the responses above are correct.
chloroplast
Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant? sclerenchyma cells tracheids and vessel elements collenchyma cells parenchyma cells
collenchyma cells
Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? basidiospores conidiophores ascospores Zygosporangia ascocarps
conidiophores
The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________. containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte providing nutrition for animals using wind as a dispersal agent relying on animals for pollination
containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte
the advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________. providing nutrition for animals using wind as a dispersal agent containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte relying on animals for pollination
containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil _____ convert nitrate to ammonium use nitrates to make amino acids that plants can use convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia change ammonium into nitrates convert nitrates to N2
convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of N2 (atmospheric nitrogen) to NH3.
As the epidermis is pushed outward and sloughed off, it is replaced by tissues produced by the _____ vascular cambium suberin lenticels pith cork cambium
cork cambium produces the phelloderm, phellogen, and cork cells. These cells move outward to replace epidermal cells.
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants
cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants
When growing plants in culture, IAA is used to stimulate cell enlargement. Which plant growth regulator has to now be added to stimulate cell division? abscisic acid indoleacetic acid gibberellin cytokinin ethylene
cytokinin
Humus consists of _____ anions and cations found in the soil mostly water and inorganic nutrients decomposing organic material all of the organisms inhabiting the soil strictly soil microbes
decomposing organic material Humus is the decaying organic material found in soils. It provides energy for many soil organisms and is rich in nitrogen.
A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably _____. amoebas ciliates diatoms dinoflagellates species of red algae
dinoflagellates
Karyogamy produces a _____ diploid zygote haploid zygote spores mycelium hypha
diploid zygote -Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei
Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA? dinoflagellates and diatoms chlorophytes and radiolarians apicomplexans and forams gymnamoebas and slime molds diplomonads and parabasalids
diplomonads and parabasalids
Which of these is unique to flowering plants? haploid gametophytes a dominant sporophyte generation an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue pollen production double fertilization
double fertilization In flowering plants one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg and the other sperm nucleus fuses with two other nuclei found within the ovule, thus forming triploid endosperm.
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? carpels that contain microsporangia double internal fertilization free-living gametophytes ovules that are not contained within ovaries
double internal fertilization
Which cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast? Which cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast? pericycle endodermis cortex exodermis epidermis
endodermis
If you were shipping green bananas to a supermarket thousands of miles away, which of the following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plants' environment? cytokinins auxin gibberellic acids CO2 ethylene
ethylene
The plant hormone involved in aging and ripening of fruit is ethylene. abscisic acid. gibberellin. florigen. auxin.
ethylene
All protists are monophyletic. unicellular. eukaryotic. symbionts. mixotrophic.
eukaryotic
Which of the following treatments would enhance the level of the Pfr form of phytochrome? exposure to far-red light exposure to red light inhibition of protein synthesis synthesis of phosphorylating enzymes long dark period
exposure to red light
A botanist discovers a plant that lacks the ability to form starch grains in root cells, yet the roots still grow downward. This evidence refutes the long-standing hypothesis that starch is converted to auxin, which causes the downward bending in roots. falling statoliths trigger gravitropism. starch accumulation triggers the negative phototropic response of roots. starch grains block the acid growth response in roots. starch and downward movement are necessary for thigmotropism.
falling statoliths trigger gravitropism.
In pine, the embryo develops within the __________. Consider whether the male gamete goes to the female, or the female gamete goes to the male. female gametophyte pollen cone microsporophyll macrogametophyte male gametophyte
female gametophyte
In pine, the embryo develops within the _____. staminate cone female gametophyte male gametophyte microsporophyll macrogametophyte
female gametophyte Large ovulate cones make megaspores that develop into female gametophytes, where one fertilized egg will develop into an embryo
In pine, the embryo develops within the __________. pollen cone microsporophyll female gametophyte macrogametophyte male gametophyte
female gametophyte Large ovulate cones make megaspores that develop into female gametophytes, where one fertilized egg will develop into an embryo.
Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit? male sporophyte female gametophyte male gametophyte female sporophyte
female sporophyte
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ________. ferns gymnosperms flowering plants mosses
ferns
During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal. early angiosperms giant mosses gymnosperms gymnosperms and early angiosperms ferns and other seedless plants
ferns and other seedless plants -These were the dominant plant types of the time
Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. flowers a sporophyte phase seeds a vascular system a life cycle that involves alternation of generations
flowers
A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group? diatoms foraminiferans radiolarians gymnamoebas
foraminiferans
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes by secondary endosymbiosis when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions
from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? dominant gametophytes fruits enclosing seeds embryos enclosed within seed coats sperm cells without flagella wind pollination
fruits enclosing seeds
When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? larger bacterial populations increased oxygen levels fungal enzymes fungal haustoria
fungal enzymes
The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of diatoms. golden algae. green algae. brown algae. dinoflagellates
green algae
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines green algae photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) liverworts and mosses
green algae
Fungi produce _____ spores. dikaryotic heterokaryotic haploid diploid triploid
haploid
The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____. height ... girth height ... branching branching ... girth girth ... height branching ... flowers
height ... girth Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots through primary growth. Lateral meristems add girth to woody plants through secondary growth.
All seed plants _____ produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte are heterosporous produce flowers are nonvascular exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation
heterosporous produce separate male and female spores
Key features of seed plants facilitating life on land include three of the following four traits. Select the exception. reduced gametophytes pollen seeds homospory
homospory
Key features of seed plants facilitating life on land include three of the following four traits. Select the exception. reduced gametophytes seeds homospory pollen
homospory
The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. mycelia ... dikaryon hyphae ... mycelium hyphae ... chytrid sporangia ... dikaryon mycelia ... hypha
hyphae ... mycelium
Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms? male gametophyte male sporophyte female gametophyte female sporophyte
male gametophyte
Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen tube? female gametophyte male sporophyte male gametophyte female sporophyte
male gametophyte
What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant? Megaspores or microspores Sperm or eggs Male or female gametophytes
megaspores or microspores the life cycles of a pine tree and an angiosperm, respectively. In both life cycles, meiosis produces microspores (which develop into male gametophytes within pollen grains) or a megaspore (which develops into a female gametophyte or embryo sac within an ovule).
Carpels and stamens are gametophyte plants in their own right. modified sporophylls. sporophyte plants in their own right. spores. gametes.
modified sporophylls
In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with multicellular polyploid forms. multicellular diploid forms. multicellular haploid forms. unicellular diploid forms. unicellular haploid forms
multicellular diploid forms.
Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of _____. carbohydrates nitrogen and other minerals energy lipids and steroids
nitrogen and other minerals
Which of the following can be used to determine a twig's age? number and arrangement of axillary buds number of apical bud scar rings length of internodes number of leaf scars
number of apical bud scar rings
Apical meristems ________. occur in both roots and shoots of plants occur only in roots of plants occur only in shoots of plants allow plants to move from one place to another
occur in both roots and shoots of plants
Angiosperm double fertilization is so-called because it features the formation of one embryo from two eggs fertilized by a single sperm cell. two embryos from one egg and two sperm cells one embryo from one egg fertilized by two sperm cells two embryos from two sperm cells and two eggs. one embryo involving one sperm cell and an endosperm involving a second sperm cell.
one embryo involving one sperm cell and an endosperm involving a second sperm cell.
Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except seeds. ovules. pollen. ovaries. vascular tissue.
ovaries fruits!!
ovules are found within the anther filament style petal ovary
ovary
Which of the following contains multiple gymnosperm ovules? ovulate cone megasporangium megaspore integument
ovulate cone An immature ovulate cone contains multiple ovules. An ovulate cone will become a mature gymnosperm cone after all of the ovules mature into seeds.
Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? fruit stamen ovary ovule
ovule
Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? anthers stigma ovule ovary carpel
ovule
Suppose two species live in close contact with each other. One species benefits by eating the tissues of the other, and the other is harmed (by having its tissues consumed). The ecological interaction between these species is an example of mutualism and parasitism. parasitism and symbiosis. symbiosis and mutualism. symbiosis and commensalism.
parasitism and symbiosis.
A lateral root originates in the ________. endodermis pericycle cortex epidermis
pericycle
Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? anthers ovaries stamens carpels petals
petals Petals play a role in attracting pollinators.
Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except _____. animals fungi plants protists
plants
Epiphytes are _____. aerial vines common in tropical regions plants that live in poor soil and digest insects to obtain nitrogen plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts plants that have a symbiotic relationship with fungi
plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? lignin present in cell walls megaphylls sporopollenin pollen
pollen
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? use of air currents as a dispersal agent lignin present in cell walls megaphylls pollen sporopollenin
pollen
Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms? nonfertile flower parts triploid endosperm pollen carpels fruits
pollen
The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____ heterospory pollen ovules sporophylls cones
pollen In seed plants, the use of airborne pollen to bring gametes together is a terrestrial adaptation.
The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. male sporophytes endosperm pollen grains megaspores embryo sacs
pollen grains
Which group is incorrectly paired with its description? diatoms-important producers in aquatic communities apicomplexans-parasites with intricate life cycles rhizarians-morphologically diverse group defined by DNA similarities diplomonads-protists with modified mitochondria red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
What is the main cause of guttation in plants? root pressure plant injury condensation of atmospheric water pressure flow in phloem transpiration
root pressure
Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function? sclerenchyma: supporting cells with thick secondary wall ground meristem: protective coat of woody stems and roots periderm: parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves guard cells: waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
sclerenchyma: supporting cells with thick secondary wall
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of secondary endosymbiosis. budding of the plastids from the nuclear envelope. evolution from mitochondria. origin of the plastids from archaea. fusion of plastids.
secondary endosymbiosis
The bark of a tree trunk is made up of ________. secondary phloem and layers of periderm heart wood heart wood and sap wood secondary phloem
secondary phloem and layers of periderm
Heartwood and sapwood consist of _____. cork secondary phloem secondary xylem periderm
secondary xylem
Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity? secondary xylem tubers trichomes leaves
secondary xylem
In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____. seed coat endosperm fruit sporophyte cotyledon
seed coat the integuments of the ovule develop into a tough seed coat.
What are the main components of a mature gymnosperm seed? Select all that apply. ovule seed coat food supply megasporangium megaspore pollen grain embryo
seed coat, food supply, embryo A mature seed contains food and protection for the new diploid sporophyte generation (the embryo). Eventually, the seed may germinate, giving rise to a mature sporophyte.
In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____. sporophyte gametophyte archegonium spore antheridium
sporophyte the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant in vascular plants; in bryophytes the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant.
Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. Plants have diploid and haploid phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. Plants produce spores. Fungi have cell walls.
Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic
Which of the following experiments is the best way to determine if an element is essential for plant growth? Measure the amount of the element in the soil after plant growth. Grow a plant using hydroponics with and without the element. Measure the amount of the element stored in plant tissues. Measure the weight of the plant and soil before and after plant growth
Grow a plant using hydroponics with and without the element.
Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, what would be true of such a taxon? It would be polyphyletic. It would be paraphyletic. It would be monophyletic. It would include all eukaryotes.
It would be polyphyletic.
What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant?: Sperm or eggs Megaspores or microspores Male or female gametophytes
Megaspores or microspores In both life cycles, meiosis produces microspores (which develop into male gametophytes within pollen grains) or a megaspore (which develops into a female gametophyte or embryo sac within an ovule).
Which of the features below are found in all protist lineages? mitochondria plastids organelles that arose by secondary endosymbiosis
Mitochondria - Scientists used to think that some groups of protists lacked mitochondria, but they have since discovered that many of these protists have at least modified mitochondria. Read about the diplomonads and parabasalids
Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem? Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant. Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport. Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement. Sugar transport does not require energy. Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources.
Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.
hich of the following soil minerals is most likely leached away during a hard rain? Na+ Ca++ NO3- K+
NO3- anions dont bind to soil but are readily leachable
The solute most abundant in phloem sap is _____. water amino acids sugar hormones minerals
Phloem transports sugar from a sugar source to a sugar sink.
Which statement(s) correctly describe(s) the interactions between plants and fungi? Select all that apply. Plants are harmed by fungal pathogens. Plants depend on fungi as mutualistic symbionts. Plants compete with fungi for access to soil nutrients.
Plants are harmed by fungal pathogens. Plants depend on fungi as mutualistic symbionts.
Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate? Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important. Protection of the zygote from competitors for light was more important in air than in water. Zygotes in plants are more likely to germinate quickly after release from the parent plant than are zygotes released from algal organisms. Zygotes in plants are more independent of parental tissue than are algal zygotes.
Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important.
Which group of organisms (ciliates, animals, or plants) has the most complex cells? ciliates animals plants
Single-celled protists are justifiably considered the simplest eukaryotes, but at the cellular level, many protists are very complex. For example, the single cell of a ciliate such as Paramecium is much more complex than any one cell in your body. Read about structural and functional diversity in protists.
Which term below is the proposed kingdom that would include embryophytes and charophytes? Bryophyta Plantae Pteridophyta Streptophyta Viridiplantae
Streptophyta
Can you identify the ploidy of different structures? The megaspore. The embryo The sporophyte generation is The gametophyte generation is
The megaspore is haploid. The embryo is diploid. The sporophyte generation is diploid. The gametophyte generation is haploid The sporophyte generation, which is diploid, gives rise to the gametophyte generation, which is haploid, through meiosis.
A biological cycle with a period of about 24 hours is called _____. photoperiodism thigmotropism a circadian rhythm a biological clock abscission
The term "circadian rhythm" applies to events that follow approximately 24-hour cycles even in the absence of external cues.
Which of the following statements about decomposers is false? They play a key role in chemical recycling. They break down waste products, leaf litter, and the bodies of dead organisms. They include prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. They are autotrophs.
They are autotrophs.
How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue? They photosynthesize at a faster rate. They continue to divide. They store food. They are growing. They are differentiating.
They continue to divide. meristems are embryonic tissue
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common? They are all wind pollinated. They require water for reproduction. They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae. They are heterosporous.
They require water for reproduction.
_____ provides cells for secondary growth
Vascular cambium Vascular cambium is lateral meristem that provides cells for secondary growth.
Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between xylem and phloem transport? Phloem carries water and minerals; xylem carries organic molecules. Xylem sap moves from sugar source to sink, but phloem sap does not. Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down. Active transport moves xylem sap but not phloem sap. Transpiration moves phloem sap but not xylem sap.
Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down. The direction of movement in xylem is from roots to leaves. Phloem sap is transported throughout the plant from source to sink.
What is the driving force for the movement of solutes in the phloem of plants? adhesion of water to phloem sieve tubes transpiration of water through the stomata root pressure gravity a difference in water potential (Ψ) between the source and the sink
a difference in water potential (Ψ) between the source and the sink
A fruit is most commonly an enlarged ovule. a mature ovary. a mature female gametophyte. a modified root. a thickened style.
a mature ovary.
What does a short-day plant require in order to flower? a day that is longer than a certain length a burst of red light in the middle of the night a higher ratio of Pr to Pfr a burst of far-red light in the middle of the night a night that is longer than a certain length
a night that is longer than a certain length
Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division? a stem fiber a functional sieve tube element a parenchyma cell near the root tip a tracheid
a parenchyma cell near the root tip
One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____. only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots
The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the _____. stele periderm cortex pith
stele
In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. ovulate cone anther style stigma ovary
stigma (sticky)
A carpel is composed of _____. petal, sepal, and stamen stigma, style, and ovary zygote, anther, and endosperm ovule, megasporocyte, and anther ovary, ovule, and anther
stigma, style, and ovary
A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much _____ nitrogen sugar potassium phosphorus water
sugar phloem transports sugar not xylem
Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on phototropism by grass seedlings that the part of the seedling that detects the direction of light is the part of the coleoptile that bends during the response. base of the coleoptile. cotyledon. phytochrome in the leaves. tip of the coleoptile.
tip of the coleoptile.
Thigmotropism is a movement in response to _____. touch light gravity chemicals temperature
touch
Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity? tracheids and vessel elements parenchyma cells sieve-tube elements collenchyma cells
tracheids and vessel elements
The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to ________. transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues and use them to protect developing embryos absorb nutrients from the soil and form a symbiosis with fungi release toxins into the soil that reduced competition with other plants by poisoning nearby plants
transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller
A long-day plant will flower only under artificial light in the summer. in the late fall. regardless of the photoperiod imposed. during short days with proper fertilization. when the night is shorter than a critical value.
when the night is shorter than a critical value.
A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant? herbaceous monocot woody eudicot woody monocot herbaceous eudicot
woody eudicot
Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the girth of a tree by adding new __________ to the layer's interior and __________ to the layer's exterior. xylem and phloem ... bark phloem ... xylem xylem ... phloem pith ... xylem and phloem xylem ... cortex
xylem ... phloem The vascular cambium produces xylem at its interior and phloem at its exterior.
Select the correct statement about the life cycle of a fern. Plant gametophytes are haploid multicellular bodies. Plant sporophytes grow from haploid spores. In ferns, meiosis results in the formation of egg and sperm cells.
-Plant gametophytes are haploid multicellular bodies Plant gametophytes vary in size, but they are haploid and multicellular in all plant life cycles. Look for plant gametophytes in the basic sexual life cycle of plants and in the life cycles of nonvascular and seedless vascular plants.
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in the nucleus of an egg within the embryo sac prior to fertilization? 8 16 24 32
8
What is present in a shoot apical meristem region? I) the region of cell division II) immature buds and leaves III) cells that will give rise to the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium only I only II only III I, II, and III
I, II, and III
You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? It is probably an herbaceous eudicot. It is probably a monocot. It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot. It will probably get annual rings of wood.
It is probably a monocot.
Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as _____. indeterminate weedy perennial primary
indeterminate
What is the function of cork? providing a site for photosynthesis insulation and waterproofing regulating the opening and closing of stomata providing cells for secondary growth providing cells for primary growth
insulation and waterproofing of roots and stems
Topsoil _____ is devoid of charged particles is the relatively inert upper layer of soil is a mixture of rock fragments, living organisms, and humus does not retain water is uniform in texture
is a mixture of rock fragments, living organisms, and humus produced by the erosion of rock by living organisms and is rich in decomposing organic matter (humus).
For an element to be considered a macronutrient _____. must be a large atom it must be available in large amounts it should consist of three or more subunits it must be required in relatively large amounts it must have a high atomic mass
it must be required in relatively large amounts
The sundew plant has to digest insects because _____. it has lost the ability to perform photosynthesis its flowers are fertilized by pollen in its digestive tract it's a method of self-cleaning to rid the plants of insects that get stuck in the plant it lives in a dry environment and uses moisture from the insects' bodies it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil
it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil
Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____. roots and leaves stems and leaves leaves stems roots
leaves
What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? leaves sporophylls the waxy cuticle rhizoids lignified vascular tissue
lignified vascular tissue The polymer lignin strengthens the xylem and phloem, giving the plant more support and allowing it to grow taller.
Microphylls are found in which plant group? hornworts ferns mosses lycophytes liverworts
lycophytes
The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always is called the gametophyte is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage produces spores develops from a spore produces eggs and sperm
produces spores
Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group? entamoebas amoeboid stage of cellular slime molds oomycetes gymnamoebas radiolarians and forams
radiolarians and forams
A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group? dinoflagellates green algae golden algae red algae brown algae
red algae
Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle zygote spore-producing structures mycelium hypha
the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle--> produced by plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)
Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast? the interior of a vessel element the cell wall of a root hair an extracellular air space the interior of a sieve tube the cell wall of a mesophyll cell
the interior of a sieve tube
Which of the following is found inside a pollen grain? the male gametophyte the megaspore the female gametophyte the sporophyte
the male gametophyte A pollen grain contains the male gametophyte. Pollination of the ovule begins the process of fertilization, which results in the merging of the haploid male and female gametophytes to form a diploid zygote.
Which criteria allow biologists to divide chemicals into macronutrients and micronutrients? the quantities of each required by plants molecular weight of the element or compound whether or not they are essential for plant growth how they are used in metabolism
the quantities of each required by plants
