Mastering Biology Unit 3 Evolution Test

What does it mean that organisms have a nearly universal genetic code?

What does it mean that organisms have a nearly universal genetic code? A specific DNA sequence encodes the same information in one species as it would in nearly any other.

The figure shows eyes found among living molluscs, ranging from a patch of pigmented cells in a limpet to a complex, image-forming eye in a squid. Is it possible that a structure as complex as an image-forming eye evolved by natural selection?

Yes, if the photoreceptor cells and simple eyes that preceded it were useful to the animals in which they arose.

Allele frequencies in a gene pool may shift randomly and by chance. What is this random shift called?

genetic drift

Complete the data table for the 11 sampling sites by estimating the frequency of lap94lap94 from the pie charts. (Hint: Think of each pie chart as a clock face to help you estimate the proportion of the shaded area.) Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the data table.

https://quizlet.com/423632037/mastering-biology-chp-21-hw-flash-cards/ [picture in that other quizlet]

In Europe, there is a long narrow hybrid zone, shown in red on the map, between the high-altitude habitat of the yellow-bellied toad and the lowland habitat of the fire-bellied toad. Despite this, there is little gene flow between the two species. Select the correct explanation.

Hybrids have poor survival and reproduction and thus produce few viable offspring with members of either parent species.

Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis of "an RNA world" on early Earth?

Some RNA molecules are important catalysts in modern cells.

A heritable trait is one that

is determined at least in part by genes passed from parents to offspring.

Charles Darwin __________.

proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

You read about soapberry bugs and select the correct statement describing relative fitness in these individuals.

A soapberry bug with high relative fitness has a relatively high number of offspring that survive to reproductive age.

//accidentally lost this one

//accidentally lost this one

One out of 10,000 babies born in North America is affected by cystic fibrosis, a recessive condition. Assuming that the North American human population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this trait, what percentage of the population is heterozygous for this trait? (Remember the equation for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.)

2%

Darwin and Wallace independently arrived at the same conclusion that species change over time. Which observations supported their conclusions? A.) Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. B.) The bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon. C.) Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. D.) Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. E.) Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. F.) The fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths Darwin encountered.

A.) Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. B.) The bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon. C.) Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. D.) Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. E.) Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. F.) The fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths Darwin encountered.

Darwin and Wallace made independent observations in different parts of the world. Which statements are true? Select all that apply. A.) Both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species. B.) Both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time. C.) Both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties. D.) Darwin observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time. The island species Wallace observed showed little variation. E.) Wallace collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species. Darwin's collections were destroyed by fire.

A.) Both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species. B.) Both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time. C.) Both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties.

Scientists working in the fields of both genetics and archaeology have made discoveries that help us understand the origin of maize. Which statement(s) best reflect the way(s) each discipline's work support evidence generated by the other? Select all that apply. A.) Geneticists used DNA data to determine how long ago maize was domesticated. Archaeologists then verified the conclusion by dating maize microfossils. B.) Geneticists used archaeological data to identify how many genes controlled the changes from teosinte to maize. C.) Genetics data pinpointed the likely location of the earliest maize domestication, which allowed archaeologists to find fossil evidence of early maize in caves. D.) Archaeologists first determined where maize was first domesticated. From there, geneticists calculated how long ago that was.

A.) Geneticists used DNA data to determine how long ago maize was domesticated. Archaeologists then verified the conclusion by dating maize microfossils. C.) Genetics data pinpointed the likely location of the earliest maize domestication, which allowed archaeologists to find fossil evidence of early maize in caves. explanation: genetic evidence pointed the archaeologists to a specific locality to look for evidence of maize domestication; archaeologists found microfossils on grinding stones that matched that age of the earliest maize predicted by DNA analysis

What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand? A.) Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals. B.) Manatee finger bones must have an important function, necessary for the animal's survival. C.) Manatees use their flippers like humans use their hands. D.) Manatees were specially created in their current form, including the arm and finger bones inside their flippers.

A.) Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of related groups of organisms. Organisms are grouped into taxa based on homologous characteristics, shared traits that result from common ancestry. Which statement is true? A.) The term "monophyletic" refers to a taxon that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. B.) Homologous structures look the same and serve the same function, but they differ in evolutionary origin and structure. C.) Ancestral traits are always simpler than derived traits.

A.) The term "monophyletic" refers to a taxon that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

Dr. Doebley and his team compared the DNA sequence of maize to that of a number of teosinte varieties from throughout Mexico; what did their analysis reveal? A.) maize is most closely related to a teosinte variety in the Balsas region of Mexico B.) maize originated from a variety of teosinte that existed about 9,000 years ago C.) maize and teosinte could interbreed to produce viable hybrid plants D.) mutations in five genes are responsible for the differences between maize and teosinte

A.) maize is most closely related to a teosinte variety in the Balsas region of Mexico B.) maize originated from a variety of teosinte that existed about 9,000 years ago explanation: molecular evidence pointed to both a location and a timeframe for maize domestication

George Beadle concluded that teosinte is the likely ancestor of maize (corn), even though the two plants appear very different. What evidence did Dr. Beadle collect that led to his conclusion? Select all that apply. A.) teosinte and maize have similar chromosomes B.) both teosinte and maize have naked, soft kernels C.) teosinte and maize can produce fertile hybrids D.) both teosinte and maize are supported by a single stalk

A.) teosinte and maize have similar chromosomes C.) teosinte and maize can produce fertile hybrids

After his journey on the HMS Beagle, Darwin made this now-famous sketch in his notebook. Which ideas does it represent? A.) Species are the product of special creation by God and not subject to natural laws. B.) All species are linked to one another by common ancestry. C.) Species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents. D.) All species are connected to one another in a "family tree." E.) Species are constant and unchanging in their present forms.

B.) All species are linked to one another by common ancestry. C.) Species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents. D.) All species are connected to one another in a "family tree."

Identify the pair of homologous structures. A.) Maple leaf and maple seed B.) Maple leaf and oak leaf C.) Neither of the above; plants do not have homologous structures.

B.) Maple leaf and oak leaf

When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species? A.) Most scientists thought species had been created in their current forms and were unchangeable, but Darwin believed in a natural origin of species. B.) Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time. C.) Most scientists thought species were the product of natural processes, but Darwin had different ideas. D.) Most scientists, including Darwin, thought species were the product of natural processes and changed over time.

B.) Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time.

Which observations led Darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals? Select all that apply. A.) Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. B.) The fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live. C.) The bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils. D.) Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. E.) Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. F.)Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences.

B.) The fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live. C.) The bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils.

Teosinte kernels are covered in a hard fruitcase, whereas maize kernels are "naked." What happened when Dr. Doebley's team introduced maize's version of the fruitcase gene into teosinte plants? A.) the teosinte kernels were all naked, just like those of maize B.) the teosinte kernels were partially exposed C.) the teosinte kernels became enclosed in an even tougher fruitcase D.) the teosinte plants had two kinds of kernels, some with no fruitcase at all and some with an intact fruitcase

B.) the teosinte kernels were partially exposed explanation: the teosinte with the maize fruitcase regulatory gene produces seeds that are partway to being maize kernels

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? A.) Body parts that are not used deteriorate over time. B.) Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. C.) Both Answer 2 and Answer 5 are correct. D.) Organisms only go extinct when catastrophes occur. E.) Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive and reproduce.

C.) Both Answer 2 and Answer 5 are correct.

Soapberry bugs use needlelike "beaks" to feed on seeds within the fruits of various plants. Bugs feed most successfully when their beak length matches the size of the fruit on which they are feeding. For 25 years, populations of soapberry bugs in central Florida have been feeding on small goldenrain tree fruits that were introduced to the area, rather than on the larger native balloon vine fruits that serve as food for other soapberry bug populations. Beak lengths of soapberry bugs are variable, but the average beak length is shorter in soapberry bug populations that feed on goldenrain tree fruits than in populations that feed on balloon vine fruits, as shown in the graph. How does natural selection act on beak length in soapberry bug populations? A.) Natural selection decreases beak length in soapberry bug populations. B.) Natural selection increases beak length in soapberry bug populations. C.) The action of natural selection on beak length in soapberry bug populations varies with the environment.

C.) The action of natural selection on beak length in soapberry bug populations varies with the environment.

By crossing teosinte and maize through two generations (each producing F1F1 and F2F2 offspring), Dr. Beadle was able to estimate how many genes were involved in determining the major differences between the two species. [Table not included] Dr. Beadle planted about 50,000 seeds from the second cross. About 100 of these F2F2 offspring looked like teosinte, and about 100 like maize. Based on this result, how many genes did Dr. Beadle conclude could account for the differences between maize and teosinte? A.) three B.) four C.) four or five D.) three or four

C.) four or five explanation: Dr. Beadle predicted that about 200 of his 50,000 F₂ generation plants would look just like teosinte if four genes accounted for the differences between teosinte and maize, and about 50 if five genes were involved; his results of about 100 of the 50,000 plants looking just like teosinte suggests that four or five genes are involved

As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution? A.) Marsupial and placental mammals live in different habitats. Monkeys could only survive in the western islands and kangaroos in the eastern islands. B.) God specially created monkeys on one set of islands and kangaroos on the other. C.) Monkeys and tree kangaroos compete against one another and cannot live together. D.) The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other.

D.) The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other.

In which situation can just a few genes dramatically change an organism's entire appearance? A.) all situations, because in general, individual genes have big effects on an organism's appearance B.) when an organism has only a few genes C.) when the genes are each thousands of nucleotides long D.) when the genes each control the expression of many other genes

D.) when the genes each control the expression of many other genes explanation: changes to regulatory genes, which can control the expression of hundreds of other genes, can generate dramatic changes in an organism's overall phenotype

A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? A.) The ratios will not change. B.) There is no way to predict the result. C.) In two generations, all the fish will be mottled. D.) As the mottled fish are eaten, more will be produced to fill the gap. E.) The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.

E.) The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.

Adaptive radiations on archipelagos (island chains) represent some of the best-understood speciation events. Why is an ancestral species more likely to give rise to multiple descendent species on an archipelago than on an equal-sized area of mainland?

Populations on nearby islands are more likely to be genetically isolated than populations that are equally close to one another on the mainland.

Select the correct statement describing sympatric speciation.

Sympatric speciation can occur in a single generation.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has an allele that confers resistance to DDT and similar insecticides. Laboratory strains of D. melanogaster have been established from flies collected in the wild in the 1930s (before the widespread use of insecticides) and the 1960s (after 20 years of DDT use). Lab strains established in the 1930s have no alleles for DDT resistance. In lab strains established in the 1960s, the frequency of the DDT-resistance allele is 37%. Which statement is correct?

The evolutionary fitness associated with the heritable trait of DDT resistance changed once DDT use became widespread.

Considering various mechanisms that can alter allele frequency, which hypothesis can explain the patterns you observed in the data and account for the following observations: (1) The lap94lap94 allele helps mussels maintain osmotic balance in water with a high salt concentration but is costly to use in less salty water; (2) mussels produce larvae that can disperse long distances before they settle on rocks and grow into adults?

The frequency of the lap94lap94 allele at different sites results from an interaction between selection and gene flow.

How do the data from sites 9−−11 compare with the data from the sites within the Sound?

The frequency of the lap94lap94 allele is higher at sites 9−−11 than it is within the Sound; however, the northeast edge of the Sound has nearly the same frequency of the lap94lap94 allele as do sites 9−−11.