Mastering Chapter 5, Fats, Oils, and Other Lipids, Nutrition Mastering Chapter 5 - Exam 2, MasteringNutrition Chp. 5, chapter 5
Fatty acids that are liquid at room temperature are generally __________. A)unsaturated B)cholesterol C)saturated D)linoleic acid
A
The body has an unlimited ability to store excess energy as fat in __________. adipocytes enzymes glycogen cholesterol
A
The liver is able to synthesize all the __________ the body needs. cholesterol linoleic acid triglycerides omega-3 fatty acids
A
Which enzyme is responsible for the majority of the digestions of lipids? pancreatic lipase bile lingual lipase gastric lipase
A
Which of the following statements regarding lipoproteins is TRUE? --------------------- As the very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) deposit triglycerides in the cells, they become denser and are classified as low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). Plaque is a build-up of lipoproteins in the bloodstream. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are formed in the small intestines to transport absorbed dietary lipids. The enzyme lingual lipase is responsible for removing triglycerides transported by the LDL.
A
Which of the three lipids commonly found in foods are used to manufacture cell membranes? phospholipids sterols triglycerides None of these lipids is used in cell membranes.
A
Which of the following ingredients is/are indicative of added sugars in a food product?
a. Dextrose b. Corn syrup solids c. Molasses d. Nectars e. Dextrose f. All of the above Answer: F
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding Type 2 Diabetes?
a. In early stages, the pancreas can usually still produce insulin, but the body's cells have become "insulin resistant" b. During childhood, an auto-immune reaction destroys the pancreatic cells that make insulin, therefore the person does not produce any insulin Correct c. Obesity may act as a trigger for Type 2 Diabetes d. The pancreas may or may not stop producing insulin Answer: B
Enzymes in the gallbladder
bile
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are precursors needed to produce which type of biological compounds?
eicosandoids
Fat blockers are said to decrease the amount of fat absorbed in the ________.
small intestine
correct statements regarding how various dietary fats affect LDL cholesterol levels.
- Increasing intake of plant foods may be one of the easiest ways to decrease LDL cholesterol. -Trans fats are worse for heart health than saturated fats because they raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol. -Typically, the higher your consumption of saturated fats, the higher the LDL cholesterol levels in your blood.
Fat is digested and absorbed by the same process that digests and absorbs carbohydrates and proteins. A) False B) True
A
select the correct statements regarding the role of cholesterol in health and disease.
-Cholesterol is a key component of cell membranes. -Cholesterol is a component of bile.
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and CVD -Risk factors you can control
-Smoking -Physical activity level -Body weight -Type 2 diabetes -Factors that promote inflammation -HDL level -Hypertension
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and CVD -Risk factors you can't control
-Type 1 diabetes -Family history or heart disease -Gender -Agw
How atherosclerosis develops
1. arterial lining is injured 2. LDL and other substances seep through the injury and deposit within the arterial wall 3. LDL cholesterol becomes oxidized 4. Immune cells travel to the site and engulf the oxidized LDLs, and foam cells form 5. Foam cells accumulate to create a fatty streak 6. Plaque forms, and artery passageway narrows 7. blood flow is slowed or stopped
Take a bite of pizza steps
1. mechanical digestion by chewing breaks food down 2. lingual lipase begins chemical digestion of food 3. gastric lipase digests some triglycerides 4. the gallbladder secretes bile into the small intestine where it emulsifies at into smaller globules 5. With aid of pancreatic lipase, fats are futher broken down into free fatty acids and monoglycerides 6. Products of fat digestion are packaged into micelles and transported to the enterocytes 7. Shorter fatty acids enter the bloodstream for tansport, and chylomicrons are released into lymph vessels
On average, sugar alcohols provide how many calories per gram?
2
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is ______ of total energy.
20 to 35 percent
The structure of a triglyceride consists of ______
3 fatty acids with a glycerol backbone
How many different forms of lipids are commonly found in food? a. 6 b. 3 c. 2 d. 4
3; they are triglycerides, phospholidis and sterols.
The recommended intake of saturated fats is less than ________ of total energy intake.
7 to 10 percent
About 30 to _______ percent of the energy used at rest comes from fat.
70
Fat provides ______ kcals of energy per gram.
9
A meal containing 10 g of fat provides _____ kcal from fat.
90
A key difference between omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids is __________. A)the location of the first double bond B)hydrogenation of the omega bond C)the configuration or shape around the double bond D)omega-6 fatty acids never become rancid
A
Why does the FDA determine an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) with a 100-fold safety factor for nonnutritive sweeteners?
A 100-fold safety factor is to account for the fact that the studies were conducted in animals and for normal, genetic variation. The ADI is assigned when the HNEL is divided by 100 and is consistent with the FDA standard "reasonable certainty of no harm." The FDA has determined an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) with a 100-fold safety factor for nonnutritive sweeteners because nonnutritive sweeteners have showed to be safe when consumed within the daily intake levels under the standards that are mentioned above.
Immune cells that "squeeze" beneath the lining of the artery wall become foam cells after ingesting oxidized LDLs.
A person whose blood pressure is 140/90 is said to have hypertension.
What is not a common form of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
A. Coronary heart disease B. Diabetes C. Stroke D. Hypertension Answer: B
In the research study described in the video, which aimed to reduce the development of diabetes in high-risk individuals, what components were included in the lifestyle intervention group? (MARK ALL THAT APPLY)
A. Cut out sugar-sweetened beverages b. Lose 7% of their body weight Correct c. Increase the amount of vigorous physical activity to 60 minutes per week d. Use of Metformin e. Increase physical activity by 150 minutes per week Answer: B, E
Which class of lipoproteins contains the MOST protein compared to lipid? very-low-density lipoproteins chylomicrons low-density lipoproteins high-density lipoproteins
D
Which of the following foods is the best source of monounsaturated fatty acids? sour cream corn oil skim milk peanut oil
D
Which of the following is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids? meat fruit legumes fish
D
Which is the correct sequence of events in the development of atherosclerosis?
Arterial injury, inflammation, fatty streak, plaque formation
Cholesterol transported from the cells to the liver by HDL can then be used to synthesize bile. False True
B
Enzymes that digest lipids are called __________. sucrase lipases maltase lactase
B
Foods contain only one type of fatty acid, either saturated or unsaturated, but never both. True False
B
Foods that are rich in the essential fatty acids include whole grains. nuts and vegetable oils. meats. butter and dairy products.
B
Lipids enter the bloodstream directly after digestion. True False
B
Most lipid digestion occurs in the __________. large intestine small intestine stomach mouth
B
Most of the triglycerides in food reach the stomach without being chemically digested. A) False B) True
B
Phospholipids make good emulsifiers because __________. they are dense one end is hydrophilic, or water loving they are saturated they taste great
B
The two essential fatty acids are both A) saturated fatty acids. B) polyunsaturated fatty acids. C) trans fatty acids. D) monounsaturated fatty acids.
B
Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in foods. False True
B
What are micelles? emulsifiers used to break fat globules into small droplets during digestion clusters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other lipids surrounded by bile salts that transport lipids across the cell membrane of the villi lipid-digesting enzymes located in the small intestine a type of lipoprotein needed to absorb lipids
B
Which is the largest of all lipoproteins? VLDL chylomicron LDL HDL
B
Which of the following foods contains primarily saturated fats? skim milk butter peanuts olive oil
B
Which of the following is the best dietary recommendation relating to fats to promote good health? Aim for a fat-free diet. Limit intake of cholesterol, saturated fat, and trans fat. Eat saturated and unsaturated fats in equal proportions. Eat the Adequate Intake (AI) of cholesterol and phospholipids.
B
Which of the following is true of lipids? A) Lipids are not essential nutrients. B) Lipids are hydrophobic. C) Lipids are freely soluble in water. D) Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
B
Which type of fatty acid is most common in animal-based foods, such as steak, butter, and milk? monounsaturated fat saturated fat polyunsaturated fat
B
Which of the following statements is false? A) Bile plays a role in digestion. B) Once absorbed, dietary fat is transported from the intestinal cells to the blood through the lymph fluid. C) Significant chemical digestion begins in the duodenum. D) Fats are nonessential nutrients.
D
Making which dietary change can help lower LDL cholesterol levels?
Decrease dietary saturated fat intake
Which of the following statements describes the nature of emulsification?
Bile salts act to emulsify lipids in the small intestine, which helps pancreatic lipase access fats for further digestion.
High levels of triglycerides in the blood are associated with increased risk of A)kidney disease. B)osteoporosis. C)heart disease. D)gallbladder disease.
C
Ninety-five percent of the lipids in foods are A)sterols. B)phospholipids. C)triglycerides. D)lipoproteins.
C
Phospholipids are the primary components of RNA. mitochondria. cell membranes. DNA.
C
Which of the following foods is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acid? avocado steak corn oil olive oil
C
Which of the following statements regarding the structure of triglycerides is TRUE? ------------------------ Fatty acid chains in a triglyceride molecule with more than one double bond are referred to as saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have only one shape, referred to as a cis configuration, which bends at the double bond. A triglyceride consists of a fatty acid with three glycerol molecules attached. Fatty acid chains in a triglyceride molecule, which contain a single double bond, are referred to as monounsaturated fatty acids.
D
angina pectoris , also called chest pain, is the result of a blockage that reduces the flow of blood to heart.
Cell fragments in the blood, called platelets, help promote clotting and stick to blood vessels after they are damaged.
Cholesterol is a component of bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the small intestine, where it plays an important role in emulsifying fats.
Chylomicrons transport fat and cholesterol from a meal via the lymphatic system before entering the bloodstream. The liver is the site of the production of bile and some lipoproteins.
What is the structure of triglycerides?
Consists of 3 fatty acids attached to a 3 carbon glycerol backbone.
How many different forms of lipids are commonly found in food? four two six three
D
Martin is 45 years old and has a family history of heart disease. He watches his cholesterol intake carefully. Which of the following foods has the highest amount of cholesterol per serving and thus should Martin find an alternative for in his diet or consume infrequently? fresh fruit salad peach pie home-baked cookies whole-milk ice cream
D
VLDLs are the least dense of the lipoproteins produced by the liver.
VLDLs are transformed into LDLs after transport of triglycerides and cholesterol primarily to muscle and fat.
True or False. Fat is digested and absorbed by the same process that digests and absorbs carbohydrates and proteins.
False
Which of the following statements is false? a. Fats are nonessential nutrients b. Once absorbed, dietary fat is transported from the intestinal cells to the blood through the lymph fluid c. Significant chemical digestion begins in the duodenum d. Bile plays a role in digestion
Fats are nonessential nutrients. As essential nutrients, fats play important roles in providing long-term energy, as transports for fat-soluble vitamins, as precursor for hormones, and as parts of cell membranes.
Which substance secreted from the pancreas helps to release stored glucose from the body when blood glucose drops to help maintain normal blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
Diets high in trans fatty acids are MOST associated with:
Increased blood cholesterol levels
The major phospholipid in the cell is?
Lecithin
How does atherosclerosis contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease?
Lipid buildup leads to impaired blood flow.
________, which transports cholesterol to cells of the body, has the highest cholesterol content of lipoproteins.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Which breakfast follows the guidelines of the DASH diet?
One cup yogurt with half a cup fruit and nuts
Which of the 3 lipids commonly found in foods are used to manufacture cell membranes? a. triglycerides b. sterols c. phospholipids d. None of these lipids is used in cell membranes.
Phospholipids, function as protective membranes in both in and surrounding cells, aka as the "lipid bilayer"
Starch is considered a:
Polysaccharide
When each carbon is bonded with two hydrogen atoms, the chain is ______ with hydrogen. a. saturated b. occupied c. emulsified d. filled
Saturated
Which of the following substances is classified as a lipid?
Sterols
The doctor in the video explains that the root cause of many of the complications experienced by people with diabetes (e.g., blindness, kidney failure) is due to one common cause. What is this underlying cause?
Stiffening of the blood vessels within the body
Glycemic load is best defined as:
The amount of carbohydrate consumed multiplied by the glycemic index of that food
When a blood vessel leading to the heart is obstructed, a heart attack can result.
The coronary arteries are the large blood vessels that supply oxygen and other nutrients to the heart.
When fat enters the small intestine, the gallbladder releases an emulsifier called bile to break up the large fat globules into smaller fat droplets
The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine.
The researcher in the video described a study that was trying to identify whether they could prevent diabetes in high-risk individuals. Which experimental group in the study has the greatest reduction in their risk of developing diabetes?
The lifestyle intervention group
The enzyme gastric lipase, secreted in the stomach, begins the digestion of some triglycerides.
The most common fat in foods are made up of three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon glycerol backbone and are called triglycerides.
Which of the following best describes insulin resistance?
The pancreas secretes normal or elevated amounts of insulin, but the body's cells do not react to it, resulting in increased blood glucose levels
Role of LDL
This lipoprotein has the highest cholesterol content of all the lipoproetins and it deposits this cholesterol to cells of the body
Role of HDL
This lipoprotein is released from the liver and picks up cholesterol from cells to transport it back to the liver
Role of chlomicron
This lipoprotein tansports triglycerides and other lipids from the enterocytes into lymph
List 3 food items that are top contributors of added sugars to the American diet.
Three food items that are top contributors of added sugars to the American diet are sode and energy/sports drink sweetened with nutritive sweeteners, grain-based desserts, and candy.
Role of VLDL
Triglycerides make up the majority of lipids within this liporprotein and it serves to deliver these triglycerides from the liver to the body's cells including fat cells
True or False Most of the triglycerides in food reach the stomach without being chemically digested
True
True or False Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in foods?
True
Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is when the body does not produce enough insulin which creates high blood sugar (glucose) levels. It is most frequently diagnosed in adolescents and has a genetic link. During type 1 diabetes the liver releases glucose into bloodstream but the beta cells of pancreas are damaged or destroyed. Therefore, little or no insulin is released into bloodstream. Since there is an absence of insulin, glucose is not taken up by cells. Which results in high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. It is classified as an autoimmune disease. Type 2 diabetes develops progressively over time and the body cells become insensitive or unresponsive to insulin. Obesity is most common trigger for type 2 diabetes. There are variations of type 2 diabetes: insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose, and prediabetes. When someone has type 2 diabetes the liver releases glucose into bloodstream and the beta cells of pancreas release insulin into bloodstream. Insulin is present in type 2 diabetes, however, cells fail to respond adequately. Therefore, the pancreas must produce a progressively higher amount of insulin to stimulate cells to uptake glucose and high levels of glucose remain in the bloodstream. In type 2 diabetes, eventually the pancreas may become unable to produce any insulin.
A risk factor is a characteristic, variable, or behavior that increases the probability of developing CVD. An example is smoking.
When foam cells accumulate, a fatty streak is formed.
Fat is stored in _________ for later use.
adipose tissue
Atherosclerosis is a disease of narrowing of the _______.
arteries
The main ingredient in many current fat blockers is ________.
chitosan
protein is denser than fat, and determines the overall density of a lipoprotein.
chylomicrons are the only type of lipoprotein that gets circulated in the lymph.
What are micelles?
clusters of bile salts that transport lipids across the cell membrane of the villi
Which group of foods is a good source of polyunsaturated fats?
corn oil, walnuts, safflower oil, tuna
In a refined grain food item (e.g., white bread), what part of the grain are we eating?
endosperm
Diets extremely low in fat may be deficient in ________.
essential fatty acids
Which of the following hormones is produced from cholesterol?
estrogen
During the milling process of grains (refining), none of the nutrients are lost, so white bread has all of the same vitamins and minerals as a whole grain bread.
false
Lipids enter the bloodstream directly after digestion.
false
Saccharin, a nonnutritive sweetener, is banned in the United States due to studies that found an association with tumor development in rats, and is thus determined not to be safe for human consumption.
false
When we eat meat products (e.g., steak, chicken), which are animal muscle, we are consuming carbohydrates in the form of glycogen.
false
Once an individual is diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes, they will always have it.
false Lifestyle changes can help reverse diabetes.
A "stone ground" grain product is always whole grain.
false This method is used in both whole and refined grain products.
High fat intake is especially difficult to avoid if you regularly eat ___________.
fast food
The building blocks of lipids are ________ a. glycerol b. ketone bodies c. amino acids d. fatty acids
fatty acids
Enzymes in the stomach
gastric lipase and gastrin
Which of the following can be directly absorbed in the digestive system?
glucose
Every carbon atom in a saturated fat is saturated with ___________.
hydrogen
Fatty acids can be used _______ by cells for energy.
immediately
Our bodies synthesize cholesterol in the liver and _________
intestines
cholesterol is a lipid with a multiple-ring structure, and is an important component of cell membranes
lecithins are phospholipids that are used to make bile. chylomicrons are lipoproteins produced in the enterocyte that carry fats and cholesterol from the intestine through the lymph system and to the bloodstream.
Enzymes in the mouth
lingual lipase
The DASH diet can be helpful in reducing risk for CVD by ____.
lowering blood lipid levels and lowering blood pressure
Enzymes in the small intestine
micelles and cholecystokinin
This enzyme, which breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids, is called pancreatic lipase.
micelles are carriers made up of bile and phospholipids that can trap monoglycerides and fatty acids and transport digested fats from food to the enterocytes.
Diabetes is listed as a contributing factor on approximately what proportion of death certificates in the U.S.?
one third
The gallbladder, liver, and _______ assist in fat digestion.
pancreas
Enzymes in the pancreas
pancreatic lipase
Which enzyme digest lipids in the small intestine?
pancreatic lipase
When there is a sufficient buildup of cholesterol, lipids, and scar tissue in the arterial wall to impair blood flow, atherosclerosis has developed.
plaque is a thick, grainy deposit that consists of proteins, calcium, foam cells, platelets, and other substances.
The strongest association between dietary fat intake and cancer relates to _______.
prostate cancer
Cholesterol is the most common ______ in the diet.
sterol
Hypertension (high blood pressure) signals an increased risk of heart attack and ________.
stroke
Triglycerides consist of _____ fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone.
three
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) primarily transport _____ to the body's cells.
triglycerides
HDLs are the densest type of lipoprotein that circulates in the blood stream; they serve to remove cholesterol from cells and deliver it to the liver
triglycerides are found in the center of lipoproteins and make up the majority of both chylomicrons and VLDLs' composition.
An example of a compound synthesized from cholesterol is ________.
vitamin D
To increase intake of omega-3 fatty acids, include fish, canola oil, ground flax seeds, or _____ in your diet.
walnuts