Match the disease with an infectious agent

Mycoplasma pneumoniae ( Wall-less microbe)

" Walking Pneumonia"

Prevention of rabies

-preexposure prophylaxis: injection of the human diploid cells vaccine ( HDCV) virus grown in human cell culture then inactivated or PCEC ( grown in check embryo) - postexposure treatment: vaccine plus rabies immunoglobun ( RIG)

HIV lenetiviral retrovirus

AIDS (Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome) Attacks CD4+ T-cells, glial cells First stage: AIDS related complex (fevers headaches, rash) Second stage: AIDS ( depletion of T cells, opportunistic infections: thrush, Pneumocystis jiroveci) Third Stage: AIDS-related dementia Fourth Stage: Rare cancers ( kaposi's sarcoma via herpes virus type 8 infection)

Staphylococcus aureus

BACTERIAL Boils: Walled off from body with fibrin. Can produce toxic shock super-antigen - other strains make exfoliative toxin such as " Scalded skin" syndrome

MRSA

BACTERIAL methicillin-resistant S. aureus Horizontal transfer of drug resistant genes Evolved in environment with high levels of antibodies ** Resistant to all drugs EXCEPT vancomycin

Streptococcus pyogenes ( Group A strep or GAS)

BACTERIAL Causes " strep throat" and complications from that like rheumatic fever. Necrotizing fascitis " flesh eating" Cellulitis: common in people without lymph nodes

Cellulitis

BACTERIAL Etiological Agents: Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyogenes

Scalded skin syndrome & Impetigo

BACTERIAL Etiological Agents: Staphylococcus aureus ( G+ cocci)

Scarlet fever & Erysipelas

BACTERIAL Etiological Agents: Streptococcus pyogenes ( G+ cocci)

EPEC, EAEC, ETEC, EHEC

Bacteria remaining outside epithelial cells; can still inject toxins review more on lecture 22

Salmonella, Shigella, Enteroinvasive E coli ( EIEC)

Bacteria that invade epithelial mucosa; block protein sythesis, damage endothelia ( capillary damage, loss of blood, clots) Dysentery ( diarhea with blood or mucous)

Folliculitis

Bacterial Etiological Agents: Staphylococcus aureus ( G+ cocci); fibrin wall around abscess renders it poorly accessible to antibiotics

Pneumonic plague

Bacterium Yersinia pestis inhaled: highly infectious

Septicemic plague

Bacterium Yersinia pestis moves into bloodstream

Bubonic plague

Bacterium Yersinia pestis moves into lymph nodes

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Blastomycosis fungal disease

Dermatophytes

Broad group of fungi that cause skin infections common terms: " ring worm", Athelete's foot", " tinea"

Brucella abortus

Brucellosis

Cytomegalovirus ( CMV); dsDNA

CMV viral disease

Meningitis

CNS infections from bacterial or viral meningitis infection of meninges membrane surrounding the brain

Streptococcus mutans aka viridans streptococci

Can enter bloodstream during dental procedures Grows slowly on heart valves surrounded by bio-film so difficult to treat

Candida albicans

Candidiasis fungal disease thrush ( Oral); vaginal yeast infections can also cause invasive disease in some cases

Uropathogenic E.COli

Causes 75% of UTIs P-type pili ( fimbriae) adhere to cells against urine stream; may grow in reservoir protected by biofilms Bladder pods- observed in mouse model high bacterial concentration on cell surface - secreted material " Uroplakin" prevents antibiotic penetration

Haemophilus ducreyi

Chancroid; STD symptoms: painful genital lesions

Proteinaceous infectious particles that cause spongiform encephalopathies

Creutzfelt-Jakob, Kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal famililial insomnia, mad cow disease, wasting disease improperly folded proteins form aggregates that damage the brain

Corynebacterium diptheriae ( G+ rod)

Diphtheria bacterial respiratory tract disease Tracheal pseudomembrane

Blood-borne viruses

Ebola, HIV, Hepatitis ( indicates liver inflammation)

Necrotizing fasciitis

Etiological Agents: Streptococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Clostridium perfringens " flesh eating" BACTERIA

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

GONORRHEA; sexually trasmitted disease - gram negative proteobacterium -bacteria in discharge - men exhibit pain and discharge but women often asymptomatic, this can causes inflammatory disease as well as sterility - most people can be re-infected - antibiotic resistant strains are becoming common -can bind to CD4+ T helper cells and inhibit Tcell activation

Herpes simplex 2

Genital Herpes Symptoms: Painful ulcers on external genitals; painful urination

HUman papillomaviruses ( HPV) dsDNA nonenveloped

Genital Warts transmitted by sexual contact: virus particles are resistant to inactivation by disinfectants, there may be more transmission by non-sexual contact than we realize Vaccines are available to prevent cancer: recommended for adolescent males & females ** extremely ONCOGENIC: HPV16 & HPV18 Cervical cancer: 90% and anal cancer cases are associated with HPV

Picornavirus ( ss-RNA)

HAV Hepatitis A disease resolves also food borne

hepadnavirus ( dsDNA)

HBV Hepatitis B

Flavivirus ( ss+ RNA )

HCV Hepatitis C

sickle cell variant of hemoglobin protects carriers

HbS HbC oxidation products of hemoglobin variants inhibit actrin cytoskeleton development in infected rbcs shorter actin filaments in HbCC and hbSC trophozoite-infected erythrocytes vesicles not attached to actin as in hbAA

Influenza & Parainfluenza viruses ( ssRNA ( -), segmented )

Influenza virus effects often systematic ( muscle pains)

Bacillus anthracis ( G+ rod)

Inhalation anthrax

Legionella pneumophila ( G-rod)

Legionnaires' disease Legionellosis

Borrelia burdorferi spirochete

Lyme disease source: deer tick treated with penicillin and tertacycline proteobacteria

4 protozoan plasmodiums: Plasmodium falciparum, P.vivx, P. ovale, P. malariae cause

Malaria One of most serious infectious diseases 1-3 mill deaths/yr

Neisseria meningitidis

Meningococcal meningitis Thick capsule so more resistant to complement than N. Gonorrhoeae Causes inflammation with purpuric spots Uses type IV pili in invasion crosses from capilary into CSF VERY DIFFICULT TO TREAT ONCE IN THE MENINGES Effective vaccines to capsule components finally avaliable

Urinary Tract Infections

Most UTIS are caused by gram negative bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract that grow in urine. - Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Uropathogenic E.Coli (UPEC)

Ecoli Enterohemorrhagic EHEC ( O157:H7)

bacteria remaining outside epitheliali cells but can still inject toxins by secreting Tir into host cells and producing Shiga toxin O157 serotype of LPS H7 serotype of flagella EPEC also secretes Tir

whooping cough

bordatella pertussis respiratory tract infections decreases effectivess of cilia by binding cilia and inhibiting its movement

Clostridium botulinum

botulin toxin ( BOTOX) anaerobe, grows in canned food toxin is usually ingested spores survive unless autoclaved toxin blocks release of actylcholine: causes flaccid paralysis and prevents muscle movement

Rotaviruses ( dsRNA Reovirus)

can easily be fatal for small children without prompt rehydration Most common cause of stomach flu

Blastomyces dermatitidis dimorphic fungus

causes Blastomyces dermatitidis fungal RT infection in soil, people inhale in wooded areas. -spores are inhaled; in the body, fungus grows like budding yeast - only 50% of those get flu-like symptoms - diagnosis via fungal culture or microscopy of infected tissue - treated with antifungals

Histoplasma capsulatum

causes Histoplasmosis

Varicella-Zoster-herpes virus ( dsDNA)

chicken pox, shingles Viruses that cause skin rash

Vibrio cholerae

cholera Haiti epidemic

Rhinovirus

common cold viral resolves without treatment

Rickettsia prowazekii

epidemic typhus proteobacteria

LIsteria

extremely dangerous food-bourne pathogen

Noroviruses ( Norwalk virus, + strand RNA Calicivirus)

highly infectious; some cases can causes lethal dehydration

Malaria Prozoan Plasmodium species

infect livers and RBC new merozoites release every 48/72 hrs many parasites killed in each generation switch proteins placed on rbc surfaces constantly eludes immune system resistance to artemisinin is beginning to be a problem

Endocarditis

inflammation of the hearts inner lining can be bacterial or viral opportunistic infections of streptococcus mutans ( viridans streptococci) viral infection: Adenovirus, enteroviruses

Leptospira interrogans

leptospirosis standard vaccination for animals-- spirochete

Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV); ssRNA ( -)

negative strand single stranded RNA, enveloped virus. MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PNEUMONIA AMONG INFANTS Infections remains localized in the lungs

Chlamydia trachomatis

nongonococcal urethritis; STD MOST FREQUENT REPORTED STI IN THE USA can also cause tranchoma of the eye few symptoms in women ( sterilization) Obilgate intracellular gram negative bacteria grow as reticulate bodies, transmitted as elementary bodies.

Septicemia bacteremia

presence of microbes in blood bacteria in the blood

SARS virus & MERS ( Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome) Coronaviruses

severe acute respiratory syndrome causes fevers chills cough can be fatal SARS transmitted person to person while MERS mostly via animals like caMELS

Human papilloma virus

some types cause skin warts Viruses that cause skin rash

Helicobacter pylori

stomach ulcers secretes urease converts urea to NH4+ neutralizes stomach acid

Trichomonas vaginalis

trichomoniasis; STD 2/3 mill infections/yr in US transmitted via trophozoite stage reservoirs are the male urethra and female vagina feeds on bacteria in the vagina treated with metronidazole

Francisella tularensis

tularemia proteobacteria

Salmonella typhi & s, cholerasuis

typhoid fever proteobacteria

Vibrio vulnificus

vibriosis proteobacteria

Gastroenteritis

watery diarrhea and vomiting mainly caused by viruses ** Antibiotics are inappropriate treatment for viruses** - it could allow clostridium difficile to grow and then cause gastrointenstinal therapy

Clostridium tetani

Tetanus toxin - anaerobe, grows in punctured wounds - blood flow interrupted, tissue becomes anaerobic - exotoxin " tetanospasmin" blocks release of GABA inhibitory transmitter: causes excessive nerve signaling to muscles; causes spastic paralysis; muscles contract uncontrollably, lethal spasms

Most common types of Dermatophytes

Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans fungi

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis detected with acid fast stain Reemerging disease that forms calcified tubercles in lungs. Slow growing, with strong cell wall ( with mycolic acid) making it very hard to kill; requires a long term antibiotic treatment. Can spread into the bloodstream and has a high mortality rate due to multidrug resistant strains and highly susceptibility of HIV patients

Rubella ( ssRNA (+))

VIRAL Togavirus " German Measles" Etiological agent: Rubella virus [ssRNA (+)]

Mosquito borne encephalitis viruses

West Nile: birds, mammales, culex & aedes mosquitos Easter equine: birds & horses St. Louis and others

Bordetella pertussis ( G - coccobacillus)

Whooping cough; decreases effectivess of cilia by binding cilia and inhibiting its movement in trachaea

Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning

Secreted toxin in food is cause of illness Bacterial infection doesn't establish in intestine

Variola major ( dsDNA)

Smallpox, pox-virus

Soporothrix schenckii

Sporotrichosis fungal disease

MOst common types of bacterial meningtis

Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae ( type b Hib) Neisseria meningitidis

Spirochete Treponema pallidum

Syphilis; STD - Primary stage: Inflammatory reaction on genitals -secondary stage: weeks to years after infection: Rash on hands, mouth -Tertiary stage: cardiovascular effects, dementia, death - damage to fetus -> congenital syphilis ( damaged palates and teeth)

Other etiological agents for Pneumonia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( G- rod) -> cystic fibrosis patients Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Psittaci

Psittacosis Bacterial respiratory tract disease

Rabies Virus

Rabies: enveloped virus with negative strand RNA genome - transmitted in saliva by animal bite ( most often from raccoon or bat) - usually fatal if undetected before symptoms appear - incubation period is so long that it allows time for treatment ( vaccine + anti rabies antibodies) after exposure

Rubeola ( ssRNA (-))

Paramyxovirus " Measles" Viruses that cause skin rash

Bacterium Yersinia pestis

Plague bite of flea introduces organism virulence factors inhibit phagocytosis type III secretion system injects proteins

Streptococcus pneumoniae ( G+ diplococcus)

Pneumonia lung infection MOST COMMON symptoms: fevers, chills, cough, chest pain