mcb3020 exam 1

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List the order of endospore activation to a vegetative cell.

(1) Activation (2) Germination (3) Outgrowth

Identify the similarities between eukaryotic and bacterial cell membranes.

- Contains peripheral proteins - Selectively permeable - Composed of phospholipids

Which of the following are common external structures of motile bacteria that allow for locomotion

- Flagella - Pili

Teichoic acids could be composed of ______.

- Phosphate groups - Glycerol - Ribitol

Identify any of the following that has an association with the bacterial plasma membrane.

- Photosynthesis - Cellular respiration - Import/export proteins

Match the following relationships: Polar Nonpolar

- Polar: Hydrophilic - Hydrophobic: Hydrophobic

Indicate possible triggers for endospore production.

- Presence of hostile chemicals - Becoming too cold - Low levels of nutrients - Becoming too hot

5 characteristics of Archaea

-70S ribosomes -No peptidoglycan in cell walls -No membrane-bound organelles -Rudimentary cytoskeleton -Circular chromosome

4 characteristics of Bacteria

-70S ribosomes -Single type of flagellin in flagella -Ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane -Circular chromosome

Four characteristics of eukaryotic flagella:

-Basal body located in cytoplasm -9+2 pattern of microtubules -100-200 um in length -Some have flimmer filaments

Which of the following is a function of the mitochondrion?

-Electron transport -Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme reactions -ATP synthesis

What are the three examples of bacterial cytoskeleton?

-FtsZ in cell division -MreB determines cell shape in rod-shape bacteria -CreS creates curve shape in Caulobacter crescentus bacteria

Identify the functions of lipopolysaccharide

-Protects from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) -Stabilizes the outer membrane -Contributes to the negative charge of the cell -Makes a permeability barrier

What is difference between secretory and endocytic pathways?

-Secretory Pathway moves materials from location to location within the cell -Endocytic Pathways moves materials into the cell from the outside

Match the following examples of taxis with their definitions.

-Thermotaxis: stimulant = temperature -Phototaxis: stimulant = light -Osmotaxis: stimulant = osmotic pressure - Aerotaxis: stimulant = oxygen

List the order of endospore Activation to a vegetative cell.

1) activation 2) germination 3) outgrowth

Place the following in order to describe the gram staining process.

1) crystal violet treatment 2) iodine treatment 3) alcohol treatment 4) safranin treatment

Identify any of the following that describes typical plasmids. 1) replicates fairly independently 2) composed of DNA 3) small relative to the chromosome 4) most known plasmids are circular 5) composed of RNA

1, 2, 3, 4

What is a typical size for archaeal cocci?

1-3um

Characteristics of many types of dyes used to stain microorganisms.

1. Chromophore groups 2. Able to bind cells with ionic, covalent, and hydrophobic bonds

List the steps of the Gram stain

1. Crystal violet, primary stain 2. Iodine, mordant 3. Acetone-alcohol, decolorizer 4. Sefranin, counterstain

How thick is an archaellum?

10 - 14 nm

Low Power Magnification

10x

Bacterial and archaeal ribosomes are known as ______ ribosomes, based on their sedimentation coefficient

70S

What kind of rRNA is a target for antibiotics?

70S

What size are archaeal ribosomes?

70S

Bacteria and Archaeal ribosome sizes

70S with a 50S large subunit and 30S small subunit

Identify all the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea A: smaller than eukaryotes B: peptidoglycan cell walls C: lack membrane bound organelles D: structure of lipids in the cell membrane

A and C

Which two terms describe the image? A: uniporter B: antiporter C: ABC transporter D: symporter

A and C

ribozyme

A catalytic RNA molecule is called a(n) ________.

Which of the following describes vitreous ice?

A glass-like solid that preserves the native state of structures for use with an electron microscope

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and its role?

A network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs. It transports proteins, lipids, and other matierials within the cell and is the major site of cell membrane synthesis

Chemotaxis

A process in which bacteria move toward an attractant and away from a repellent

Stain

A solution containing a solute called chromophore, which gives the solution its color

What is the approximate age of Earth? A: 4.5 to 4.6 billion years B: 4.5 to 4.6 million years D: 5779 years D: 1.1 to 1.4 billion years

A: 4.5 to 4.6 billion years

Which of the following viral structures is composed of just the protein that surrounds the nucleic acid? A: capsid B: promoter C: nucleocapsid D: viral envelope

A: capsid

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules together make up what component of eukaryotic cells? A: cytoskeleton B: cytoplasm C: endoskeleton D: cell wall

A: cytoskeleton

Which type of staining distinguishes organisms based on their staining properties? A: differential B: special C: simple D: negative

A: differential

Bacterial cells acquire nutrients that are __________. A: dissolved B: hydrophilic C: highly charged D: inert

A: dissolved

Sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids are components of the plasma membrane of which microorganisms? A: eukaryotes B: bacteria C: archaea

A: eukaryotes

Which of the following is the typical motility structure of bacteria? A: flagella B: pseudopodia C: pili D: fimbriae

A: flagella

Which of the following describes the chemical modification of molecules as it is transported into a bacterial cell A: group translocation B: passive diffusion C: primary active trasnport D: secondary transport

A: group translocation

What was John Tyndall's (1820-1893) contribution to microbiology? A: he showed that dust does carry microbes B: he showed that blood carries "protective factors" that can be transferred to another host C: he was the first person to describe how many "animalcules" move D: he showed that some human cells can move and "eat" microbes

A: he showed that dust does carry microbes

Molecules crossing a plasma membrane from a __________ concentration to a __________ concentration without energy use is an example of passive diffusion. A: high/low B: low/high C: high/high D: low/low

A: high/low

What type of light source is used by a confocal microscope? A: laser B: ultraviolet C: fluorescent D: incandescent

A: laser

The cell wall component indicated by the letter A is __________ A: lipopolysaccharide B: Braun's lipoprotein C: teichoic acid D: peptidoglycan

A: lipopolysaccharide

Which is the best description of the germ theory of disease? A: microorganisms cause disease B: childhood germ cells proliferate disease C: disease is caused by vapors D: germs are only theoretical

A: microorganisms cause disease

Robert Hooke is best known for his early work with A: microscopes B: pure cultures D: vaccines D: antiseptics

A: microscopes

Which statement is NOT supporting evidence for endosymbiotic theory? A: mitochondria and chloroplasts are closely related B: mitochondrial genomes resemble those of bacteria C: mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes similar to bacteria D: chloroplast rRNA is similar to that of photosynthetic bacteria

A: mitochondria and chloroplasts are closely related They probably evolved form two different organisms

Carl Woese used comparisons of which molecule to define the three domains of life: A: rRNA B: mRNA C: siRNA D: tRNA

A: rRNA

Viruses must replicate within a host cell because __________. A: viruses lack replication enzymes and resources B: viruses easily denature outside of a host cell C: the host cell provides protection

A: viruses lack replication enzymes and resources

Capsules are typically ___________. A: well organized B: yellow in color C: loosely organized

A: well organized

example of a primary active transporter

ABC transporters

primary active transport

ATP and one molecule at a time

Which three of the following statements about the small subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome are true?

About 30 proteins 40S in size 18S rRNA

Which type of dye stains best under low pH conditions?

Acidic

Cytoskeleton

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubles together make up what components of eukaryotic cells?

Why do scientist stain specimens?

Allows scientist to increase the specimen's visibility, accentuate specific morphological features, and preserve the specimen

Although Koch's postulates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today because molecular methods are much more reliable and rapid it is unethical to use animals for medical testing some causative disease agents cannot be grown in pure culture virtually all pathogens have been identified

Which of the following are broad spectrum antibiotics?

Amoxicillin Ampicillin

Bacterial inclusions are _______.

An aggregate of materials within the cell

What is an inclusion?

An aggregate of organic or inorganic substances stored in the cell for later use

An endosymbiosis between two organism means that one organism lives inside the cells of the other. their internal and external environments are the same. the two organisms live in a shared compartment. they are closely related phyogenetically.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his early work with __________. pure cultures vaccines microscopes antiseptics

The ability of the lens gather light is called numerical...

Aperture

In this image, cells are illustrated as they would appear after each step of the Gram stain procedure. Which of the following statements is false?

Application of iodine results in the loss of color from Gram negative cells.

The domain Eukarya does not include which group of organisms?

Archaea

Match each list of characteristics with the correct group of organisms, Archaea Bacteria Eukaryotes

Archaea: 70S ribosome; no peptidoglycan in cell wall; ether-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane; circular chromosone Bacteria: Circular chromosome; peptidoglycan in cell wall, 70S ribosome; ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane Eukaryotes: membrane bound organelles; no peptidoglycan in cell walls; introns in genes; ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane

Match each list of characteristics with the correct group of organisms. Archaea Bacteria Eukaryotes

Which three of the following statements are correct regarding the protein components of archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Archaeal ribosomes have more protein than bacterial ribosomes Some ribosomal proteins are unique to archaea. Some ribosomal proteins are found in all three domains.

What do microbiologists call weakened viruses that are used in vaccines?

Attenuated

Although Koch's postulates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today. Instead, microbiologists use a) organoids produced from human stem cells b) molecular and genetic evidence c) computer simulations of disease models d) procedures to isolate and manipulate viruses

What cellular structure is closely associated with the cell's cytosol? A) capsule B) plasma membrane C) slime layer D) cell wall

B) plasma membrane

The bacterial shape known as a rod is also termed: _______.

Bacilli

The domain Eukarya does not include which group of organisms?

Bacteria Archaea

What are the three domains of life based on rRNA comparisons?

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Which three of the following taxa are the domains of life based on rRNA comparisons?

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Which four of the following entities are cellular?

Bacteria Archaea Protists Fungi

What are the three domains of life based on rRNA comparisons? Multiple choice question.

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Which four of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology?

Bacteria, Viroids, Slime Molds, Archaea

Match the following relationships

Bacterial cell membrane = hopanoids Eukaryotic cell membrane = cholesterols

archaea

Based on the universal phylogenetic tree, which Domain appears more closely related to Eukarya?

Based on the universal phylogenetic tree, which two Domains appears to be most closely related? Eukarya and Bacteria Bacteria and Archaea Archaea and Eukarya

A prism ________ light passing through it.

Bends

Confocal microscopy is used to study _____ which are clumps of bacterial cells that can form on many different types of surfaces, including medical devices.

Biofilm

In which ways are archaeal cells like bacterial cells?

Both cell types have similar mechanisms for conserving energy. Neither cell type has membrane bound organelles as seen in eukaryotes.

what compound links the outer membrane to the cell in gram-negative bacteria

Braun's lipoprotein

A dark image is formed on a brighter background when using a ______ microscope.

Bright-Field

Many bacterial gas vacuoles are principally used for

Buoyancy

Carl Woese used comparisons of which molecule to define the three domains of life? a) siRNA b) tRNA c) rRNA d) mRNA

How do protists differ from bacteria? a) protists lack a nucleus b) protists are typically multicellular c) protists are generally larger than bacteria d) protists are prokaryotic

Photosynthetic microbes can be easily visualized by fluorescence microscopy because a) they are motile in most environments b) their cellular inclusions have a high refractive index c) their pigments are naturally fluorescent d) their cells are lower than the limit of resolution for other microscopes

How old are the earliest fossils ever found? A: cannot be determined B: 3.5 million years ago C: 3.5 billion years ago D: 3.5 thousand years ago

C: 3.5 billion years ago

The genetic information of the cell is stored in A: protein B: RNA C: DNA D: enzymes

C: DNA

In gram-negative bacteria, enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are found in A: the outer membrane B: the plasma membrane C: the periplasmic space D: the sytoplasm

C: the periplasmic space

When a swimming bacterium changes direction, it will ___________. A: toss B: flip C: tumble D: run

C: tumble

Match the following according to their relationships. Capsule Slime layer S-layer

Capsule: Well attached Slime layer: Easily detaches S-layer: Aids in cellular shape

The _______ ________ is defined as the plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it.

Cell envelope

What term is used to describe the plasma membrane and all layers external to it?

Cell envelope

A strongly distinguishing characteristic of Domain Bacteria, almost all bacteria have a(n) _____ out side the cell membrane.

Cell wall

The movement of a cell toward or away from a specific CHEMICAL stimulus is called ________.

Chemotaxis

Virion

Complete virus particle

Cytosol, organelles

Components of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Which characteristic is not typical of cellular microbes

Composed only of protein and nucleic acids

Germ Theory of Disease

Concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms

Cytoplasm

Consists of everything inside the cell envelope, including the cytoskeleton, intracytoplasmic membranes, inclusions, ribosomes, the nucleoid, and plasmids

Identify the functions of lipopolysaccharide.

Contributes to the negative charge of the cell. Protects from environmental toxins. Makes a permeability barrier. Stabilized the outer membrane.

_____ is the same as intermediate filaments

CreS

Infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane are called ______.

Cristae

Koch's

Criteria used for establishing the relationship between microorganisms and specific disease are called _____ postulates.

Integral proteins

Cross into the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer, so they are not easily removed; can be called a transmembrane protein when it crosses the entire membrane

What size are archaeal ribosomes? A: 80S B: 50S C: 30S D: 70S

D: 70S

The second step of the viral life cycle is __________. A: attachment B: release C: synthesis D: entry

D: entry

Schiff's reagent stains...

DNA

The genetic information of the cell is stored in _____.

DNA

Chromatin is a complex of ___________ and ___________.

DNA, protein

Stroma

Dark reactions

Which is the best definition of a microbial strain?

Descendants of a single, pure microbial culture

Which three of the following are functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton?

Determine cell shape Localize specific proteins within the cell Participate in cell division

Bacterial magnetosomes function to

Determine orientation

Which three features listed are unique to archaeal cells and not shared with bacterial cells? (Select all that apply.)

Different rRNA sequence, unique membrane lipids, and lack of peptidoglycan cell walls

Louis Pasteur

Disproved Spontaneous generation with his "swan-neck flask experiment" and came up with Germ Theory of disease; also came up with idea of pasteurization

Which of the following is NOT a type of endocytic pathways found in mammalian cells? A: phagocytosis B: Clathrin-dependent endocytosis C: receptor-mediated endocytosis D: caveolin-dependent endocytosis E: facilitated diffusion

E: facilitated diffusion

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Endocytosis triggered by the binding of a ligand molecule to a membrane-bound receptor is called

Some bacteria can make a dormant structure which is resistant to many very hostile environments called ________.

Endospore

Some bacteria can make a dormant structure which is resistant to many very hostile environments called a(n) _______.

Endospore

Which bacterial cell structure is exceptionally resistant and produced to help a cell survive in harsh environments?

Endospore

What are the three types of structural stains?

Endospore stains, Capsule stain, and Flagellar stain.

Which three of the following taxa are the domains of life based on rRNA comparisons?

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

What are eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that have DNA in a membrane-bound organelle, called a nucleus, and have other true membrane-bound organelles.

1. What is the key distinction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles that perform specific functions

Generally, membrane-bound organelles can be found in ______.

Eukaryotes only

What is the largest microorganism?

Eukaryotic Protists

The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests an origin for _____.

Eukaryotic organelles

Domain Eukarya

Eukaryotic; Have cells and organized structures called Organelles; have Multiple Linear chromosomes; more complex morphology

The term cytoplasm is inclusive of ____.

Everything within the plasma membrane

The ocular function of the microscope does what?

Eyepiece used to view specimen

Ocular lenses are also known as _____.

Eyepieces

All archaea are methanogens T/F

False

Pasteur's data showed that spontaneous generation should be considered _______.

False

T/F all archaea are methanogens

False

True or False. Eukaryotic cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

False

True or false: All archaea are methanogens.

False

True or false: Cellular microbes are often arranged in multicellular complexes with differentiated tissues.

False

The fact that endospores were produced by heat-resistant bacteria was discovered by __________.

Ferdinand Cohn

Only seen directly by electron microscopes, _____ are long threadlike structures of locomotion found on some bacteria.

Flagella

Only seen directly by electron microscopes, ______ are long threadlike structures of locomotion found on some bacteria.

Flagella

Relative to the cell, the bacterial _______ is a long tube structure that can spin resulting in cell motility.

Flagella

Relative to the cell, the bacterial ________ is a long tube structure that can spin resulting in cell motility.

Flagella

Which of the following microscopes typically uses dyes or antibodies?

Fluorescence microscope

What compound is used to stain a specimen that will emit a different wavelength of light than it absorbs? In fluorescence microscopy, the _____ absorbs light energy from the excitation light and emits colored light.

Fluorochromes

Focal Length = f

Focal Point = F

Which term describes the specific location where light rays meet after passing through a lens?

Focal point (F)

The condenser function of the microscope does what?

Focuses a cone of light

Louis Pasteur made contributions to the field of medical microbiology, but also made great contributions to this field.

Food and dairy microbiology

Conjugative Plasmid role

Form a sex pilus and transfer DNA

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Form image from radiation that has passed through specimen

Transmission Microscope

Form image from radiation that has passed through specimen

Which process is used to observe organelles within cells using a TEM?

Freeze-etching

Generally speaking, while bacteria do not reproduce sexually, different lineages share genetic information through which process? Asexual budding Endosymbiosis Horizontal gene transfer Vertical gene transfer

Which of the following advances best describes that today we may be experiencing a second golden age of microbiology?

Genomic testing

The term _____ can refer to either capsules or slime layers (hint Greek word for sugar-coat).

Glycocalyx

The term ______ can refer to either capsules or slime layers.

Glycocalyx

Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials?

Golgi apparatus

The most recognized differential staining procedure in microbiology is know as the _____ stain.

Gram

What was John Tyndall's (1820-1893) contribution to microbiology?

He showed that dust can carry microorganisms

Which three supporting (i.e., positive) roles do bacteria play in the human body?

Help digest food in the intestines Produce vitamins in the intestines Contribute to immune system development

Division

Highest level of DNA compaction is seen during cell blank

In addition to condensins, Eukaryotes also use ______ proteins to compact their chromosomes.

Histone

How are macroscopic microorganisms distinguished from other multicellular life forms? They lack cellular compartments They lack differentiated tissues (and/or cell types) Some are not composed of cells

How was the age of Earth determined? Historical literature Using moon rocks Examination of fossils Using radioisotopes

What is the main focus of medical microbiology?

Human and animal pathogens

The location of pyruvate fermentation in some anaerobic protists is a small organelle called the ____________.

Hydrogenosome

The heads of a phospholipid are said to be polar in nature which could also be said to be __________ in regards to its affinity toward water.

Hydrophilic

Which term describes the heads of a phospholipid?

Hydrophilic

The tails of a phospholipid are said to be nonpolar in nature which could also be said to be _______ in regards to its affinity toward water.

Hydrophobic

The protein must have

Hydrophobic regions to extend through the membrane with hydrophilic regions interacting with the membrane exterior.

Which describes a major difference between integral proteins and peripheral proteins?

IP span the membrane.

What leaves the nucleus vis nuclear pores?

Immature ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and tRNA

Which of the following must leave the nucleus via the nuclear pore complexes?

Immature ribosomal subunits, tRNA, and mRNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

In a eukaryotic cell, the ______ _____ is an irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and vesicles located at the edges of the cisternae

In addition to mutation, eukaryotes increase their genetic diversity through which mechanism? Sexual reproduction Growth and division Symbiosis Horizontal gene transfer

Proteasome

In eukaryotic cells which organelle produces peptides for antigen presentation during the immune response

Organelles

In eukaryotic cells, intracellular structures that perform functions analogous to the functions of organs of a multicellular organism are knows as

Rough

In eukaryotic cells, proteins destined for secretion are synthesized by ribosomes attaches to the surface of the ____ endoplasmic reticulum

Envelope

In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus surrounded by a complex double membrane structure called the nuclear blank

Golgi apparatus

In eukaryotic cells, the organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae is called the

Actin

In eukaryotic cells, the specific type of cytoskeleton filaments involves in endocytosis, cytokinesis, amoeboid movement, and the movement of structures such as organelles are the ____ filaments

Actin

In eukaryotic cells, the thinnest cytoskeleton filaments (4 to 7 nm in diameter) are composed of

Chloroplast

In plants and photosynthetic protists, the most important type of photosynthetic organelle (plastid) is the

Cis & trans

In the Golgi apparatus the ______or forming face is closest to the ER in the ______ or maturing face is fasrthest from the ER

Often an aggregate of materials surrounded by protein.

Inclusion body

Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called _____.

Inclusions

Secretory

Inside eukaryotic cells, the _____ pathway functions to move cellular material to various locations within the cell, as well as to the plasma membrane or cell exterior

Select a harmful effect that can result from bacterial colonization of the human body.

Invasion of host cells

Identify the functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton.

Involved in the localization of specific proteins within the cell. Involved in cell division. Involved in cellular shape.

Agar plates are useful for which of the following?

Isolating microbial strains

Which scientist demonstrated that dust did indeed carry germs?

John Tyndall

Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by

Joseph Lister

Joseph Lister is best known for his work with pure culture methods. antiseptics. immunology. food and dairy.

The location of the cell wall is

Just outside the plasma membrane

macro element helper enzymes

K, Ca, Mg, and Fe

Which three of the following are chemical signatures found in the pseudomurein component of some archaeal cell walls?

L-amino acids N-acetylalosaminuronic acid B(1-3) glycosidic bonds NOT: D-amino acids ether linkages ester linkages N-acetylmuramic acid B(1-4) glycosidic bonds

Which of the following compounds is well known to protect gram-negative bacteria from environmental toxic substances?

LPS

Which of the following polymers is composed of lipids and sugars?

LPS

What does LUCA stand for and what branch is it found on?

Last Universal Common Ancestor - common ancestor of all three domains of life. States domains Achaea and Eukarya diverged from common ancestry and Bacteria evolved independently.

Eurkaryotic chromosomes:

Linear chromosomes that contain histone proteins

The __________ __________ component of LPS can act as a toxin to people infected with gram-negative bacteria

Lipid A

Which component of LPS can act as a toxin to people infected with gram-negative bacteria?

Lipid A

which components of LPS anchors the compound in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria?

Lipid A

LPS components

Lipid A Core polysaccharide O side chain

Elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are considered _________.

Macronutrients

Which of the following is true regarding macronutrients and micronutrients?

Macronutrients are substances needed in large quantities.

Fluid mosaic model

Made up of a bilayer that consists of a sea of phospholipids with proteins floating in it

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the plasma membrane

Maintain cell shape

Ribosomes

Major function of the nucleolus is synthesis of

Nucleus

Membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell

What are Lysosomes and their role? Provide an example of a Lysosome

Membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down large molecules and act as the site of intracellular digestion. Example = White blood cells

What is the Golgi Apparatus and its role?

Membranous organelle that consists of stacked cisternae. It is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials

Tubulin

Microtubules are built from the two proteins, called alpha- and beta-_________

In most eukaryotes, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are located in the _________.

Mitochondria

The _____ is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell.

Mitochondria

This organelle produces the majority of ATP in most eukaryotic cells:

Mitochondria

Which organelle has a double membrane system, ribosomes, DNA, and produces large amounts of ATP?

Mitochondria

Match the following terms with the correct description.

Monotrichous -> single flagellum Amphitrichous -> flagella located at both ends of the cell Lophotrichous -> a cluster of flagella at one or both ends of the cells Peritrichous -> flagella scattered about the entire surface of the cell

Which of the following statement is true regarding the human microbiome?

Most bacteria do not cause disease in humans.

Which four of the following characteristics are the same for bacteria and archaea?

Motility structures are present 70S ribosomes present in cytoplasm Inclusions present in the cytoplasm Chromosome is double-stranded DNA

_______ is the same as actin filaments

MreB

Some microorganisms can be macroscopic because they are ______.

Multicellular

Some bacteria form a network of hyphae that are collectively called _______.

Mycelium

Which two of the following are the sugar monomers found in peptidoglycan?

N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylmuramic acid

What are the abbreviated names for the two sugars found repeated in peptidoglycan? ______ and ______ (use the acronyms).

NAG NAM

example of secondary active transport

Na+ and H+ gradient

Which feature is most commonly used to describe bacterial and archaeal cells?

No nucleus

Smooth ER

No ribosomes attached to it but has enzymes that synthesize lipids

The dashed lines in the bending of light by a prism are called...

Normals

Which of the following structures is not found in common between plants and bacteria?

Nucleus

The _____ lens further magnifies the image already enlarged by the objective lens.

Ocular

0.3 to 1.0 micrometers

On average about how large our mitochondria

Bacterial inclusions are composed of

Organic or inorganic materials surrounded by protein or lipoprotein

Stimulant = osmotic pressure

Osmotaxis

Algae and cyanobacteria produce 75% of the planet's _____.

Oxygen

Which scientist advanced the use of attenuated rabies strains to produce a vaccine that cured a boy of rabies?

Pasteur

Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?

Pasteur

Which scientist advanced the use of attenuated rabies strains to produce a vaccine that cured a boy of rabies?

Pasteur and his coworkers (Pasteur)

Pasteur showed that even cultures open to the air could remain sterile by using biochemical techniques. swan-neck flasks. cotton plugs. beakers of broth.

The __________ interbridge is a linkage found in many gram positive bacteria that links polymers of peptidoglycan together.

Peptide

Bacterial cell walls are typically composed of _____ which is a complex of sugars and amino acids.

Peptidoglycan

What compound in the cell wall is only found in bacteria?

Peptidoglycan

Which of the following is a polymer of NAM, NAG and amino acids?

Peptidoglycan

Which of the following protects bacteria from lysis in dilute solutions and helps to determine their cellular morphology or shape?

Peptidoglycan

Which of the following structures are external to both Bacterial and Archaeal cells?

Pilli

If the cell wall of a bacterium was removed then the cell was gram-stained, what color could it be given the color choices listed?

Pink

If the cell wall of a bacterium was removed, and then the cell was gram-stained, what color would it appear?

Pink

Match the following relationships.

Pink -> gram negative Purple -> gram positive

What are prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes are organisms made up of a single cell lacking membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.

Domain Bacteria

Prokaryotic; Single-celled organisms with no nucleus or organelles; Have a single and circular chromosome

Domain Archaea

Prokaryotic; Single-celled organisms with no nucleus or organelles; Have a single and circular chromosome; Found in extreme conditions; Identified by Carl Woese

Aristotle

Proposed idea of Spontaneous generation

The bacterial nucleoid is composed of ____.

Protein and DNA

What are the viruses composed of?

Protein and Nucleic Acids

What are the prions composed of?

Proteins

Viroids are infectious agents that consist of _____.

RNA only

What are the viroids composed of?

RNA only

Second Golden Age of Microbiology

Rapid advancements have led some to believe we are in a "second golden age of microbiology"

The direction and magnification of bending light are determined by the ________ indices of the two media forming the interface.

Refractive

Gas Vacuoles

Regulate buoyancy in bacterial cells

Once a virus enters the cytoplasm of a host cell, which step would occur next?

Replication of the viral genome

A eukaryotic species is defined by _____.

Reproductive properties

The nucleolus is a darkly staining region of the nucleus that is the location of:

Ribosomal RNA synthesis

Composed of RNA and protein

Ribosome

Which of the following is composed of protein or glycoprotein?

S - layer

Which is the most common cell wall in most Archaea?

S layer

The surface layer that is regularly structured and patterned like floor tiles is the

S-Layer

The surface layer that is regularly structured and patterned like floor tiles is the

S-layer

What are the major examples of prion diseases?

Scrapie, BSE, kuru, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Nucleosome

Segment of DNA wrapped around a core of histones

How is the mitochondria thought to be integrated by endosymbiosis?

Similar to bacteria cells in many ways (i.e. binary fission reproduction)

What is the role of the slime layer in Glycocalyx?

Similar to capsule except it is diffuse, less organized, and more easily removed; Aids in cell motility

Gliding bacteria often have ____ which aid in their motility.

Slime layers

Which three of the following statements are true regarding the nuclear pore complex?

Small molecules usually pass through unaided. It is the transport route between cytoplasm and the nucleus. Pores occupy about 10 to 25% of the nuclear surface.

Plasmid

Small, double-stranded, extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some fungi

Select all reasons that archaea are of interest to scientists.

Some archaea produce methane, a green house gas Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes Some archaea live in extreme conditions

Select all correct statements regarding the size of different microbes.

Some eukaryotic microbes are smaller than many bacteria and archaea. Most eukaryotic cells are larger than most bacterial and archaeal cells. Some bacteria and archaea are larger than the largest known protists.

Shadowing

Specimen is coated with a thin film of platinum or other heavy metal on only one side. Useful for virus particle morphology, flagella, and DNA

Shadowing

Specimen is coated with a thin layer of platinum or other heavy metal

Negative Staining

Specimen is spread out in a thin film with either phophotungstic acid or uranyl acetate

What is the bacterial shape of cocci?

Spherical

Hopanoids

Steroid-like molecules that strengthen prokaryotic cell membranes

Rough ER

Studded with ribosomes, which synthesize proteins

What is virology?

Study of viruses, infectious acellular agents.

Which microscope part is mounted beneath the stage to focus light on the slide?

Substage Condenser

Which three of the following methods of movement found in bacteria are mediated by flagella?

Swimming Swarming Corkscrew movement

What viral life cycle step generally occurs after the virus has uncoated?

Synthesis

The term lysis means "the bursting of a cell" T/F

How does the rigidity of diether and tetraether lipids compare?

Tetraether lipids are more rigid

how does the rigidity of diether and tetraether lipids compare?

Tetraether lipids are more rigid

Examine this image of a carrier protein transporting a solute across the plasma membrane. Which of the following statements is false?

The ATP required for transport is hydrolyzed on the cytoplasmic face of the carrier protein.

Lysosome

The ____ is an organelle that contains hydro lyric enzymes for the digestion of intracellular macromacules

Golgi apparatus

The _____ ______ is the organelle that packages cellular materials and prepares them for secretion, and is involved in the formation of lysosomes

spontaneous

The claim that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter is the key feature of the theory of ________ generation.

Spontaneous Generation

The discredited theory that living organisms arise from nonliving material

Phagosomes

The endocytic vesicles formed by phagocytosis are called

lister

The first use of antiseptics in surgery is attributed to Joseph _____________

Endocytosis

The general term of the process of moving of substances into the eukaryotic cell from the outside is

Nucleus

The genetic information of the eukaryotic cell is predominantly stored in the organelles called the

Which three of the following statements are correct regarding mitochondrial structure?

The inner membrane has infoldings called cristae. The outer membrane contains porins like Gram-negative bacteria. Many have bacterial-like chromosomes.

What is the cytosol?

The liquid component of the cytoplasm

True

The lysosomes found in animal cells can vary greatly in size. T or F

Which part of the specimen scatters more electrons and therefore appears darker?

The more dense region

horizontal gene transfer

The movement of genes between microbial individuals in the same generation is called _____.

Lamina

The network of intermediate filaments that support the inner surface of the nuclear envelope in animal cells is called the nuclear

Which of the following describes the "protoplast"?

The plasma membrane and all structures within it.

Which of the following is useful in distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm

Which of the following is useful in distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm.

Macroautophagy

The process by which mammalian cells and some eukaryotic microbes can nonselectively digest and recycle cytoplasmic components is called

Which statement best describes specimen preparation for TEM?

The specimen is embedded in a matrix and cut into extremely thin slices.

Protists and fungi

The two major groups of eukaryotic microbes are ______ and ______

Phagocytosis

The type of endocytosis called blank involves the engulfing of particles at the cell surface by protrusions from the cell

Caveolin-dependent endocytosis

The type of endocytosis characterized by substances binding to small, flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane is

Which portion of the flagella is spinning during the swimming motion?

The whole thing

True

There are some microbial eukaryotes that have cell walls as a part of their cell envelope, albeit very chemically different from bacterial cell walls. T or F

Which two of the following statements regarding nucleoli are correct?

There can be more than one nucleolus in a nucleus. Their major function is ribosomal RNA synthesis.

Stimulant = temperature

Thermotaxis

How do the typical sizes of archaeal and bacterial cells compare?

They are about the same size

Select all correct statements regarding the structure of archaella.

They are composed of multiple types of archaellin subunits. They are thinner than bacterial flagella.

Select all correct statements regarding the structure of archaella.

They are composed of multiple types of archaellin subunits. They are thinner than bacterial flagella

What causes gram-negative to stain differently than gram-positive?

Thin peptidoglycan layer; Have an additional membrane called outer membrane that plays role in defense and immunity; peri

Sterol

This lipid molecule is classified as a ___

Why do we fix specimens to the slide? What are the two ways to do this?

To ensure the specimen is in position and to preserve the specimen's internal and external structures. The two ways are: heat fixation and chemical fixation

What is the role of porin proteins?

To facilitate the transport of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane.

The ocular and objective magnification must be multiplied to determine the _____ magnification.

Total

Tracking down unidentified human pathogens falls within which field of microbiology? (Identify the best fit answer.) Immunology Industrial Medical Agricultural

Which type of electron microscope forms images from radiation that has passed through a specimen?

Transmission

Fimbriae can ____.

Transport DNA to the cytoplasm, function in motility, attach to surfaces

True or false: The term lysis means "the bursting of a cell".

True

Bacteria have a cytoskeleton. T/F

True Bacteria have cytoskeletons that have very similar proteins and functions as found in eukaryotes

T/F: generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram negative bacteria.

True LPS is associated with the outer membrane which is found on gram negative bacteria.

Bacterial cells uptake nutrients that are dissolved T/F

True Bacteria rely on transport systems that operate on fairly small, water-soluble compounds

Generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram-negative bacteria T/F

True LPS is associated with the outer membrane which is found on gram-negative bacteria

True or false: Cellular microbes are often arranged in multicellular complexes with differentiated tissues. True False

Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as [choose three] ______.

Tubular membranes, flattened vesicles, spherical vesicles

Acid-fast stain

Type of differential stain that uses a harsh acid to identify members of the genus Mycobacterium, which has a thick waxy-coated cell wall.

What is the smallest microorganism?

Viruses

What are the three domains of life based on rRNA comparisons? Bacteria, Protista, and Archaea Eukarya, Archaea, and Monera Plantae, Animalia, and Monera Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What is the approximate age of Earth? 5,779 years 4.5 to 4.6 million years 4.5 to 4.6 billion years 1.1 to 1.4 billion years

What is the main focus of medical microbiology? Outbreaks and epidemics Rationale: The field of epidemiology focuses on outbreaks and epidemics. Human and animal pathogens Environmental systems Immunology

Nucleiod

Where the single, circular, double-stranded chromosome and associated proteins aggregate within the cell

Lipid synthesis

Which cellular process is most directly associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Which characteristic is most common for bacteria? No cell wall Lack defined subcellular structures A membrane-bound nucleus Single-celled

Which characteristic is not typical of cellular microbes? Composed only of protein and nucleic acids Usually smaller than 1 millimeter Often unicellular Lack differentiated tissue

Microtubules

Which element of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton is involved in forming the spindle apparatus, cilia, and flagella?

methane co2 n h

Which four gases were plentiful in the atmosphere/oceans of early Earth?

Which of the following statement is true regarding the human microbiome? The human microbiome must be controlled to avoid disease. The human microbiome is established before birth. Human cells vastly outnumber microbial cells in the body. Most bacteria do not cause disease in humans.

Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than bacterial and Archaeal ribosomes and contain different molecules

Which of the following statements is correct regarding ribosomes

Mitochondrion

Which organelle has a double membrane system ribosomes DNA and produces large amount of ATP

Which scientist advanced the use of attenuated rabies strains to produce a vaccine that cured a boy of rabies? Pasteur Winogradsky Jenner Chamberland

Linnaeus

Which scientist developed the binomial system for naming organisms?

RER, ER vesicle, golgi, transport vesicle, target location

Which sequence correctly describes the route by which proteins in the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells are transported

Endocytosis

Which the following transport process is only observed in eukaryotic cells

The greatest discovery of this scientist may be that bacteria can oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy.

Winogradsky

Objectives with large numerical apertures and great resolving power have short _____.

Working distances

Know the structures of chloroplasts and its role: X

X - Stroma: Fluid that exists outside thylakoid membrane; Where biochemical reactions occur

Which is not a correct rendering of a Latin binomial?

Yersinia Pestis (must be italicized and second word is not capitalized)

Know the structures of the chloroplast and their roles: Z

Z - Granum: stacks of thylakoids

Clathrin

_____ dependent endocytosis involves the binding of substances to coated pits

Which two of the following are functions performed by archaeal pili?

adhesion to surfaces promoting DNA transfer

s-layer

aids in cellular shape organized protein layer made up of protein and glycoprotein protects adhesion nanotechnology

Which three of the following are growth factors?

amino acids vitamines nucleotides

In general, peptidoglycan is composed of

amino acids and sugars

in general, peptidoglycan is composed of

amino acids and sugars

During primary active transport, _____ powers the movement of solute across a membrane.

an ATP molecule

Which of the following best describes a virus?

an acellular infectious agent that can only replicate within a host cell

Bacterial inclusions is ____.

an aggregate of materials within the cell

clostridium

anaerobes soil species

Streptococci

bacteria that form a chain

hollow, tubelike structure on the cell surface of the genus Pyrodictium are called ....

cannulae

LPS is composed of

carbs and lipids

The eukaryotic external structures associated with cell motility are

cilia and flagella

Which two of the following describes typical plasmids?

composed of DNA and double stranded

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules together make up what component of eukaryotic cells?

cytoskeleton

Which of the following might be found in the archaeal cell cytoplasm?

cytoskeleton

The liquid component of the cytoplasm is known as the

cytosol

Select all components of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

cytosol and organelles

Select all the components of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells plasma membrane, cytosol, organelles, cell wall

cytosol and organelles

The suggestion that disease is caused by invisable living creatures was made by the Roman philosopher Lucretius (about 98-55 BCE) and which physician? a. Pasteur b. Galen c. Leeuwenhoek d. Fracastoro

d. Fracastoroq

Lipid A

endotoxin causes fever

In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is surrounded by a complex double membraned structure called the nuclear _____

envelope

The plasma membrane and everything external to it is called the cell

envelope

Which of the following is NOT a type of endocytic pathways found in mammalian cells?

facilitated diffusion

What does the condenser do?

focuses a cone of light on the slide

The function of the lysosome is _____.

intracellular digestion

LPS is composed of

lipids and carbohydrates

In a chemical gradient, E. coli cells exhibit _____ when moving toward the attractant.

long runs and infrequent tumbles

mycelium

long, multinucleate filaments

sex pili

longer and thicker than normal pili

active transport

low to high require ATP

Which three of the following are larger than the average virus? mitochondrion, fungal cell, animal cell, hemoglobin, oxygen atom

mitochondrion, fungal cell, and animal cell

Movement of substances across the nuclear envelope occurs through protein complexes called __________ complexes.

nuclear pore

Movement of substances across the nuclear envelope occurs through protein complexes called ___________ ___________complexes.

nuclear pore

Which two of the following components make up a viral nucleocapsid?

nucleic acid and protein coat

s-layer in gram positive

outside peptidoglycan

The plasma membrane of eukaryotes contains all of the following EXCEPT

peptidoglycan

The minimum unit of a cell membrane is the _____.

phospholipid

what protein is fimbriae and pili made up of?

pillin

If the cell wall of a bacterium was removed, and then the cell was gram-stained, what color would it appear?

pink

If gram-stained correctly, a bacterial cell should appear either ___ or ___.

pink or purple

Bacterial inclusions are composed of organic or inorganic materials surrounded by ________.

protein or lipoprotein

The _______ index is a measure of how much a substance slows the velocity of light.

refractive

Materials are moved from location to location within the eukaryotic cell by which pathway?

secretory

Archaea in the genera Ferroplasma and Thermoplasma lack a cell wall, but have an external _____ that may provide protection against their acidic habitat.

slime layer

Which organisms behave like protozoa during one phase of the life cycle and like fungi in another phase of the life cycle?

slime molds

Select all cell shapes that have been observed among the archaea.

spiral shapes, rods, cocci

Select all the cell shapes that have been observed among the archaea spiral shapes, rods, cocci, spirochetes, mycelia

spiral shapes, rods, cocci

What is the bacterial shape of spirilla?

spiral with rigid helices

The cell wall component indicated by the letter A is _____.

teichoic acid

One distinguishing characteristic of group translocation is ______.

the molecules transported are chemically modified

In Gram-negative bacteria, enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are found in

the periplasmic space

Which type of electron microscope forms images from radiation that has passed through a specimen?

transmission

ABC transporters are....

uniporters

Most primary active transport systems are ____.

uniporters

cell wall

unique to bacteria and made of peptidoglycan

This image illustrates an organizational scheme for all cellular life forms, and is termed the

universal phylogenetic tree

pleomorphic

variable in shape

Leeuwenhoek

who invented the microscope?

Place the following in order to describe the gram-staining process.

(1) Crystal violet treatment (2) Iodine treatment (3) Alcohol treatment (4) Safranin treatment

Examine the picture and organize the structure and organize the structure of the flagella starting with the top and working down

(1) Filament (2) Hook (3) Basal body

Fimbriae can _______. 1) split the cell during binary fission 2) aid in motility 3) aid in the uptake of DNA 4) aid in attachment to surfaces

2, 3, 4

tetrads

4 cocci in a square

Oil Immersion Magnification

90-100x

A catalytic RNA molecule is called a(n) a) ribozyme b) RNase c) RNA polymerase d) enzyme

Archaea have become well recognized for _________. a) living in extreme environments b) mutualistic relationships with most of life c) causing significant disease in some people (region-specific) d) producing many food products

Louis Pasteur made contributions to the field of medical microbiology, but also made great contributions to this field. a) food and dairy microbiology b) environmental microbiology c) microbial ecology

Phase-contrast microscopy is especially useful for detecting bacterial structures like endospores and inclusions because these structures a) are below the limit of resolution of a light microscope b) are significantly smaller than bacterial cells c) have refractive indices very different from water d)cannot be detected even with the use of immersion oil

Which type of microscope forms an image by capturing light emitted by the specimen after it has been excited by ultraviolet light? a) fluorescence b) differential interference c) scanning electron d) phase-contrast

Which two of the following applications are best performed with a differential interference contrast microscope? A: detecting bacterial endospores B: interpreting the gram stain C: visualizing nuclei and vacuoles D: studying microbial motility

A and C

Which two of the following applications are best performed with a differential interference contrast microscope? a) detecting bacterial endospores b) interpreting the gram stain c) visualizing nuclei and vacuoles d) studying microbial motility

A and C

Which two of the following describes typical plasmids A: composed of DNA B: single-stranded C: double-stranded D: composed of RNA

A and C

When preparing a specimen for microscopy, which two things generally occur during the fixation step? A: cells are killed B: cells are stained C: cells are distorted D: cells are attached to slide

A and D

Nucleoid

A dense region of circular DNA in a prokaryotic cell no membrane chromosomes are longer than bacteria

How is lens strength related to focal length?

A lens with a short focal length magnifies more than a lens with a longer focal length

Residual body

A lysosome containing indigestible materials is called a

Which of the following describes multiple proteins working together for the movement of substances across a membrane? A) group translocation B) secondary transport C) primary active transport

A) group translocation

The cell wall component indicated by the letter C is __________. A: Braun's lipoprotein B: lipopolysaccharide C: teichoic acid D: porin

A: Braun's lipoprotein

Which scientist advanced the use of attenuated rabies strains to produce a vaccine that cured a boy of rabies? A: Pasteur B: Chamberland C: Winogradsky D: Jenner

A: Pasteur

A eukaryotic species is defined by __________ A: reproductive properties B: shared stable properties C: biochemical identities D: morphological similarities

A: reproductive properties

When a bacterium is moving smoothly in a single direction, then it is said to be in a ___________. A: run B: pursuit C: marathon D: tumble

A: run

Which of the following may be composed of RNA or DNA, encode one or more proteins, and must have a "helper" virus to replicate? A: satellites B: phages C: viroids D: prions

A: satellites

Materials are moved from location to location within the eukaryotic cell by which pathway? A: secretory B: endocytic C: refractory D: phacocytic

A: secretory

What type of staining involves only one dye? A: simple B: differential C: acidic D: special

A: simple

The rRNA used as the basis for the universal phylogenetic tree is from which subunit of the ribosome A: small B: activated C: inherited D: large

A: small

In eukaryotes, a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other groups is called a A: species B: genus C: family D: strain

A: species

A complete virus particle is referred to as a __________ A: virion B: viroid C: bacteriophage D: virus

A: virion

ATP-binding cassette transporters are also known as ____ transporters.

ABC

Which three of the following statements about the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome are true? Multiple select question.

About 50 proteins 60S in size 5S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAS

List the order of events that occur in the transition from endospore to a vegetative cell.

Activation, Germination, Outgrowth

The use of ATP to power the movement of substance across a membrane is commonly referred to as __________ transport.

Active

The use of ATP to power the movement of substances across a membrane is commonly referred to as ______ transport.

Active

Which of the following describe the primary role of the plasma membrane?

Acts as a selectively permeable barrier

Glycocalyx

Additional extracellular polymers. Typically made up of polysaccharides and facilitate the formation of the biofilm

What is the Glycocalyx role in the cell envelope?

Additional layer outside of the cell wall that consists of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids; has a capsule and slime layer

Stimulant = oxygen

Aerotaxis

Although Koch's postulates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today. Instead, microbiologists use molecular and genetic evidence procedures to isolate and manipulate viruses organoids produced from human stem cells computer simulations of disease models

A microbe is discovered living in an extreme environment near a deep sea vent. The microorganism lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan in its cell wall, but it does have unusual membrane lipids. This species is most likely a member of the Domain ________.

Archaea

A microbe is discovered living in extreme conditions near a deep sea vent. The microorganism lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan in its cell wall, but it does have unusual membrane lipids. This species is most likely a member of the Domain _______

Archaea

Which domain is found in extreme environments?

Archaea

Which of the following shares a basic body plan with bacteria?

Archaea

Which of these is not classified as fungi?

Archaea

elect all reasons that archaea are of interest to scientists.

Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes. Some archaea live in extreme environments. Some archaea produce methane, a greenhouse gas.

Although Koch's postulates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today because... a) virtually all pathogens have been identified b) some causative disease agents cannot be grown in pure culture c) it is unethical to use animals for medical testing d) molecular methods are much more reliable and rapid

How are macroscopic microorganisms distinguished from other multicellular life forms? a) they lack cellular compartments b) they lack differentiated tissues (and/or cell types) c) some are not composed of cells

In a confocal microscope, what removes stray light from parts of the specimen that lie above and below the plane of focus? a) course adjustment b) aperature c) objective d) ocular

It is believed that chloroplasts were once a) indistinguishable from mitochondria. b) free-living bacterial cells. c) nonphotosynthetic. d) hydrogenosomes.

Koch's postulates are valuable for determining a) minimum inhibitory temperature needed for disinfection. b) causal relationships between microorganisms and a specific disease. c) the relatedness of microorganisms using classical means. d) the type of media to be used to isolate novel organisms.

Pasteur's data showed that spontaneous generation should be considered _________. a) true in some cases b) false c) true

The theory of spontaneous generation claims that a) genes can pass between members of the same generation b) living organisms can develop from nonliving matter c) cultures can develop within a single generation d) chemical reactions can occur without input of energy

What is the approximate age of Earth? a) 5,779 years b) 4.5 to 4.6 billion years c) 1.1 to 1.4 billion years d) 4.5 to 4.6 million years

What type of staining involves only one dye? a) acidic b) simple c) differential d) special

What was John Tyndall's (1820-1893) contribution to microbiology? a) he was the first person to describe how many "animalcules" move b) he showed that dust does carry microbes c) he showed that some human cells can move and "eat" microbes d) he showed that blood carries "protective factors" that can be transferred to another host

Which gas was not present in the atmosphere of early earth? a) carbon dioxide b) oxygen c) nitrogen d) methane

Which group of organisms are numerically dominant on earth? a) animals b) microbes c) plants d) insects

which characteristic is most common in bacteria? a) no cell wall b) single-celled c) lack defined subcellular structures d) membrane bound nucleus

Which two of the following procedures are performed with a fluorecence microscope? A: interpreting gram stain B: Identifying microbes stained with fluorochrome C: visualizing photosynthetic microbes D: detecting the presence of endospores

B and C

Select all correct statements regarding the structure of archaella A: archaella are hollow B: they are thinner than bacterial flagella C: their structure is identical to that of bacterial flagella D: they are composed of multiple types of archaellin subunits

B and D

Which two of the following applications are best performed with a phase-contrast microscope? a) interpreting the gram stain b) studying microbial motility c) determining cell viability d) detecting bacterial endospores

B and D

Which two of the following statements regarding nucleoli are correct? A: specialized stains are required to visualize the nucleolus B: there can be more than one nucleolus in a nucleus C: they synthesize ribosomal proteins D: they are enclosed by two lipid bilayer membranes E: their major function is ribosomal RNA synthesis

B and E

Which component of LPS can act as a toxin to people infected with gram negative bacteria? A) O antigen B) Lipid A C) core protein

B) Lipid A

Bacterial inclusions are _____. A) the invagination of the plasma membrane during cell division B) an aggregate of materials within the cell C) a membrane-bound vesicle containing materials (storage) D) the fusion of two bacterial cell during their version of "sex"

B) an aggregate of materials within the cell

Compounds considered to be "growth factors" _________. A) can be synthesized by the cell B) are acquired from the environment

B) are acquired from the environment

Which compound is responsible for gram positive bacteria to remain purple after the alcohol step during gram staining? A) safranin B) iodine C) crystal violet

B) iodine Without the iodine, the crystal violet will wash out of the cell after the alcohol step.

In gram negative bacteria, the outer membrane is more permeable than the inner membrane principally because of the presence of ______. A) Braun's lipoproteins B) porin proteins C) LPS D) teichoic acids

B) porin proteins

What term is used to describe the cell arrangement composed of spherical cells linked in a chain? A) pallisades B) streptococcus C) diplococcus D) staphylococcus

B) streptococcus

Plasma membranes are organized by having _________. A) three lipid layers B) two lipid layers C) one lipid layer and a capsule D) one lipid layer and a cell wall

B) two lipid layers

Prokaryotes were not fully described until 1962 when scientist grouped them together based on ________. A) the various unique pigments found in their photosynthetic pathways B) what they lacked compared to eukaryotes C) the types of diseases they caused D) their structures of locomotion E) the differences found throughout the genome

B) what they lacked compared to eukaryotes

A single virus could have which of the following genomes? A: both RNA and DNA B: ssRNA C: dsDNA D: dsRNA E: both ssDNA and ssRNA F: ssDNA G: both dsRNA and dsDNA

B, C, D, and F

Which three of the following statements are correct regarding mitochondrial structure? A: there is only one mitochondrion per cell B: the inner membrane has infoldings called cristae C: it has a dark staining region called the nucleolus D: the outer membrane contains porins like gram-negative bacteria E: many have bacterial-like chromosomes

B, D, and E

he structural component of the penicillin molecule that is critical for antimicrobial activity is the _____

B-lactam ring

How this is archaellum A: 10-14 mm B: 10-14 nm C: 10-14 microm

B: 10-14 nm

Carl Woese is known for dividing the prokayotes into which domains? A: Bacteria, Archaea, and Protists B: Bacteria and Archaea C: Bacteria and Monera D: Bacteria, Archaea, and Monera

B: Bacteria and Archaea

What are the three domains of life based on rRNA comparisons? A:Plantae, Animalia, and Monera B: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya C: Eukarya, Archaea, and Monera D: Bacteria, Protista, and Archaea

B: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

The book Micrographia, published in 1665 by __________ contained the earliest drawings of microorganisms A: Pasteur B: Hooke C: Koch D: Leeuwenhoek

B: Hooke

Although Koch's postulates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today. Instead, microbiologists use A: organoids produced from human stem cells B: molecular and genetic evidence C: computer simulations of disease models D: procedures to isolate and manipulate viruses

B: molecular and genetic evidence

The most noticable structure within the nucleus is usually the___________. A: nuclear pore B: nucleolus C: nuclear envelope D: nucleosome

B: nucleolus

Which gas was not present in the atmosphere of early Earth? A: nitrogen B: oxygen C: carbon dioxide D: methane

B: oxygen anoxic implies extremely low oxygen

Substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water move across a bacterial cell membrane by __________. A: group translocation B: passive diffusion C: facilitated transport D: active transport

B: passive diffusion

The cell wall component indicated by the letter B is __________ A: lipopolysaccharide B: porin C: teichoic acid D: Braun's lipoprotein

B: porin

The universal phylogenetic tree is based on comparisons of which molecule? A: siRNA B: rRNA C: rRNA D: mRNA

B: rRNA

Which term describes the host cell component that a virus will bind for attachment A: spike protein B: receptor C: peplomer D: capsomer

B: receptor

The cell wall peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria is considerable __________ than that of gram-positive bacteria. A: thicker B: thinner C: more rigid D: stronger

B: thinner

Visualization of the flagellum requires a differential stain because a) the mycolic acid in flagella resists staining by dyes b) they are found primarily on Gram-positive bacteria c) flagella are too thin to be seen in a light microscope d) many cells have only one flagellum

Which is the best definition of a microbial strain? a) reproductively isolated microbial populations b) microbes capable of interbreeding c) descendants of a single, pure microbial culture d) environmental conditions that select for microbial populations

Which of the following statement about the Gram stain procedure is false ? a) Gram positive cells remain purple throughout the procedure. b) Safranin is used as the counterstain to color cells that were decolorized. c) Application of iodine results in the loss of color from Gram negative cells. d) All cells appear purple after the first step because crystal violet is a simple stain.

Who was the ancient Greek physician who heavily influenced by Hippocrates and believed that diseasewas caused by bad humors? A: Bigo B: Plato C: Galen D: Bassi

C: Galen

Which of the following organism groups have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan? A: fungi B: archaea C: bacteria D: plants

C: bacteria

Proteins characterized as channels and carriers are __________. A: attachment proteins B: motility proteins C: transport proteins

C: transport proteins

Which of the following functions are associated with chromosome organizing proteins?

Compaction

Which cellular role is played primarily by proteins? a) Terminal oxidants b) Transmit information c) Store information d) Catalyze reactions

Which characteristic is not typical of cellular microbes? a) usually smaller than one millimeter b) often unicellular c) lack differentiated tissue d) composed only of protein and nucleic acids

Which is the best description of the germ theory of disease? a) germs are only theoretical b) childhood germ cells proliferate disease c) disease is caused by vapors d) microorganisms cause disease

Which three of the following are functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton?

Determine cell shape localize specific proteins within the cell Participate in cell division

True or false: Gliding motility requires the use of external flagella.

False

True or false: Membrane-bound organelles are found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes.

False

True or false: Peptidoglycan is a major component of the cell walls of both archaea and bacteria.

False

What are the three types of external structures?

Fimbria, Pili, and Flagella

Using what while viewing a slide will increase numerical aperture and resolution?

Immersion Oil

Chemical Fixation

Inactivates proteins but protects fine cellular substructure

______ proteins make excellent transport proteins because these protein span the cell membrane and thereby allowing materials to cross the cell membrane.

Integral membrane

Fimbria and Pili

Interchangeable terms; fine, thin, hair like appendages that assist in attachment to surfaces, aid in motility and electron transport

Light microscope

Involves passing light through one or more lenses to create a magnified view of the sample

Differential Stain

Involves the application of two or more dyes and allows scientist to divide microorganisms into groups based on their staining properties (gram-positive vs gram-negative), or to detect certain structures (endospores, capsules, and flagella). a. Example = Gram staining

During gram-staining, ____ will bind to crystal violet and keep it from leaving the cell during the alcohol step.

Iodine

Basic and acidic dyes bind cells by what type of bond?

Ionic bond

How does microbiology differ from other fields of biology?

It can be distinguished from other fields based on: 1. The size of the organisms studied 2. The techniques used to study them

Which scientist built microscopes that could magnify specimens by about 50 to 300 times?

Leeuwenhoek

Who is considered the inventor of the microscope?

Leeuwenhoek

The objective function of the microscope does what?

Lens closest to the specimen

Thylakoids membranes

Light reactions

Which three of the following are functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton?

Localize specific proteins within the cellParticipate in cell divisionDetermine cell shape

The two sugars found in peptidoglycan are abbreviated as

NAG (N-acetylglucosamine); NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid)

the two sugar found in peptidoglycan are abbreviated as ...... and .....

NAG , NAM

Which of the following statement is false about nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs)?

NAPs have a negative charge and NAPs are found in archaea, not in bacteria

Which of the following describes a tumor resulting from unregulated abnormal new cell growth and reproduction of a similar cell type?

Neoplasia

Where is Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) produced?

Nucleolus

The LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections is the ________ antigen.

The __________ antigen is the LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in people infected with gram negative bacteria.

When a microscope image stays in focus when the objective lens are changed, it is called...

Parfocal

Pasteur worked to develop vaccines, and successfully attempted vaccination of a boy suffering from tuberculosis rabies diphtheria leprosy

Pasteur's data showed that spontaneous generation should be considered _______. false true

Pathovars

Pathogenic strains distinguished by the plants in which they cause disease

What are the two kinds of protein within the cell membrane?

Peripheral proteins and integral proteins

Phagolysosome

Phagosomes fuse directly with lysosomes to form

bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

endosymbiosis

The _________________ hypothesis proposes an origin for mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.

What is obtained using a lens with the largest possible numerical aperture and light of the shortest wavelength?

The best resolution

The binomial system for naming organisms was created by ____ ____. Louis Pasteur Antony van Leeuwenhoek Carl Woese Carl Linnaeus

Hooke

The book Micrographia, published in 1665 by ______ contained the earliest drawings of microorganisms.

Microbiology

The branch of biology that studies microbes.

Glycocalyx

The carbohydrate-rich surface layer of many eukaryotic cells is called a

Which of the following statements regarding carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion is false?

The carrier protein moves solute molecules against a concentration gradient

What is the S-layer?

The extracellular portion of the cell wall commonly found in bacteria and archaea. Has a number of functions including protection from host defenses, adhesion to surfaces, and protection against osmotic stress, predations, and ion and pH fluctuations

The theory of spontaneous generation claims that cultures can develop within a single generation. living organisms can develop from nonliving matter. genes can pass between members of the same generation. chemical reactions can occur without input of energy.

Fimbriae can ___________. (choose three) Transport DNA to the cytoplasm Split the cell during binary fission Function in motility Transport nutrients to the cytoplasm Attach to surfaces

Transport DNA to the cytoplasm, function in motility, attach to surfaces

T/F: bacteria have a cytoskeleton.

True

Variant strains characterized by biochemical and physiological differences are Serovars Morphovars Pathovars Biovars

Which three of the following entities are acellular?

Viroids, viruses, prions

Which of the following is the study of viruses?

Virology

Which three of the following entities are acellular?

Viruses Viroids Prions

Which group is not one of the five kingdoms of life? Fungi Protista Archaea Monera

Know the structures of the chloroplast and their roles: Y

Y - Thylakoid: saclike membranes that are interconnected to form stacks of grana; where light energy is converted to chemical energy

Most bacterial flagella are powered by ____.

a proton motive force

The bacterial shape known as bacillus is different from coccus because bacillus is __________.

a rod shape

Which group is NOT one of the five kingdoms of life? a. Archaea b. Protista c. Fungi d. Monera

a. Archaea

In addition to characterizing the body's defenses to infection, the fiels of immunology also deals with____. a. allergies and autoimmune diseases b. enviromental systems c. the spread of disease d. outbreaks and epidemics

a. allergies and autoimmune diseases

Ferdinand Cohn is best known for his discovery of bacterial ____. a. endospores b. pellicles c. cell walls d. mitochondria

a. endospores

Which characteristic is NOT typical of protozoans? a. photosynthetic b. hunters and grazers c. motile d. unicellular

a. photosynthetic

Which four characteristiccs are typical of protozoans? a. unicellular b. peptidoglycan call walls c. photosynthetic d. motile e. hunters and grazers f. ingest organic matter

a. unicellular d. motile e. hunters and grazers f. ingest organic matter

Plasmid characteristics

ability to conjugate resistant to antibiotics metal resistant

What was John Tyndall's (1820-1893) contribution to microbiology? a. he showed that some human cells can move and "eat" microbes b. he showed that dust does carry microbes c. he showed that blood carries "protective factors" that can be transferred to another host d. he was the first person to describe how many 'animalcules' move

b. he showed that dust does carry microbes

The ancient Greek physician Galen believed that disease was caused by bad _____. a. miasmas b. humors c. blood

b. humors

An axenic culture is one that is____ a. ecological b. pure c. historical d. pathogenic

b. pure

What is the role of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells? a. provide a mechanism for tissue formation b. separate some cellular materials and processes from others c. reproduction in multicellular organisms d. support the structure of unbound organelles

b. separate some cellular materials and processes from others

A dark image is formed on a brighter background when using a __________ field microscope

bright

A dark image is formed on a brighter background when using a ___________ field microscope

bright

A dark image is formed on a brighter background when using a _____________ field microscope

bright

Which characteristic is most common for bacteria? a. no cell wall b. lack defined subcellular structures c. single-celled d. a membrane-bound nucleus

c. single-celled

The proetin coat that surrounds the viral nucleic acid is called the ___________.

capsid

The archaeal cells in this image have which cellular morphology?

cocci

What type of microscope is often used to study biofilms?

confocal

In whose lab was the agae plate for culturing microorganisms developed? a. Petri b. Leeuwenhoek c. Pasteur d. Koch

d. Koch

Which feature is most commonly used to describe bacterial and archaeal cells? a. single-celled b. no cellular membranes c. no cell walls d. no nucleus

d. no nucleus

What is the main focus of public health microbiology? a. enviromental systems b. immunology c. human and animal pathogens d. outbreaks and epidemics

d. outbreaks and epidemics

This image was obtained through the use of __ microscopy.

dark field

Which type of microscope projects a brightly illuminated image on a dark background?

dark field

Bright-field microscope

dark image of the specimen against a bright background

Which type of microscope projects a brightly illuminated image on a dark background?

dark-field

gram negative envelope

diderms spheroplasts

In a eukaryotic cell, the ___________ ___________ is an irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and vesicles located at the edges of the cisternae

endoplasmic reticulum

The major site of cell membrane synthesis is the

endoplasmic reticulum

Within eukaryotic cells, the irregular network of branching membranous tubules and cisternae is called the ______.

endoplasmic reticulum

An early step in clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis is the delivery of endocytosed material to small organelles called __________, which contain hydrolytic enzymes.

endosomes

The _________ hypothesis proposes an origin for mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.

endosymbiotic

The __________ hypothesis proposes an origin for mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells

endosymbiotic

To reproduce, viruses must ___________

enter a host cell

Which of the following advances best describes that today we may be experiencing a second golden age of microbiology?

genomic testing

The first part of a Latin binomial is the name of the _____.

genus

Staphylococci

grape-like clusters

bronz lipoprotein

holds outer membrane in place

The use of _____ oil when viewing a slide prevents the refraction of light and allows the viewer to see the image much clearer (i.e., better resolution).

immersion

What are cristae?

infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane

In which type of staining is the background stained but not the cells?

negative

India ink and nigrosin are both ___________ stains which stain the background and not the cell.

negative

Lipopolysaccharides are found in gram-____ bacteria.

negative

capsul stain is

negative

LPS functions

negative charge antigen permeability stability

India ink and nigrosin are both

negative stains

A tumor is a growth or lump of tissue resulting from _____, which means unregulated abnormal new cell growth and reproduction of a similar cell type.

neoplasia

A tumor is a growth or lump of tissue resulting from ___________, which means unregulated abnormal new cell growth and reproduction of a similar cell type.

neoplasia

The function of histones in eukaryotic chromatin is to

neutralize the charge on DNA to compact it

Beijerinck is credited with the discovery of aerobic bacteria that can fix _________.

nitrogen

mycoplasma

no peptidoglycan cell wall resistant to osmotic pressure stains gram negative but it is a gram positive molecule has cholesterol

diplococci

pair of spherical shape

Scientists have found evidence that some archaea are ________, which means they have multiple copies of their chromosomes.

polyploidy

cell wall functions

protective against osmotic stress gives cell shape resist lysis

capsule

protective layer and sometimes aids in adhersion

Bacterial Capsule function:

protective layer and sometimes aids in adhesion.

Green fluorescent gene encodes a ____ that naturally fluoresces green when exposed to light of a certain wavelength.

protein

The bacterial nucleoid is composed of ____.

protein and DNA

Prions are composed of _____

protein only

The S layer in an archaeal cell wall is composed of _____.

protein or glycoprotein

the S layer in an archaeal cell wall is composed of.....

protein or glycoprotein

All materials that may be found in archaeal cell walls, external to the S-layer

protein sheath polysaccharide

Select all material that may be found in archaeal cell walls, external to the S-layer.

protein sheath, polysaccharide (i.e. methanochronoitin)

Select all material that may be found in archaeal cell walls, external to the S-layer. P-layer, lipopolysaccharide, protein sheath, peptidoglycan polysaccharide (i.e. methanochondroitin)

protein sheath, polysaccharide (i.e. methanochronoitin)

cell membrane

proteins make up 50% of membrane (integral and membrane)

which four of the following entities are cellular? - prions - protists - viroids - viruses - bacteria - fungi - archaea

protists bacteria fungi archaea

Which term includes the plasma membrane and everything inside it?

protoplast

An axenic culture is one that is _______.

pure

The nucleolus plays a major role in synthesis of

rRNA

The ___________ is a structure found in all cells and is the location for protein synthesis.

ribosome

Which of the following bacterial structures is the site of protein synthesis?

ribosome

Which of the following cellular components are commonly found in most bacteria cells?

ribosomes, cell wall, slime layer, capsule, flagella

_______________ is a term used to describe an RNA molecule that functions as a catalyst.

ribozymes

spirilla

rigid helices

What is the bacterial shape of bacilli?

rods

twitching and gliding

rough and smooth

rue or false: A common attribute of life is self-awareness.

When a bacterium is moving smoothly in a single direction, then it is said to be in a ______.

run

rotation of flagella counterclockwise

run

chemotaxis line

run (longer)

The surface layer that is regularly structured and patterned like floor tiles is the

s-layer

Which of the four following entities are generally included in the field of micorbiology? slime molds, insects, viroids, bacteria, mosses, archaea,

slime molds, viriods, bacteria, and archaea

plasmids

small self replicating DNA

ribosomes

smaller than eukaryotic 16S rRNA

Sergei Winogradsky is best known for his contributions to

soil microbiology

Although Koch's postulates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today because ______.

some causative disease agents cannot be grown in pure culture

Which of the following are growth factors? carbon, oxygen, some nucleotides, sulfur, zinc, some amino acids, vitamins

some nucleotides, some amino acids, vitamins

Which three of the following are growth factors?

some nucleotides, some amino acids, vitamins

group translocation

special to bacteria involves a phosphotransferase system (PTS) that uses PEP chemically modifies cells transports sugars into cells sugars modified by phosphorylation as it enters cell

In eukaryotes, a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other groups is called a

species

cocci

spheres

Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as [choose three] ______.

spherical vesicles tubular membranes flattened vesicles

Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as [choose three]

spherical vesicles flattened vesicles tubular membranes

Bacteriophages that can integrate their genome into the host genome are called _____ phages.

temperate

Bacteriophages that can integrate their genome into the host genome are called ___________ phage.

temperate

True or false: Bacterial cells uptake nutrients that are dissolved.

true

True or false: During endospore germination, the endospore cell wall must be degraded by enzymes already present in the core.

true

True or false: Generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram-negative bacteria.

true

Which of the following is NOT a function of the capsule?

used for regulating nutrient uptake

Which of the following is a NOT a function of the capsule?

used for regulating nutrient uptake

Active transport and facilitated diffusion are different because active transport ____.

uses ATP to power the movement of materials across a membrane

secondary active transport

uses already established gradient to move things across symport and antiport

Biovars

variant strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences

Capsules are typically ____.

well organized

Match the following relationships. Bacterial cell membrane Eukaryotic cell membrane

- Bacterial cell membrane: Hopanoids - Eukaryotic cell membrane: Cholesteroids

Match the following common structures of bacteria with their function. Cell wall Cell membrane Capsule Ribosomes

- Cell wall: Resistance to osmotic stress - Cell membrane: Selectively permeable barrier - Capsule: Protective layer verses dehydration and sometimes aids in adherence to surfaces - Ribosomes: Responsible for protein synthesis

In what ways are bacteria different from animal cells?

- Cellular arrangement - Size - Cell wall

The functions of the cell wall include:

- Protection from toxic substances - Protection from osmotic stress - Is involved in DNA replication - Defines cell shape

Ribosomes are composed of _______.

- Protein - Nucleic acid

Identify the following that describes typical plasmids?

- Small relative to the chromosome - Composed of DNA -Replicates fairly independently -Most known plasmids are circular

Identify the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea

- Smaller than Eukaryotes - Lacking membrane bound organelles

Which sized object would be the smallest size the human eye can detect?

0.2mm

Identify similarities between eukaryotic and bacterial cell membranes. 1) composed of phospholipids 2) the same size in regards to volume 3) selectively permeable 4) contains peripheral proteins

1, 3, 4 Composed of phospholipids, selectively permeable, contains peripheral proteins

Identify the functions of bacterial inclusions. 1) storage 2) cell division 3) quorum sensing 4) reduce osmotic pressure

1, 4

List the steps in creating a SEM image

1. Electron beam back and forth over the specimen 2. Surface atoms discharge a tiny shower of electrons called secondary electrons 3. Secondary electrons are trapped by a detector 4. Secondary electrons strike a scintillator and light flashes 5. Photomultiplier converts to an electrical current and amplifies 6. Signal sent to a cathode ray tube and produces image to be viewed

List 3 things associated with electron microscopes

1. Viewing screen 2. Electron beams 3. Electromagnets

The scanning tunneling microscope can achieve magnifications of up to

100 million

How far back do the earliest fossils of microbial life date back to?

3.5 billion years ago

Scanning Magnification

Which three of the following statements are TRUE regarding the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells A: it includes a perinuclear space B: it is the location of the ETC C: it is continuous with the ER D: it is compsoed of 3 lipid bilayers E: the outer side is studded with ribosomes

A, C and E

Which of the following is composed of protein or glycoproetin? A: S-layer B: capsule B: slime layer

A: S-layer

This image illustrates the components of the __________ cell wall. A: gram negative B: mycobacterial C: gram positive

A: gram negative (1st image)

Endocytosis triggered by the binding of a ligand molecule to a membrane-bound receptor is called A: receptor-mediated endocytosis B: pinocytosis C: caveolin-dependent endocytosis D: clathrin-dependent endocytosis

A: receptor-mediated endocytosis

Viroids are infectious agents that consist of ___________ A: RNA and protein B: RNA only C: DNA only D: protein only

B: RNA only

The process of moving materials inside a cell by encolsing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called ___________. A: secretion B: endocytosis C: facilitated diffusion D: glycosylation

B: endocytosis

Ferdinan Cohn is best known fro his discovery of bacterial __________ A: mitochondria B: endospores C: pellicles D: cell walls

B: endospores

The core of an archaeal membrane is A: neutral B: hydrophobic C: hydrophilic

B: hydrophobic

Which of the following is generally composed of protein? A) slime layer B) capsule C) S-layer

C) S-layer

Being _____ allows for some bacteria to have a degree a differentiation among the cells in this cellular arrangement. A) forked B) branched C) filamentous D) coccus

C) filamentous

Which type of biochemical is critical for protein synthesis? A: glucose B: oxygen C: RNA D: lipids

C: RNA

Most primary active transport systems are A: antiporters B: symporters C: uniporters

C: uniporters

The movement of a cell toward or away from a specific chemical stimulus is called ________.

Chemotaxis

The movement toward or away from a region due to detecting specific chemicals is called _______.

Chemotaxis

Pasteur worked to develop vaccines, and successfully attempted vaccination of a boy suffering from a) tuberculosis b) diphtheria c) leprosy d) rabies

Which statement is not supporting evidence for the endosymbiotic theory? a) mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes similar to bacteria b) mitochondrial genomes resemble those of bacteria c) chloroplast rRNA is similar to that of photosynthetic bacteria d) mitochondria and chloroplasts are closely related

In most bacteria, the proton motive force directly will power ______. A) pseudopodia movement B) genome replication C) fimbriae movement D) flagella movement E) cilia movement

D) flagella movement

The size of a viral genome can be A: 100 to 4000 nucleotides long B: 1 million to 1 billion nucleotides long C: 1 million to 1 billion amino acids long D: 4000 to 2500000 nucleotides long

D: 4000 to 2500000 nucleotides long

DNA is the template for the synthesis of __________ which is the template for the protein synthesis A: sugar B: phosphate groups C: lipids D: RNA

D: RNA

Tiny, cup-shaped, cholesterol-rich invaginations of the plasma membrane are called ___________. A: lamellae B: reticula C: coated pits D: caveolae

D: caveolae

Which of the following is true regarding macronutrients and micronutrients? A: macronutrients are substances that can be synthesized by the cell B: micronutrients are substances needed in large quantities C: micronutrients are substances that can be synthesized by the cell D: macronutrients are substances needed in large quantities

D: macronutrients are substances needed in large quantities

The component of the mitochondrion indicated by the letter C is the __________. A: cristae B: inner membrane C: outer membrane D: matrix

D: matrix Overall, know all

Which group of organisms is numerically dominant on Earth? A: insects B: animals C: plants D: microbes

D: microbes

Antony van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his early work with __________ A: vaccines B: antiseptics C: pure cultures D: microscopes

D: microscopes

The fucntion of histones in eukaryotic chromatin is to A: attach the mitotic spindle during cell division B: protect the DNA from degratative enzymes C: mark gene boundaries like promoters and terminators D: neutralize the charge on DNA to compact it

D: neutralize the charge on DNA to compact it

An endosymbiosis between two organisms means that A: the two organisms live in a shared compartment B: their internal and external environments are the same C: they are closely related phylogenetically D: one organism lives inside the cells of the other

D: one organism lives inside the cells of the other

Bacterial internal membrane structures are often connected to the ___________. A: cytoskeleton B: peptidoglycan C: outer membrane D: plasma membrane

D: plasma membrane

In gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane is more permeable than the inner membrane principally because of the presence of A: LPS B: teichoic acids C: Braun's lipoproteins D: porin proteins

D: porin proteins In spite of LPS, the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria have porin proteins to facilitate the movement of large compounds like glucose into the cell

Which of the following uses ATP to move substances across a membrane? A: osmosis B: facilitated diffusion C: passive diffusion D: primary active transport

D: primary active transport

Infectious agents composed entirely of protein are called ___________. A: viroids B: satellites C: viruses D: prions

D: prions

Pasteur worked to develop vaccines, and successfully attempted vaccination of a boy suffering from A: diphtheria B: leprosy C: tuberculosis D: rabies

D: rabies

Which of the following bacterial structures is the site of protein synthesis? A: DNA (chromosome) B: plasma membrane C: cell wall D: ribosome

D: ribosome

In which process are specimens plunged into an extremely cold liquid?

Electron Cryotomography

Which types of microscopes are NOT able to create clear images of living specimens?

Electron Microscopes

To reproduce, viruses must _____.

Enter a host cell

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

First person to observe microorganisms accurately

Francesco Stelluti

First to observe organisms (bees and weevils) under a microscope

Robert Hook

First to publish drawings of microorganisms in book Micrographic in 1665

In preparation for staining, the process in which internal and external structures of specimens are preserved and attached in position on a slide is called...

Fixation

In preparation for staining, the process by which internal and external structures of specimens are preserved and attached in position on a slide is called _______.

Fixation or heat fixation

Which of the following are common external structures of motile bacteria that allow for locomotion?

Flagella and pili

The structure used by archaea for locomotion and attachment is called a(n) _______.

Flagella, or achaella

Drs. Singer and Nicholson proposed a model to describe how lipids behave in a membrane called the _______ _________ model.

Fluid mosaic

Which of the following terms describes the way in which lipids and proteins behave in a membrane?

Fluid mosaic model

Which of the following microscopes typically uses dyes or antibodies?

Fluorescent

Scanning Microscope

Forms image from electrons released from atoms on an object's surface

_____ is the same as microtubules

FtsZ

Which of the following has the thinner cell wall layer?

Gram-negative bacteria

Which external structure appears like a grappling hook used for adhesion?

Hami

Which three of the following statements are true regarding the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells?

It includes a perinuclear space. The outer side is studded with ribosomes. It is continuous with the ER.

**NOTE**

Know that mitochondria are the sites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport, and ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells

Select all correct statements regarding the RNA component of ribosomal RNA.

Knowing the rRNA sequence of an organism would permit you to identify it as archaeal or bacterial. Archaea were originally distinguished from bacteria on the basis of their rRNA sequences.

Joseph Lister

Known as "father of modern surgery" because he developed antiseptic techniques and surgery systems to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds.

Robert Koch

Known for work with etiology of anthrax and established a list of criteria called Koch's Postulates.

In whose lab was the agar plate for culturing microorganisms developed?

Koch

Criteria used for establishing the relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease are called ___________ postulates.

Koch postulates

Criteria used for establishing the relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease are called __________ postulates.

Koch's

Which of the following experiments is used to identify new pathogens?

Koch's Postulates

Koch's postulates are valuable for determining the type of media to be used to isolate novel organisms. causal relationships between microorganisms and a specific disease. minimum inhibitory temperature needed for disinfection. the relatedness of microorganisms using classical means.

Generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram-negative bacteria (LPSs)

LPS is associated with the outer membrane True

How do prokaryotic cells most commonly differ from eukaryotic cells?

Lack a nucleus

Which of the following are limitations of the light microscope?

Light microscopes have a resolution limit of .2 micrometers and are not able to show detailed internal cellular structure.

Which of the following are limitations of the light microscope?

Light microscopes have a resolution limit of 0.2 micrometers. Light microscopes are not able to show detailed internal cellular structure.

Proteins and lipids

Lipid rafts are areas of the eukaryotic plasma membrane that differ from the rest of the plasma membrane mainly in their content of

Sudan lll stains...

Lipids

Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by

Lister

The first use of antiseptics in surgery is attributed to Joseph _______.

Lister

The first use of antiseptics in surgery is attributed to Joseph __________

Lister

Which three of the following are functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton Aid in transport of nutrients Localize specific proteins within the cell Participate in cell division Determine cell shape Act as a support structure for energy conservation Participate in phagocytosis

Localize specific proteins within the cell Participate in cell division Determine cell shape

Hami

Look like tiny grappling hooks and may be used for adhesion

Peripheral proteins

Loosely associated with the outside of the cell membrane; easily removed

Protons

Lysosomes maintain an acidic internal environment by pumping ___ (hydrogen ions) into their interior

Secretory

Materials are moved from location to location within the eukaryotic cell by which pathway?

The first direct evidence of primitive cellular life was the 1977 discovery of ______ fossils in the Swartkoppie chert, a type of granular sedimentary rock rich in silica

Microbial

The first direct evidence of primitive cellular life was the 1977 discovery of _________ fossils in the Swartkoppie chert, a type of granular sedimentary rock rich in silica.

Microbial

What are the three components of the Eukaryotic cytoskeleton? (smallest à largest)

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Elements required in low concentrations for cell growth are called ______. Zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper are examples of ______.

Micronutrients

Typically circular DNA that is not always needed.

Plasmid

Negative Staining

Specimen is spread out in a thin film with either phosphotungstic acid or uranyl acetate. Heavy metal doesn't penetrate, but renders dark background. Useful to study viruses and cellular microbes

How are macroscopic microorganisms distinguished from other multicellular life forms?

They lack differentiated tissues (and/or cell types)

True or False: Some fungi can cause human diseases.

True

What type of cells are difficult to view in a bright-field microscope?

Unpigmented

Electron microscope

Uses electrons rather than light

How was the age of Earth determined?

Using radioisotopes to date meteorites

Bacterial chromosomes:

Usually circular and do not contain histones or histone-like proteins

Which entities are included as microorganisms? Only acellular biological entities Only cellular biological entities Only organisms Organisms and acellular biological entities

Which is the best description of microorganisms? A Organisms too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye B Organisms too small to be seen clearly with a microscope C Organisms that have a small impact on the environment D Organisms found in low abundance in the environment

Which is the best description of the germ theory of disease? Childhood germ cells proliferate disease Disease is caused by vapors Microorganisms cause disease Germs are only theoretical

Cell membrane synthesis

Which of the following Is a function of the endoplasmic reticulum ?

abc

Which three supporting (i.e., positive) roles do bacteria play in the human body? Contribute to immune system development Help digest food in the intestines Produce vitamins in the intestines Regulate temperature Cause disease in many tissues

Keratin & Vimentin

Which two of the following are types of protein from which the intermediate filaments of eukaryotic cytoskeleton are built?

There can be more than one nucleoid in a nucleus, their major function is rubosomal RNA synthesis

Which two of the following statements regarding nucleoli are correct

the bacterial shape known as bacillus is different from occus because bacillus is

a rod shape

Who was the ancient Greek physician who heavily influenced by Hippocrates and believed that disease was caused by bad humors? a. Galen b. Plato c. Bassi d. Bigo

a. Galen

the core polysacharide of LPS is composed of

about 10 sugars

In eukaryotic cells, the thinnest cytoskeletal filaments (4 to 7 nm in diameter) are composed of _____.

actin

The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells contains minute cytoskeletal filaments that are 4 to 7 nm in diameter, composed of the protein ______

actin

The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells contains minute cytoskeletal filaments that are 4 to 7 nm in diameter, composed of the protein ___________.

actin

Select the three types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells.

actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Select the three types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. flagella, actin filametns, microtubules, nanotubules, axial filaments, intermediate filaments

actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

List the order of events that occur in the transition from endospore to a vegetative cell.

activation germination outgrowth

During secondary active transport, when ions move opposite to the movement of a substance, this is termed ____.

antiport

hich of the following statements is false regarding environments where archaea live?

archae are restricted to a few extreme environments on the planet

Which of the following shares a basic body plan with bacteria?

archaea

which four of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology? - archaea - viroids - mosses - insects - bacteria - slime molds

archaea viroids bacteria slime molds

Which of the following statements is false regarding culturing archaea in the laboratory?

archael pathogens are usually cultures in human cell lines

The structure used by archaea for locomotion and attachment is called a(n) _____.

archaellum

The structure used by archaea for locomotion and attachment is called a(n) __________.

archaellum

Compounds considered to be growth factors ______.

are acquired from the environment

teichoic acid

attach to peptidoglycan

A "pure" culture is also known as a(n) _______ culture.

axenic

Kitasto and von Behring are credited with the discovery of soluble antitoxins called... a. anidotes b. antibodies c. antibiotics d. cytokines

b. antibodies

Agar plates are useful for which of the following? a. surface antisepsis b. isolating microbial strains c. separating bacterial proteins d. determing pathogencity

b. isolating microbial strains

example of clostridium

c. botulinum (botox) and c. tetani (lock jaw)

Generally, membrane-bound organelles can be found in _____. a. eukaryotes and prokaryotes b. no clear distinctions c. eukaryotes only d. prokaryotes only

c. eukaryotes only

Pasteur's data showed that spontaneous generation should be considered____. a. true in some cases b. true c. false

c. false

In addition to the body's resistance to infection, this field also studies allergies and rheumatoid arthritis. a. medical microbiology b. microbial microbiology c. immunology d. public health microbiology

c. immunology

The second step of the viral life cycle is ____.

entry

Which gram is bacteria mainly?

gram negative

Bacillus anthracis

harmful, cause anthrax

Budding is best described as

how enveloped viruses acquire their membranes

The distance between the center of the lens and the focal point is called the focal

length

The ___________ is an organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of intracellular macromolecules

lysosome

In a eukaryotic cells the genetic information is located in the _____.

nucleus

In a compound light microscope, the ________ lens forms the magnified image that is further enlarged by one or more additional lenses.

objective

monotrichous

one flagella

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the

packaging of materials for excretion

Which of the following are functions performed by archaeal pili? promoting DNA transfer, adhesion to human cells, adhesion to surfaces, facilitating chemotaxis, protecting against heat denaturation

promoting DNA transfer, and adhesion to surfaces

The last step in the replication cycle of a virus is generally called ______

releae

The ability to separate or distinguish between small objects using a microscope is called

resolution

Known for ease of use, ______ staining only uses one dye.

simple

Known for ease of use, __________ staining only uses one dye

simple

which compounds typically gives gram-positive bacterial cell walls their net-negative charge?

teichoic acids

gram positive has a ______ cell wall

thick

coccobacilli

very short rods

Which three of the following are chemical signatures found in the pseudomurein component of some archaeal cell walls?

β(1-3) glycosidic bonds N-acetylalosaminuronic acid L-amino acids

Identify the functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton.

- Involved in cell division - Involved in the localization of specific proteins within the cell - Involved in cellular shape

In general, peptidoglycan is composed of _______.

- Sugars - Amino acids

4 characteristics of Eukarya

-Membrane-bound organelles -No peptidoglycan in cell walls -Introns in genes -Ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane

The three most important organelles involved in energy conservation are:

-Mitochondria -Chloroplasts -Hydrogenosomes

Arrange the components of the chloroplast in the correct order from the outside to the inside:

-Outer membrane -Inner membrane -Stroma -Thylakoid

Match the following relationships Pink Purple

-Pink: Gram-negative -Purple: Gram-positive

Identify structures common among bacteria. 1) ribosomes 2) cell wall 3) flagella 4) capsule 5) mitochondria 6) slime layer 7) chloroplasts

1, 2, 3, 4, 6

Identify similarities between eukaryotic and bacterial cell membranes. 1) bilayer of lipids 2) contains integral proteins 3) fluid 4) monolayer of lipids 5) composed of primarily lipids 6) ridged

1, 2, 3, 5

Indicate possible triggers for endospore production. 1) becoming too hot 2) low levels of nutrients 3) perfect conditions 4) becoming too cold 5) presence of hostile chemicals

1, 2, 4, 5

Teichoic acids could be composed of ________. 1) ribitol 2) phosphate groups 3) cytosine 4) peptidoglycan 5) methionine 6) glycerol

1, 2, 6

In what ways are bacteria different from animal cells? 1) cell wall 2) have ribosomes 3) size 4) cellular arrangement 5) have cell membranes

1, 3, 4

Resolving power for 1. scanning 2. low power 3. high power 4. oil immersion

1. 2.3 um 2. 0.9 um 3. 0.35 um 4. 0.18 um

Starting from the light source and moving toward the image, put the parts of the phase-contrast micro. in the correct order.

1. Annular Disk 2. Condenser 3. Slide 4. Phase Plate

What are the steps of gram staining?

1. Apply primary stain Crystal Violet - will turn all cells purple 2. Apply a mordant Iodine - Fixes stain in the cells, still purple 3. Apply decolorizer Alcohol or Acetone - removes dye from gram-negative cells but not the gram-positive 4. Apply counterstain Safranin - turns gram-negative cells a red/pink color and leaves gram-positive as is

When performing a stain, which two things generally occur during the fixation step?

1. Cells are killed 2. Cells are attached to the slide

List the steps for the endospore stain in the correct order.

1. Cells stained with malachite green 2. Slide with malachite green is placed over heat 3. Slide is rinsed with water 4. Counterstain slide with sefranin

List the steps of the gram stain

1. Crystal violet, primary stains 2. Iodine, mordant 3. Acetone-alcohol, decolorizer 4. Safranin, counterstain

Which of the following must be done in order to prepare a specimen for SEM?

1. Fixed 2. Dehydrated 3. Dried 4. Metal Coated

Name the characteristics that describe objectives that have a short working distance.

1. Large numerical aperture 2. Great resolving power

List the order of steps for the capsule staining

1. Mix cells with India ink 2. Spread out in a thin film on slide 3. Allow to air dry 4. View under microscope

Limit of its resolution: 1. Light Microscope 2. Electron Microscope 3. Scanning Tunneling Microscope

1. Mycoplasma Bacteria 2. Amino Acid 3. Hydrogen Atom

Which chemicals are used in the staining process of specimens for the TEM?

1. Osmium Tetroxide 2. Uranyl acetate 3. Lead citrate

List the steps of acid fast staining

1. Primary stain with basic fuchsin 2. Heat to allow basic fuchsin to penetrate cells 3. Decolorize with acidic alcohol 4. Counterstain with methylene blue

Name limitations of the light microscopy

1. Resolution of 0.2 micrometers 2. Not able to show detailed internal cellular structure

which of the two following chemical modifications maybe found in the lipids of the archaeal cell membrane?

1. carbohydrates may be attached to the glycerol 2. phosphorus may be attached to the glycerol

Match the bacterial ribosome relationships.

16s rRNA = small RNA component subunit 23s rRNA & 5s rRNA = large RNA component subunit 21 proteins = small protein component subunit 34 proteins = large protein component subunit

Identify any of the following that describes typical plasmids. 1) composed of RNA 2) most known plasmids are circular 3) composed of DNA 4) small relative to the chromosome 5) replicates fairly independently

2, 3, 4, 5 Most known plasmids are circular, composed of DNA, small relative to the chromosome, replicates fairly independently

The functions of the cell wall include: 1) provides motility 2) protection from toxic substances 3) involved in DNA replication 4) defines cell shape 5) protection from osmotic pressure

2, 4, 5

in gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic space may constitute about..... of the total cell volume

20-40%

Identify all the general similarities between bacteria and archaea. 1) peptidoglycan cell walls 2) structure of lipids in the cell membrane 3) smaller than eukaryotes 4) lacking membrane bound organelles

3, 4

In general, peptidoglycan is composed of 1) nucleotides 2) lipids 3) sugars 4) amino acids

3, 4

Ribosomes are composed of _____. 1) lipid 2) sugar 3) protein 4) nucleic acid

3, 4

Which of the following are common external structures of motile bacteria that allow for locomotion? 1) cilia 2) pseudopodia 3) flagella 4) pilli

3, 4

The approximate dimensions of fimbriae are ____.

3-10 nm in diameter and up to several um long

Which three of the following are chemical signatures found in the pseudomurein component of some archaeal cell walls 1. ether linkages 2. D-amino acids 3. L-amino acids 4. B(1-4) glycosidic bonds (found in bacterial cell walls). 5. ester linkages 6. N-acetylalosaminuronic acid 7. N-acetylmuramic acid 8. B(1-3) glycosidic bonds

3. L-amino acids 6. N-acetylalosaminuronic acid 8. B(1-3) glycosidic bonds

The size of a viral genome can be ____.

4,000 to 2,500,000 nucleotides long

What is the approximate age of Earth?

4.6 billion years old

High Power Magnification

40-45x

Eukaryotes have ___ ribosomes, composed of ___ and ___ subunits.

40S, 60S

Eukaryotic ribosomes

80S with a 60S large subunit and 40S small subunit

The rRNA used as the basis for the universal phylogenetic tree is from which subunit of the ribosome? a) Small b) Large c) Active d) Inherited

The universal phylogenetic tree is based on comparisons of which molecule? a) rRNA b) mRNA c) siRNA d) tRNA

Which is the best description of microorganisms? a)Organisms too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye b)Organisms found in low abundance in the environment c)Organisms that have a small impact on the environment d)Organisms too small to be seen clearly with a microscope

Which of the following are characteristics of many types of dyes used to stain microorganisms? (two are correct) a) They are able to bind cells by ionic, covalent, or hydrophobic bonds b) They do not have chromophore groups c) They are able to bind cells only by covalent bonds d) They have chromophore groups

A and D

Which two of the following are typical characteristics of eukaryotic cells? A: paucity of plasmids (plasmids not common) B: 70S ribosomes C: gas vesicles D: 80S ribosomes E: single circular chromosome

A and D

Which of the following best defines a virulent phage?

A virus that always progresses to lysis of the infected cell

Which of the following best defines a temperate phage?

A virus that can integrate its genome into the host genome.

Capsules are typically _____. A) well organized B) loosely organized C) yellow in color

A) well organized

Which of the 3 supporting roles do bacteria play in the human body? A: produce vitamins sin the intestines B: help digest food int he intestines C: contribute to immune system development D: cause disease in many tissues E: Regulate temperature

A, B, and C

Which three of the following statements about the small subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome are true? A: about 30 proteins B: 18S rRNA C: 60S in size D: about 50S proteins E: 40S in size F: 5S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAs

A, B, and E

Which three of the following statements are TRUE regarding the nuclear pore complex? A: small molecules usually pass through unaided B: large molecules usually pass through unaided C: it is the transport route between cytoplasm and the nucleus D: each pore is formed by approximately 10 proteins E: Pores occupy about 10 to 25% of the nuclear surface

A, C, and E Each pore is formed by about 30 proteins

Which four statements about plastids are TRUE A: plastids often contain pigments B: plastids are the location of the tricarboxylic acid pathway C: plastids are the location of oxidative phosphorylation D: chloroplasts are surrounded by a single lipid bilayer E: chloroplasts are one type of plastid F: plastids can be a site of synthesis and storage of food reserves G: plastids are found in photosynthetic protists and plants

A, E, F, and G

Which is not a correct rendering of a Latin binomial? (note all them are in italics writing) A: Yersinia Pestis B: Yersinia pestis C: Y. pestis D: all are correct

A: Yersinia Pestis

During primary active transport, __________ powers the movement of solute across a membrane A: an ATP molecule B: sodium atoms or hydrogen atoms C: an auxillary protein D: the proton movtive force

A: an ATP molecule

Which of the following best describes a virus? A: an acellular infectious agent that can only replicate within a host cell B: acellular agents that infect human cells C: a cellular infectious agent that can replicate only within a host cell D: a pathogen that can infect a hsot cell but also replicate independently

A: an acellular infectious agent that can only replicate within a host cell

The group Eukarya does not include which group of organisms? A: bacteria B: plants C: animals D: fungi

A: bacteria

Viruses exist __________ cells. A: both outside and inside B: only outside C: only inside infected

A: both outside and inside

In the absence of a chemical gradient, E. coli cells move randomly, with A: both runs and tumbles of comparable length B: short runs and frequent tumbles C: long runs and infrequent tumbles

A: both runs and tumbles of comparable length

Which term is used to describe the plasma membrane and all the layers external to it? A: cell envelop B: outer membrane C: cell wall D: capsule

A: cell envelope

Where would you find the glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell? A: cell surface B: cytoplasm C: nucleus D: cytoskeleton

A: cell surface

The cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane is called the __________ A: cell wall B: glycocalyx C: capsule D: outer membrane

A: cell wall

What usually happens to cells for viewing under a bright-field microscope? A: cells are killed B: cells remain alive

A: cells are killed

In contrast to viral genomic DNA, which may be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA, cellular genomes are always A: dsDNA B: ssDNA C: dsRNA D: ssRNA

A: dsRNA

Materials are brought into the eukaryotic cell by which pathway? A: endocytic B: glycolytic C: secretory D: exocytic

A: endocytic

Within eukaryotic cells, the irregular network of branching membranous tubules and cisternae is called the ___________. A: endoplasmic reticulum B: cytoskeleton C: nuclear lamina D: mitochondrial matrix

A: endoplasmic reticulum

The origin of cholorplasts is included in whichj theory? A: endosymbiotic hypothesis B: energy-conservation hypothesis C: germ theory of disease D: RNA world

A: endosymbiotic hypothesis

Generally speaking, which type of microbial cells are the largest? A: eukaryotes B: bacteria C: archaea

A: eukaryotes

Generally, membrane-bound organelles can be found in A: eukaryotes only B: prokaryotes only C: eukaryotes and prokaryotes D: no clear distinctions

A: eukaryotes only

Louis Pasteur made contributions to the field of medical microbiology,m but also made great contributions to this field. A: food and dairy microbiology B: environmental microbiology C: microbial ecology

A: food and dairy microbiology

The notion that microorganisms cause disease is called the __________ theory of disease. A: germ B: endosymbiotic C: evolutionary D: hydrogen

A: germ

The carbohydrate-rich surface layer of many eukaryotic cells is called a ___________ A: glycocalyx B: capsule C: capsule D: biofilm

A: glycocalyx

Which of the following has the thinner cell wall layer? A: gram negative B: gram positive

A: gram negative

Archaea have become well recognized for __________ A: living in extreme environments B: mutualistic relationships with most of life C: producing many food products D: causing significant disease in some people (region-specific)

A: living in extreme environments

Whcih organelle has a double membrane system, ribosomes, DNA, adn produces large amounts of ATP> A: mitochondrion B: golgi apparatus C: rough ER D: nucleus

A: mitochondrion

Which of the following describes a tumor resulting from unregulated abnormal new cell growth and reproduction of a similar cell type A: neoplasia B: anaplasia C: cancer D: cytopathic effects

A: neoplasia

The simplest viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. This composite structure of viral nucleic acid and protein is called a __________. A: nucleocapsid B: promoter C: viriod D: capside

A: nucleocapsid Capsid is another term for protein coat

The irregularly shaped region of a bacterial cell that contains the chromosome and numerous proteins is called the ___________. A: nucleoid B: nucleus C: DNA vesicle D: granulosome

A: nucleoid

The maina difference between a virulent phage and temperate phage is that virulent phage ___________. A: only have a lytic cycle B: alternate between temperate and virulent C: always integrate into the host genome D: always cause disease

A: only have a lytic cycle

The cell wall component indicated by the letter D is __________. A: peptidoglycan B: lipopolysaccharide C: the outer membrane D: Braun's lipoprotein

A: peptidoglycan (middle layer, green)

Small, double-stranded, circular pieces of DNA found in addition to the bacterial chromosome are called ___________. A: plasmids B: ribosomes C: chromatids D: nucleoids

A: plasmids

The bacterial nucleoid is composed of ___________. A: protein and DNA B: ribosomes and RNA C: only DNA D: an aggregate of vesicles

A: protein and DNA

Prions are composed of ___________. A: protein only B: nucleic acids only C: protein and nucleic acids only D: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

A: protein only

The S layer in an archaeal cell wal is composed of A: protein or glycoprotein B: lipopolysaccharide C: nucleic acid D: tetraether lipids

A: protein or glycoprotein

What is the primary role of DNA in a cell? A: store information B: catalyze reactions D: provide nutrition D: provide structure

A: store information

Which role is NOT played by proteins in extant organisms A: store information V: catalyze reactions C: enzymatic activities D: provide structure

A: store information

In general, peptidoglycan is composed of __________ A: sugars and amino acids B: sugars and lipids C: sugars and nucleotides D: lipids and amino acids E: lipids and nucleotides

A: sugars and amino acids

What viral life cycle step generally occurs after the virus has uncoated? A: synthesis B: self-assembly C: attachment D: entry

A: synthesis

Photosynthetic microbes can be easily visualized by fluorescence microscopy because A: their pigments are naturally fluorescent B: their cells are lower than the limit of resolution for other microscopes C: they are motile in most environments D: their cellular inclusions have a high refractive index

A: their pigments are naturally fluorescent

How aere macroscopic microorganisms distinguished form other multicellular life forms? A: they lack differentiated tissues (and/or cell types) B: some are not composed of cells C: they lack cellular compartments

A: they lack differentiated tissues (and/or cell types)

Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is true? A: twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis B: twitching motility is normally seen in cells in a liquid suspension C: twitching motility requires a type VI secretion system D: twitching motility is characterized by smooth motions

A: twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis

Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is false? A: twitching motility is powered by the proton motive force B: twitching motility requires a type IV pilus that extends and retracts C: twitching motility is characterized by short jerky motions D: twitching motility is normally seen on moist surfaces

A: twitching motility is powered by the proton motive force

What type of cells are difficult to view in a bright-field microscope A: unpigmented B: pigmented

A: unpigmented

Fimbriae can

Aid in motility, attachment to surfaces and the uptake of DNA.

Fimbriae can ______.

Aid in the uptake of DNA Aid in motility Aid in the attachment to surfaces

__________ is used to decolorize bacterial cells during the gram staining process.

Alcohol

Which of the following steps will decolorize cells during the gram staining process?

Alcohol step

Synthesis of protein by Radisson is attached to the surface of the rough ER, release of protein from ER in small vesicles, fusion of ER vesicle with cyst face of Golgi apparatus, release of transport vesicles from trans face of the Golgi apparatus, fusion of transport vesicle with the plasma membrane

Arrange the steps in the synthesis of a protein Destin for secretion from a eukaryotic cells in the correct order with the earliest up at the top

Formation of clathrin-costed vesicles, contents delivered to early endosome, formation of the late endosome, fusion with lysosome

Arrange the steps of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in chronological order, with the earliest step at the top

Which type of genome would seem simplest to replicate in a host cell? A: RNA B: DNA

B: DNA DNA is the natural genomic material in all cells, host cells already have all the needed enzymes to replicate DNA and express genes

Which of the following compounds is well known to protect gram-negative bacteria from environmental toxic substances? A: fimbriae B: LPS C: teichoic acid D: Braun's lipoprotein

B: LPS

Who is considered the inventor of the microscope? A: Frascatoro B: Leeuwenhoek C: Pasteur D: Koch

B: Leeuwenhoek

Which component of LPS can act as a toxin in a gram-negative bacterial infection? A: O antigen B: Lipid A C: core polysaccharide

B: Lipid A

Which component of LPS generates an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections? A: Lipid A B: O antigen C: core polysaccharide

B: O antigen

Which entities are included as microorganisms? A: Only cellular biological entities B: Organisms and acellular biological entities C: Only Organisms D: Only acellular biological entities

B: Organisms and acellular biological entities

Which scientist demonstrated that dust did indeed carry germs? A: Pasteur B: Tyndall C: Koch D: Berkeley

B: Tyndall

RNA is critical to protein synthesis because A: ATP is both an energy storage molecule and a part of RNA B: all three types of RNA contribute to protein synthesis C: it is the storage molecules for genetic information it D: it must be contained within a lipid bilayer to be functional

B: all three types of RNA contribute to protein synthesis

Bacterial inclusions is ___________. A: the invagination of the PM during cell division B: an aggregate of materials within the cell C: aggregated internal membranes for metabolic activity D: a membrane-bound storage vesicle

B: an aggregate of materials within the cell

Joseph Lister is best known for his work with A: pure culture methods B: antiseptics C: immunology D: food and dairy

B: antiseptics

The best definition of cytopathic effects caused by a viral infection of eukaryotic cells is A: lysis and death of host cells B: changes or abnormalities in infected cells that are distinct from lysis C: destruction of infected cells bu the host immune system D: virus replication within the cytoplasm of infected cells

B: changes or abnormalities in infected cells that are distinct from lysis

Which type of endocytosis begins with substances binding to specialized membrane regions called coated pits? A: caveolin-dependent endocytosis B: clathrin-dependent endocytosis C: phagocytosis D: reverse osmosis

B: clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Capsules are typically ___________ A: composed of proteins B: composed of sugars C: composed of nucleic acids D: composed of lipids

B: composed if sugars

Which of the following might be found in the archaeal cell cytoplasm? A: tetraether lipids B: cytoskeleton C: pseudomurein D: porin proteins

B: cytoskeleton

Which is the best definition of a microbial strain? A: environmental conditions that select for microbial populations B: descendants of a single, pure microbial culture C: reproductively isolated microbial populations D: microbes capable of interbreeding

B: descendants of a single, pure microbial culture

In this image, bacterial cells have been treated with a differential stain to highlight the structure called the ____________. A: capsule B: flagellum C: mycolic acids D: cell walls

B: flagellum

What type of microscope forms an image by capturing light emitted by the specimen after it has been excited by ultraviolet light? A: phase-contrast B: flourescence C: scanning electron D: differential interference

B: flourescence

The __________ stain was developed by __________ in __________ A: acid fast, John Tubercus, 1902 B: Gram, Christian Gram, 1884 C: simple, Frances Jalock, 1772

B: gram, Christian Gram, 1884

Compounds that must be acquired from the environment for cell survival are called ___________. A: hydrophilic B: growth factors C: amphipathic D: nonpolar

B: growth factors

The energy for viral replication, gene expression, and nucleocapsid assembly comes from __________ . A: viral ATP B: host ATP C: breakdown of the viral capsid D: the proton motive force

B: host ATP

Budding is best described as A: how viruses fuse two or more virions together B: how enveloped viruses acquire their membranes C: how viruses replicate their circular genomes D: how naked viruses leave their host cell

B: how enveloped viruses acquire their membranes

The ancient Greek physician Galen believed that disease was caused by bad A: miasmas B: humors C: blood

B: humors Poisonous vapors (miasmas) and the four humors caused disease

The surfaces of an archaeal membrane, both internal to the cell and external, are A: hydrophobic B: hydrophilic C: neutral

B: hydrophilic

If the concentration of solute drops, what happens to facilitated diffusion? A: it speeds up B: it slows down C: it stays the same

B: it slows down

In a chemical gradient, E. coli cells exhibit ___________ when moving toward the attractant. A: both runs and tumbles of comparable length B: long runs and infrequent tumbles C: short runs and frequent tumbles

B: long runs and infrequent tumbles

The relationship between a temperate phage and the hsot cell is called ___________. A: lytic B: lysogeny C: monogamy D: budding

B: lysogeny

Elements required in low concentrations for cell growth are called A: macroelements B: micronutrients C: macronutrients D: growth factors

B: micronutrients

Which stage of virus replication is shown in the image? A: synthesis B: release C: penetration D: uncoating

B: release

The endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding that mitochondria contain _________ similar to bacteria A: other plastids B: ribosomes and DNA C: a cell wall D: metabolic pathways

B: ribosomes and DNA

Which of the following transport mechanisms relies on concentration gradients of one substance to power the translocation of a different substance across a membrane? A: primary active transport B: secondary transport C: facilitated diffusion

B: secondary transport

Which characteristic most common for bacteria? A: lack defined subcellular structures B: single-celled C: no cell wall D: a membrane-bound nucleus

B: single-celled

Although Koch's postualates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today because A: virtually all pathogens have been identified B: some causative disease agents cannot be grown in pure culture C: molecular methods are much more reliable and rapid D: it is unethical to use animals for medical testing

B: some causative disease agents cannot be grown in pure culture

Which genus gets its name due to the cellular arrangement of spherical cells found in clusters, like a bunch of grapes? A: pallisades B: staphylococcus C: diplococcus D: streptococcus

B: staphylococcus

Which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain? A: staphylococcus B: streptococcus C: pallisades D: diplococcus

B: streptococcus

In active transport, the "active" refers to __________ A: the active movement of molecules across a membrane B: the use of energy to power the movement of molecules across a membrane C: the rate at which molecules move across a membrane D: the presence of proteins that move molecules across a membrane

B: the use of energy to power the movement of molecules across a membrane

What is the role of porin proteins? A: to facilitate the formation of endospores B: to facilitate the transport of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane C: to facilitate the movement of the cell through the environment D: to provide a mode of sexual reproduction for the cell

B: to facilitate the transport of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane

Active transport and facilitated diffusion are similar because they both __________. A: transport solutes using energy provided by ATP B: use proteins to move materials across a membrane C: use diffusion to move materials across a membrane D: are independent of solute concentration

B: use proteins to move materials across a membrane

How was the age of Earth determined? A: using moon rocks B: using radioisotopes C: examination of fossils B: historical literature

B: using radioisotopes Since fossils exist due to life and since life did not appear on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago, fossils were not used to date the planet

Asymmetric

Because the lipids in the outer leaflet of eukaryotic plasma membranes differ from those in the inner leaflet, this distribution of lipids is said to be

Basic Dye

Bind to negatively charged molecules

Acidic Dye

Bind to positively charged molecules

Which of the following characteristics of many types of dyes used to stain microorganisms? A: they do not have chromophore groups B: they are able to bind cells only by covalent bonds C: they are able to bind cells by ionic, covalent, or hydrophobic bonds D: they have chromophore groups

C and D

Which two of the following applications are best performed with a phase contrast microscope? A: determining cell viability B: interpreting the gram stain C: studying microbial motility D: detecting bacterial endospores

C and D

Which of the following is most similar to bacteria? A) fungi B) animals C) archaea D) algae E) protozoans

C) archaea

What structure of bacteria dictates the outcome of gram staining? A) inner and outer cell membrane B) capsule C) cell wall D) ribosomes E) cell membrane

C) cell wall

Zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper are examples of _________. A) macroelements B) ribozymes C) micronutrients D) macronutrients

C) micronutrients

Using electron microscopy, the irregular shaped, darkened region that contains the chromosome and numerous proteins within a bacterial cell is called the _______. A) magnetosome B) a DNA vesicle C) nucleoid D) granulosome E) nucleus

C) nucleoid

The bacterial cell wall is composed of a complex of sugars and amino acids that is collectively referred to as the _____ layer. A) slime B) capsule C) peptidoglycan D) peptide E) polysaccharide

C) peptidoglycan

Transportation of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute is termed _______. A) facilitated diffusion B) an ABC transport C) secondary active transport D) primary active transport

C) secondary active transport

Which three of the following statements about the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome are true? A: about 30 proteins B: 18S rRNA C: 60S in size D: about 50S proteins E: 40S in size F: 5S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAs

C, D, and F

In this image, cells are illustrated as they would appear after each step of the gram stain procedure. Which of the following statements is false? A: Safranin is used as the counterstain to color cells that were decolorized. N: All cells appear purple after the first step because crystal violet is a simple stain C: Application of iodine results in the loss of color from Gram negative cells. D: Gram positive cells remain purple throughout the procedure

C: Application of iodine results in the loss of color from Gram negative cells

The fact that endospores were produced by heat-resistant bacteria was discovered by __________ A: Joseph Lister B: John Tyndall C: Ferdinand Cohn D: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

C: Ferdinand Cohn Tyndall discovered that heat-resistant (endospore-formers) exist which Ferdinand Cohn more completely described the endospores

The surface layer that is regularly structured and patterned like floor tiles is the A: capsule B: slime layer C: S-layer

C: S-layer

A bright-field microscope forms A: a black and white image on a bright background B: a lighter image on a dark background C: a dark image on a lighter background

C: a dark image on a lighter background

Which of the following best defines a temperate phage? A: a virus that is temperature-dependent on whether it lyses a cell or not B: a virus that is highly resistant to temperature C: a virus that can integrate its genome into the host genome D: a virus that is temperature-dependent on whether it infects a cell or not

C: a virus that can integrate its genome into the host gneome

Which of the following shares a basic body plan with bacteria? A: fungi B: algae C: archaea D: animals E: protozoans

C: archaea

Because lipids in the outer leaflet of eukaryotic membranes differ from thsoe in the inner leaflet, this distribution of lipids pattern is said to be ___________. A: equivalent B: symmetric C: asymmetric

C: asymmetric

Compare facilitated diffusion and passive diffusion when solute concentrations are reduced. A: they both speed up B: only passive diffusion slows C: both mechanisms slow D: only facilitated diffusion slows

C: both mechanisms slow

Each organism used for comparison is represented by a(n) __________ on a phylogenetic tree. A: RNA B: fork C: branch D: root

C: branch

Macroelements include which of the following? A: amino acids, sugars, nucleotides. and lipids B: proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and fats C: carbon, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and a few others

C: carbon, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and a few others

What cellular role is played primarily by proteins? A: terminal oxidants B: catalyze reactions C: store information D: transmit information

C: catalyze reactions

Koch's postulates are valuable for determining A: minimum inhibitory temperature needed for disinfection B: the relatedness of microorganisms using classical means C: causal relationships between microorganisms and a specific disease D: the type of media to be used to isolate novel microorganisms

C: causal relationships between microorganisms and a specific disease

Which of the following describes proteins that aid in the movement of material across a membrane? A: integrases B: ashesin C: channels and carriers D: flippases

C: channels and carriers

Which characteristic is not typical of cellular microbes? A: lack differentiated tissue V: often unicellular C: composed only of protein and nucleic acids D: usually smaller than 1mm

C: composed only of protein and nucleic acids

The "energy-free" movement of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a transporting protein is called __________. A: passive diffusion B: active transport C: facilitated diffusion D: group translocation

C: facilitated diffusion

Which of the transport mechanisms relies only on concentration gradients to provide the "force" to move materials across the plasma membrane? A: secondary transport B: primary active transport C: facilitated diffusion D: group translocation transport

C: facilitated diffusion

Pasteur's data showed that spontaneous generation should be considered __________ A: true in some cases B: true C: false

C: false

Which of the following are involved in the uptake of foreign DNA, attachment to surfaces, and motility? A: flagella B: cilia C: fimbriae/pili D: pseudopodia

C: fimbriae/pili Type IV pili (a type of fimbriae) are involved in motility and the uptake of DNA

Visualization of the flagellum requires a differential stain because A: the mycolic acid in flagella resists staining by dyes B: many cells have only one flagellum C: flagella are too thin to be seen in a light microscope D: they are found primarily on gram positive bacteria

C: flagella are too thin to be seen in a light microscope

The first part of a Latin binomial is the name of the __________ A: strain B: species C: genus D: family

C: genus

In eukaryotic cells, the organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae is called the ___________. A: nuclear lamina B: mitochondrial matric C: golgi apparatus D: smooth ER

C: golgi apparatus

Phase-contrast microscopy is especially useful for detecting bacterial structures like endospores and inclusions because these structures A: cannot be detected even with the use of immersion oil B: are significantly smaller than bacterial cells C: have refractive indices very different from water D: are below the limit of resolution of a light microscope

C: have refractive indices very different from water

Which group of organisms has the greatest number of taxa? A: animals B: fungi C: microbes D: plants

C: microbes

Zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper are examples of __________ A: macroelements B: growth factors C: micronutrients D: macronutrients

C: micronutrients

Regarding the efficiency of accommodating genes in the genome, viruses are considered __________ efficient than bacteria and eukaryotes. A: less B: about the same C: more

C: more

Which of the following statement is true regarding the human microbiome? A: the human microbiome must be controlled to avoid disease B: the human microbiome is established before birth C: most bacteria does not cause disease in humans D: human cells vastly outnumber microbial cells in the body

C: most bacteria does not cause disease in humans

In a eukaryotic cell, the genetic information is located in the ___________. A: golgi apparatus B: nucleoid C: nucleus D: lysosome

C: nucleus

In eukaryotic cells, intracellular structures that eprform fucntions analogous to the functions of organs of a multicellular organism are known as ___________. A: macromolecules B: organs C: organelles D: organisms

C: organelles

The unaided, energy-free, movement of molecules across a membrane is called ___________. A: group-translocation transport B: active transport C: passive diffusion D: facilitated diffusion

C: passive diffusion

The cell wall component indicated by the letter B is A: the plasma membrane B: lippolysaccharide C: peptidoglycan D: teichoic acid

C: peptidoglycan

During which endocytic process do protrusions from the cell surface engulf particulate matter outside of the cell? A: secretion B: clathrin-dependent endocytosis C: phagocytosis D: caveolin-dependent endocytosis

C: phagocytosis

If the cell wall of a bacterium was removed, and then the cell was gram-stained, what color would it appear? A: green B: blue C: pink D: purple

C: pink

How do protists differ from bacteria? A: protists are typically multicellular B: protists lack a nucleus C: protists are generally larger than bacteria D: protists are prokayotic

C: protists are generally larger than bacteria

Which term includes the plasma membrane and everything inside it? A: cytoplasm B: envelope C: protoplast D: cytosol

C: protoplast The cytoplasm does not include the plasma membrane while the term protoplast does.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocytic pathway in eukaryotic cells? A: feeding mechanism B: recycling membrane components C: removal of metabolic wastes D: bulk transport of solutes into the cell

C: removal of metabolic wastes

The descendants of a single, pure bacterial culture are considered to be a microbial __________ A: colong B: haplotype C: strain D: phenotype

C: strain

Which of the following statements regarding carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion is false? A: the carrier protein has 2 configurations, one open to the outside, one open to the cytoplasm B: the carrier protein is an intrinsic membrane protein C: the carrier protein moves solute molecules against a concentration gradient D: the carrier protein moves hydrophilic molecules through a membrane

C: the carrier protein moves solute molecules against a concentration gradient

In this image, cells are illustrates as they would appear after each step of the gram stain procedure. All cells appear the same color after the first step because A: the first dye, safranin, stains all cells purple B: the counterstain has not yet been applied C: the first dye, crystal violet, stains all cells purple D: the staining procedure has been done incorrectly

C: the first dye, crystal violet, stains all cells purple

One distinguishing characteristic of group translocation is __________. A: the small size of the molecule being transported B: it is part of all metabolic pathways C: the molecules transported are chemically modified D: ATP is needed to power transport

C: the molecules transported are chemically modified

On a phylogenetic tree, the distance from the tip of one branch to the tip of another represents A: nothing of practical significance B: the time since the organisms diverged C: the relatedness of two organisms D: the geographic distance between their discovery

C: the relatedness of two organisms

How many lipid layers are found in a bacterial plasma membrane? (NOTE: a lipid layer consists of a series of phospholipids arranged side to side with hydrophilic heads all facing one direction and hydrophobic tails facing the other direction) A: one B: four C: two D: varies for bacteria E: three

C: two For option D: notice that the question was not asking about how many plasma membranes are found in gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

Plasma membranes are organized by having __________. A: one lipid layer and a capsule B: three lipid layers C: two lipid layers D: one lipid layer and a cell wall

C: two lipid layers

The image illustrates an organizational scheme for all cellular life forms, and is termed the A: Latin binomial system B: last universal common ancestor C: universal phylogenetic tree D: small subunit rRNA sequences

C: universal phylogenetic tree

Active transport and facilitated diffusiofn are different because active transport __________. A: only moves solute molecules with a concentration gradient B: uses a protein to move materials across a membrane C: uses ATP to power the movement of materials across a membrane D: is resistant to the effects of denaturation

C: uses ATP to power the movement of materials across a membrane

What are the two external structures unique to archaea?

Cannulae and Hami

Which of the following viral structures is composed of just the protein that surrounds the nucleic acid?

Capsid

India Ink and nigrosin are both _____ stains which stain the background and not the cell.

Capsule

The well molecularly organized _______ is located outside of the cell membrane and is well known to aid in the resistance to phagocytes.

Capsule

The well molecularly-organized _______ is located outside of the cell membrane and is well known to aid in the resistance to phagocytes.

Capsule

What is the network, usually made of polysaccharide, that surrounds many bacteria and some fungi?

Capsule

Match the following.

Capsule = organized sugar layer Slime layer = unorganized sugar layer S-layer = organized protein layer

Match the following according to their relationships.

Capsule = well attached Slime layer = easily detaches S-layer = aids in cellular shape

What are the two examples of glycocalyx structures?

Capsule and slime layer

Match the following according to their relationships capsule, slime layer, s-layer

Capsule: organized sugar layer Slime layer: unorganized sugar layer S-layer: organized protein layer

Match the following according to their relationships. Instructions

Capsule: organized sugar layerSlime layer: unorganized sugar layerS-layer: organized protein layer

Match the following according to their relationships. capsule, slime layer, S-layer

Capsule: well attached Slime layer: easily detaches S-layer: aids in cellular shape

Match the following according to their relationships.

Capsule: well attachedSlime layer: easily detachesS-layer: aids in cellular shape

Macroelements include which of the following?

Carbon, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen and a few others

Prior to the work of ____________, scientists did not distinguish between members of the Archaea and the Bacteria.

Carl Woese

Prior to work of _____________, scientist did not distinguish between members of the Archaea and the Bacteria

Carl Woese

What scientist identified that the phylogenetic tree is composed of these three domains of life? How did this scientist discover this?

Carl Woese identified the domain Archaea from Bacteria by using ribosomal RNA sequencing data.

R Plasmid role

Carry antibiotic resistance genes

Metabolic Plasmid role

Carry genes for enzymes involved in metabolism

Koch's postulates are valuable for determining ______.

Casual relationships between microorganisms and a specific disease

enzymes

Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells are called .

The highest level of DNA compaction is seen during ___ _______.

Cell division

Match the following common structures of bacteria with their function.

Cell wall -> resistance to osmotic stress Cell membrane -> selectively permeable barrier Capsule -> protective layer verses dehydration and sometimes aids in adherence to surfaces Ribosomes -> responsible for protein synthesis

Match the following common bacterial cellular components with their function

Cell wall: protection against osmotic stress Cell membrane: selectively permeable barrier Capsule: protective layer and sometimes aids in adhersion Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

Match the following common bacterial cellular components with their function.

Cell wall: protection against osmotic stress Cell membrane: selectively permeable barrier Capsule: protective layer and sometimes aids in adhesion Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

What usually happens to cells stained for viewing under a bright-field microscope?

Cells are killed

When preparing a specimen for microscopy, which two things generally occur during the fixation step?

Cells are killed cells are attached to slide

The movement toward or away from a region due to detecting specific chemicals is called _________.

Chemotaxis

In plants and photosynthetic protists, photosynthesis occurs in the _______.

Chloroplast

Which organelle has a double membrane system, ribosomes, DNA, and produces carbohydrates using the energy of sunlight?

Chloroplast

Which four statements about plastids are true?

Chloroplasts are one type of plastid. Plastids are found in photosynthetic protists and plants. Plastids often contain pigments. Plastids can be a site of synthesis and storage of food reserves.

Energy

Chloroplasts, hydrogenosomes, and mitochondria are the three main eukaryotic organelles involved in ____ conservation

Which four of the following characteristics are the same for bacteria and archaea?

Chromosome is double stranded DNA 70S ribosomes present in cytoplasm inclusions present in the cytoplasm motility structures are present

What external structure is unique to eukaryotes?

Cilia and Flagella

Archaeal chromosomes:

Circular and contain histone-like proteins

_____ -dependent endocytosis involves the binding of substances to coated pits.

Clathrin

___________ dependent endocytosis involves the binding of substances to coated pits

Clathrin

Saccharomyes cerevisiae

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis has been best studied in the yeast

Ribosome

Complexes of RNA and protein that serve as the site of protein synthesis within the cell

In epifluorescent microscopes, what do objective lenses act as so the specimen is illuminated from above rather than below?

Condensor

What are the three layers of the cell envelope?

Consists of the plasma membrane, cell wall, and layers outside of the cell wall (Glycocalyx)

Correctly list the steps of the gram stain, starting at the top

Crystal violet, primary stain Iodine, mordant Acetone-alcohol, decolorizer Safranin, coutnerstain

Match each gram step with the state of bacteria after the step

Crystal violet: cells stain purple Iodine: cell remains purple Alcohol: gram positive cells remain purple, gram negative cells become colorless Safranin: gram positive cells remain purple, gram negative cells appear red

Network of protein polymers.

Cytoskeleton

Which of the following best defines a virulent phage? A: a virus that is highly infectious to animals B: a virus that remains in the host cell indefinitely C: a virus that carries DNA fragments from the host cell D: a virus that always progresses to lysis of the infected cell

D: a virus that always progresses to lysis of the infected cell

Viruses are which kind of infectious agent? A: bacterial B: archaeal C: eukarotic D: acellular

D: acellular

In eukaryotic cells, the thinnest cytoskeletal filaments (4 to 7 nm in diameter) are composed of A: tubulin B: keratin C: myosin D: actin

D: actin

In a confocal microscope, what removes stray light from parts of the specimen that lie above and below the plane of focus A: course adjustment B: objective C: ocular D: aperture

D: aperture

The structure used by archaea for locomotion and attachment is called a(n) __________. A: cannula B: flagellum C: S-layer D: archaellum

D: archaellum

Compounds considered to be growth factors __________. A: can be synthesized by the cell B: are usually hydrophobic C: enter the cell by diffusion D: are acquired from the environment

D: are acquired from the enviornment

This image depicts which stage of T4 bacteriophage replication? A: entry B: release C: attachment D: assembly

D: assembly

The hydrogen hypothesis suggests that during endosymbiosis the host cell A: the endosymbiont became dependent on hydrogen produced by the host B: mitochondria and chloroplasts have a common origin C: an environment rich in hydrogen was necessary fro chloroplast development D: became dependent on endosymbiont-produced hydrogen for energy

D: became dependent on endosymbiont-produced hydrogen fro energy

What property is shared by archaeal and bacterial ribosomes? A: both have DNA in the active site B: both are enclosed in membranes C: both have 60S and 40S subunits D: both have 50S and 30S subunits

D: both have 50S and 30S subunits

The type of endocytosis characterized by substances binding to small, flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane is A: clathrin-dependent endocytosis B: microautophagy C: phagocytosis D: caveolin-dependent endocytosis

D: caveolin-dependent endocytosis

Which structure of bacteria dictates the outcome of gram-staining? A: inner and outer cell membrane B: cell membrane C: capsule D: cell wall

D: cell wall

The image of the universal phylogenetic tree illustrates that A: there are many more bacteria than archaea on the planet B: archaea are the most ancient group of cellular life forms C: cellular life forms originated three times in history D: cellular life forms can be divided into three domains

D: cellular life forms can be divided into three domains

Which of the following types of microscopy produces an image that appeards 3D and shows considerable detail? A: phase contrast B: dark-field C: fluorescence D: differential interference contrast

D: differential interference contrast

To reproduce, viruses must__________ A: grow and divids B: cause epidemics C: mutate D: enter a host cell

D: enter a host cell

The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests an origin for __________ A: bacterial cell walls B: eukaryotic ribosomes C: plasma membranes D: eukaryotic organelles

D: eukaryotic organelles

This molecules is often found as a component of ___________. A: eukaryotic ribosomes B: bacterial plasma membranes C: eukaryotic cell walls D: eukaryotic plasma membranes

D: eukaryotic plasma membranes

Which of the following terms describes the way in which lipids and proteins behave in a membrane? A: rigid mosaic model B: endosymbiotic hypothesis C: permeable mosaic model D: fluid mosaic model

D: fluid mosaic model

I is believed that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once A: indistinguishable from chloroplasts B: free-living bacterial cells C: predecessors to the archaea D: peroxisomes

D: free-living bacterial cells

Compounds such as essential amino acids are considered __________. A: micronutrients B: vitamins C: macronutrients D: growth factors

D: growth factors

Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called ___________. A: intercytoplasmic membranes B: anammoxosomes C: vesicles D: inclusions

D: inclusions

What are cristae? A: connections between the smooth and rough ERs B: outpocketings of the mitochodnrial outer membrane C: areas where cis Golgi becomes trans Golgi D: infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane

D: infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane

The function of the lysosome is A: aerobic respiration B: processing of materials for secretion C: storage of genetic information D: intracellular digestion

D: intracellular digestion

The location of the cell wall is __________. A: surrounding the mitochondria B: just outside the plasma membrane C: surrounding the nucleus D: just outside the plasma membrane

D: just outside the plasma membrane

LUCA is a term used to describe the __________ A: leaking underground cave acids B: least uniform commensal activity C: list of unusual classes of animals D: least universal common ancestor

D: least universal common ancestor

The theory of spontaneous generation claims that A: genes can pass between members of the same generation B: chemical reactions can occur without input of energy C: cultures develop within a single generation D: living organisms can develop from nonliving matter

D: living organisms can develop from nonliving matter

Elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are considered A: micronutrients B: complex vitamins C: macromolecules D: macronutrients

D: macronutrients The term "macro" implies that these materials are used in large quantities

The nucleic acids of a temperate phage that is either integrated into the host cell's genome, or remains free in the cytoplasm, is called a ___________. A: mesophage B: virulent phage C: lysogen D: prophage

D: prophage A virulent phage is one that does not remain dormant inside the host cell. The infected bacterial cells are called lysogens.

Once a virus enters the cytoplasm of a host cell, it begins to __________ . A: assemble its virion B: lyse the cell C: synthesize ATP D: replicate its genome

D: replicate its genome

A catalytic RNA molecule is called a _______ A: RNase B: RNA polymerase C: enzyme D: ribozyme

D: ribozyme

Transport of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute is termed __________. A: an ABC transport B: primary active transport C: facilitated transport D: secondary active transport

D: secondary active transport

When the potential energy of an ion gradient promotes the movement of a substance across a membrane, this is called __________. A: primary active transport B: facilitated transport C: an ABC transport D: secondary active transport

D: secondary active transport

Pasteur showed that even cultures open to the air could remain sterrile by using A: beakers of broth B: cotton plugs C: biochemical techniques D: swan-neck flasks

D: swan-neck flasks

Which of the following describe a bacteriophage that my lyse its host cell, or remain within the cell without lysing it? A: pleomorphic B: prophage C: virulent D: temperate

D: temperate

Examine the image of a carrier protein transporting across the plasma membrane. Which of the following statements is false? A: the carrier protein is moving the solute with a concentration gradient B: the carrier protein is an integral membrane protein C: the carrier protein has two conformations, one open to the enviornment, and the other open to the cytoplasm D: the ATP required for transport is hydrolyzed on the cytoplasmic face of the carrier protein

D: the ATP required fro transport is hydrolyzed on the cytoplasmic face of the carrier protein

Which of the following describes the "protoplast"? A: structures found int he region bound by the plasma membrane B: structures outside the plasma membrane C: the plasma membrane and all structures outside of it D: the plasma membrane and all the structures within it

D: the plasma membrane and all the structures within it

A carrier protein that transports solute molecules by facilitated diffusion has __________ configuration(s) because __________. A: multiple; each solute has a different binding site B: one; each solute binds to only one carrier protein C: one; the protein has a single active site for binding solute D: two; it needs to bind solute outside the cell and then release it in the cytoplasm

D: two; it needs to bind solute outside the cell and then release it in the cytoplasm

Which type of genome would seem simplest to replicate in a host cell?

DNA

schiff's sudan III

DNA Lipids

Chromatin is a complex of

DNA and protein

Which two of the following are components of chromatin?

DNA and protein

Which two of the following are components of chromatin? DNA, polysaccharide, lipid, protein, RNA

DNA and protein

In bacteria and your cells, RNA is synthesized using _________ as a template and then the RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of __________.

DNA, proteins

Which six of the following characteristics apply to fungi?

Decomposing dead plants producing antibiotics causing human disease mycorrhizal association with roots causing plant disease making bread dough rise

Which three features lsited are unique to archaeal cells and not particularly unique for bacterial cells? Different rRNA sequences Unique membrane lipids Lack of peptidoglycan cell walls Contain a nucleus Have flagella for motility Contain membrane-bound organelles

Different rRNA sequences, unique membrane lipids, lack peptidoglycan cell walls

What type of staining distinguishes organisms based on their staining properties?

Differential

Which type of staining distinguishes organisms based on their staining properties?

Differential

Which of the following types of microscopy produces an image that appears three-dimensional and shows considerable detail?

Differential interference contrast

As illustrated in the image, the function of immersion oil in microscopy is to

Direct more light rays to the objective lens

In which process are specimens plunged into an extremely cold liquid?

Electron cryotomography

In which process are specimens plunged into an extremely cold liquid?

Electron cryotomomgraphy

Which type of microscope cannot create a clear image of a living specimen?

Electron microscope

The transmission electron microscope produces an image when the specimen scatters some _____, but those that pass through are used to form an enlarged image of the specimen on a fluorescent screen.

Electrons

As good is being harvested, cleaned and cooked, which bacterial structure could still cause problems when it comes to the spread of human diseases?

Endospores

Which of the following best describes why the food industry has trouble dealing with human pathogens that can make endospores?

Endospores are resistant to many cooking techniques.

The term that describes one organism living inside the cells of another is

Endosymbiosis

The origin of chloroplasts is included in which theory?

Endosymbiotic hypothesis

All bacterial layered structures from the cell membrane out are collectively referred to as the cell ______.

Envelope

All bacterial layered structures from the cell membrane out are collectively referred to as the cell _______.

Envelope

Gliding motility requires the use of external flagella T/F

False As of right now, most of gliding motility is still a mystery

In eukaryotic plasma membranes, the lipids in the outer and inner leaflets are distributed symmetrically. T/F

False The lipids in the outer and inner leaflets are distributed asymmetrically

True or false: Cellular microbes are often arranged in multicellular complexes with differentiated tissues.

False (While microbes can exhibit multicellular forms, these do not have highly differentiated tissues)

T/F: Membrane-bound organelles are found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes

False: Eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles

True or false: A common attribute of life is self-awareness.

False: Maintenance of organization, acquisition of energy for metabolic purposes, and reproduction are often considered the foundational attributes for all life. orderly structure, obtaining and using energy, and reproduction

True or false: In eukaryotic plasma membranes, the lipids in the outer and inner leaflets are distributed symmetrically.

False: The lipids in the outer and inner leaflets are distributed asymmetrically

T/F: Cellular Microbes are often arranges in multicellular complexes with differentiated tissues

False: while microbes can exhibit multicellular forms, these do not have highly differentiated tissues

Being ______ allows for some bacteria to have degree of differentiation among the cells in this cellular arrangement.

Filaments

Typically numbering in the 100's to 1000's, the thin and relative to the cell, short hair-like projections extending from the bacterial cell are called ______.

Fimbriae

Which of the following are involved in the uptake of foreign DNA, attachment to surfaces, and, motility?

Fimbriae / pili

Which of the following are involved in the uptake of foreign DNA, attachment to surfaces, and, motility?

Fimbriae/pili

Which of the following can be involved in the uptake of foreign DNA, attachment to surfaces and even involved in motility? A) fimbriae/pilli B) cilia C) pseudopodia D) flagella

Fimbriae/pilli

In Fluorescent microscopy, the _____ absorbs light energy from the excitation light and fluoresces brightly.

Fluorochrome

Scanning

Forms image from electrons released from atoms on an object's surface.

Which cytoplasmic structures in bacteria provide regulate buoyancy of the cell?

Gas vacuoles

Eukaryotes

Generally speaking, which type of microbial cells are the largest?

The ____ stain was developed by ____ in _____.

Gram; Christian Gram; 1884

Identify any of the following that has an association with the bacterial plasma membrane.

Import/export proteins. Cellular respiration. Photosynthesis.

Lysosomes

In fungi and protists, organelles called phagocytosis vacuoles or food vacuoles are most similar in function to

Heat Fixation

Inactivates proteins, and destroys proteins of subcellular structures

What happens to the parent cell at the end of sporulation?

It is destroyed

Criteria used for establishing the relationship between microorganisms and specific disease are called ___________ postulates.

Koch's

The acronym describing the last universal common ancestor is

LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor

LUCA is a term used to describe the _____

Identify all the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea.

Lack membrane bound organelles Smaller than eukaryotes

Identify all the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea.

Lack membrane-bound organelles Lack a membrane-bound nucleus

_______ is a term used to specifically describe a cell bursting open.

Lysis

Hydrolases

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes called

What is the cell walls role in the cell envelope?

Maintains cell shape, protects against osmotic stress, and sometimes plays a role in pathogenicity

Which four of the following are functions of lipopolysaccharide?

Makes a permeability barrier Protects from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) Contributes to the negative charge of the cell Stabilizes the outer membrane

Which group of organisms has the greatest number of taxa?

Microbes

Which group of organisms is numerically dominant on Earth?

Microbes

micronutrients

Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu coenzymes

Which four of the following characteristics are the same for bacteria and archaea? Motility structures are present 70S ribosomes present in cytoplasm Inclusions present in the cytoplasm Presence of peptidoglycan in cell walls Type of lipid molecules found in plasma membranes Capsules and slime layers found on most cells Chromosome is double-stranded DNA

Motility structures are present 70S ribosomes present in cytoplasm Inclusions present in the cytoplasm Chromosome is double-stranded DNA

Nuclear pore

Movement of substances across the nuclear envelope occurs through protein complex is called blank blank complexes

Gram -_______ bacteria have an inner membrane and an outer membrane.

Negative

Gram _______ bacteria have an inner and outer membrane.

Negative

Lipopolysaccharides are found in gram-_____ bacteria.

Negative

TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) specimens are spread out in a thin file with either phosphotungstic acid or uranyl acetate in _____ staining.

Negative

In which type of staining is the background stained but not the cells?

Negative staining

Prions often lead to _______ diseases that affect both humans and domesticated ______.

Neurodegenerative; animals

Acellular Organisms

Not made of cells a. Include Viruses, Viroids, Satellites, and Prions

Animal cells have a network of intermediate filaments that provide structural support to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. These filaments are called _____ ______.

Nuclear lamina

Movement of substances across the nuclear envelope occurs through protein complexes called ________ _____ complexes.

Nuclear pore

What are the satellites composed of?

Nucleic Acids

What are the simplest viruses made up of?

Nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) in a protein coat

Composed of DNA and protein

Nucleoid

Which of the following would you expect to find in the cytoplasm of archaeal cells?

Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasmids

The LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections is the __________ antigen

Which component of LPS generates an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections?

O antigen

The ______ lens forms the magnified image that is further enlarged by one or more additional lenses including the ocular lens.

Objective

Which entities are included as microorganisms?

Organisms and acellular biological entities

Gram negative bacteria have a(n) ________ space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane.

Periplasmic

Gram-negative bacteria have a(n) _____ space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane

Periplasmic

What microscopy is great for observing living cells, the light passes through unstained cell slowed/out of phase? You can see the micronucleus and macronucleus well.

Phase contrast

Which types of microscopes are able to create clear images of living specimens?

Phase-contrast Differential Dark/Bright Field

Which two of the following chemical modifications may be found in the lipids of the archaeal cell membrane?

Phosphorus may be attached to the glycerol. Carbohydrates may be attached to the glycerol

Which characteristic is not typical of protozoans?

Photosynthetic

Stimulant = light

Phototaxis

Match the color with the cell type following a properly executed gram stain

Pink: gram negative Purple: gram positive

Match the color with the cell type following a properly executed gram stain.

Pink: gram negativePurple: gram positive

What type of light source is used in the differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope?

Plane-polarized light

A(n) ______ _______ is a layer of lipid macromolecules that surround the cells cytoplasm.

Plasma membrane

Rafts

Plasma membrane micro domains that differ in lipid and protein content from the rest of the membrane are called lipid

In hypertonic solutions, a cell could potentially shrivel up and this is called _____.

Plasmolysis

Plants and photosynthetic protists have organelles called _______ that often contain pigments and serve as sites of food synthesis and storage.

Plastids

What is used to coat a specimen in the shadowing process for a TEM?

Platinum

Bacterial shapes that do not fit the typical categories of bacillus, coccus or spirals are called ________.

Pleomorphic

The distance between the center of the lens and the focal _____ is called the focal length.

Point

Match the following relationships.

Polar -> hydrophilic Nonpolar -> hydrophobic

Capsules are networks composed mostly of _____ that surround many bacteria.

Polysaccharides

In gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane is more permeable than the inner membrane principally because of the presence of _________.

Porin proteins

Which three of the following characteristics distinguish bacteria from archaea?

Presence of peptidoglycan cell walls Type of lipid molecules found in plasma membranes Capsules and slime layers found on most cells

Which three of the following characteristics distinguish bacteria from archaea? Motility structures are present 70S ribosomes present in cytoplasm Inclusions present in the cytoplasm Presence of peptidoglycan in cell walls Type of lipid molecules found in plasma membranes Capsules and slime layers found on most cells Chromosome is double-stranded DNA

Presence of peptidoglycan cell walls Type of lipid molecules found in plasma membranes Capsules and slime layers found on most cells

What causes gram-positive to stain differently than gram-negative?

Primarily made of a thick peptidoglycan; Some have teichoic acid - add rigidity to cell wall; Have a layer of proteins on the outer surface of peptidoglycan; periplasmic space between plasma membrane and cell wall

Which of the following uses ATP to move substances across a membrane?

Primary active transport

Endosymbiosis

Process in which an early eukaryotic cell ingested bacterial cells

Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)

Produce an image of the details of the cell surface.

Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)

Produce an image of the details of the inside of the cell

Chromatin is composed of:

Proteins DNA

Sugars

Proteins Destined for secretion are often glycosylated as they pass through the rough endoplasmic reticulum which is the addition of _____ to the proteins

Which term includes the plasma membrane and everything inside it?

Protoplast

DNA is the template for the synthesis of ____ which is the template for the protein synthesis.

RNA

Walter Gilbert hypothesized that in a precellular stage in the evolution of life, _____ was the central molecule.

RNA

Which type of biochemical is critical for protein synthesis?

RNA

Which term describes the measure of how much a substance slows the velocity of light?

Refractive index

zone of inhibition

Region around a chemical saturated disc, where bacteria are unable to grow due to adverse effects of the compound in the disc.

How are hydrogenosomes thought to be integrated by endosymbiosis?

Resemble mitochondria

What "function" do endospores appear to have?

Resist hostile conditions

The ability to separate or distinguish between small objects using a microscope is called _____ power.

Resolution

The ________ is a structure found in all life and is responsible for protein synthesis.

Ribosome

A key discovery supporting the RNA world concept was the catalytic RNA molecules called _____.

Ribozymes

Robert Hooke is best known for his early work with _____. microscopes pure cultures antiseptics vaccines

What is the most common type of cell wall in archaea?

S-layer

Which of the following has the greatest protective value against ion pH fluctuations?

S-layer

Some bacteria and archea are larger than the largest known protists, most eukaryotic cells are larger than most bacterial and Archaeal cells, some eukaryotic microbes are smaller than many bacteria and archaea

Select all correct statements regarding the size of different microbes

acde

Select the four characteristics that are most common in domain Bacteria. Peptidoglycan cell wall Lack cell membranes Lack membrane-bound organelles Lack ribosomes Single-celled Lack a nucleus

acd

Select the three minimum attributes of life. reproduction intelligence obtaining and using energy orderly structure motility

What is the plasma membrane role in the cell envelope?

Selective permeable barrier that controls what substances enter and leave the cell; fluid mosaic mode

Microcompartments

Serve as other functions beside storage

Koch's Postulates

Set of criteria used to link a microorganism to a disease **4 steps: 1) Observe an unhealthy organism containing a microorganism 2) Isolate the microorganism and grow it in pure culture. 3) Re-infect a healthy organism with the isolated microorganism 4) Observe the healthy organism turn sick (or die), and then re-isolate the harmful microorganism from the organism's body.

Which of the following is an example of a covalent dye?

Shiff's reagent

The lens that magnifies an object more has a _______ focal length.

Short

Known for ease of use, _____ staining only uses one stain.

Simple

What type of staining involves only one dye?

Simple

Select the four characteristics that are most common in domain Bacteria.

Single-celled lack membrane-bound organelles peptidoglycan cell wall lack a nucleus

Select the four characteristics that are most common in domain Bacteria. Lack cell membranes, single-celled, peptidoglycan cell wall, lack membrane-bound organelles, lack a nucleus, lack ribosomes

Single-celled, peptidoglycan cell wall, lack membrane-bound organelles, lack a nucleus

Select the reasons that archaea are of interest to scientists Some archaea produce methane, a greenhouse gas Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes Many archaea cause disease in agricultural crops Some archaea live in extreme conditions Some archaea produce toxins that can kill livestock

Some archaea produce methane, a green house gas Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes Some archaea live in extreme conditions

Select the correct statements describing archaeal ribosomal proteins.

Some archaeal proteins unique to archaeal ribosomes (not found in any other cell type). Archaeal ribosome proteins are composed of more proteins than bacterial ribosomes. Some archaeal ribosome proteins are found in the ribosomes of all three domains of life.

Select all the correct statements regarding the size of different microbes Some eukaryotic microbes are smaller than many bacteria and archaea. Most eukaryotic cells are alrger than msot bacterial and archaeal cells. Some bacteria and archaea are larger than the largest known protists. Bacterial cells are always smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Some eukaryotic microbes are smaller than many bacteria and archaea. Most eukaryotic cells are alrger than msot bacterial and archaeal cells. Some bacteria and archaea are larger than the largest known protists.

Some microorganisms can be macroscopic because they are ______. mutants multicellular not really microorganisms differentiated

1. What is the periplasmic space of bacteria?

Space between the plasma membrane and cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria

The process of endospore formation is collectively called _____.

Sporulation

The process of endospore formation is collectively called _________.

Sporulation

Match the following terms with the best description.

Sporulation -> hostile conditions Germination -> moderate conditions

Which four of the following are functions of lipopolysaccharide?

Stabilize the outer membrane Protect from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) Contribute to the negative charge of the cell Makes a permeability barrier

Which four of the following are functions of lipopolysaccharides? Stabilize the outer membrane Protect from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) Aid in genome replication Provide energy for flageller rotation Contribute to the negative charge of the cell Make a permeability layer Maintain cell shape as a structural support

Stabilize the outer membrane Protect from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) Contribute to the negative charge of the cell Makes a permeability barrier

Which genus gets its name due to the cellular arrangement of spherical cells found in clusters, like a bunch of grapes?

Staphylococcus

What is the central dogma?

States that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic information that is transcribed into messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) then translated to make proteins. DNA-->(Transcription)-->mRNA-->(Translation)--> Protein

What is the RNA world hypothesis?

States the earliest self-replicating entity used RNA both to store genetic information and to conduct cellular processes.

Biofilm

Sticky substance that acts as a defensive structure for the immune system

Name three types of inclusions

Storage inclusions, Microcompartments, and Gas Vacuoles

Storage inclusion

Store carbon, glycogen, amino acids, and other nutrients

What term is used to describe the cell-arrangment composed of spherical cells linked in a chain (e.g., several cells in a single row)

Streptococcus

Which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain?

Streptococcus

Which of the following are characteristics of many types of dyes used to stain microorganisms?

They have chromophore groups They are able to bind cells by ionic, covalent, or hydrophobic bonds

Which of the following are characteristics of many types of dyes used to stain microorganisms?

They have chromophore groups They are able to bind cells by ionic, covalent, or hydrophobic bonds.

Some antibiotics and chemicals target the peptidoglycan present in bacterial cell walls. What effect would you expect these antibiotics to have on archaea?

They would be less effective on archaea than on bacteria

Numerical aperture is the ability of the lens to gather light

True

T/F during endospore germination, the endospore cell wall must be degraded by enzymes already present in the core.

True

T/F: during the process of germination of an endospore, the endospores cell wall must be degraded by its own enzymes.

True

T/F: some bacteria do have membrane bound intracellular components.

True

True or False. Ribosomes are the structures where proteins are synthesized

True

True or False. Viruses are continuously evolving causing humans to develop new vaccines to combat them

True

True or false: Bacteria are the only organisms that have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan.

True

True or false: Bacteria have a cytoskeleton.

True

True or false: Bacterial cells uptake nutrients that are dissolved.

True

True or false: During endospore germination, the endospore cell wall must be degraded by enzymes already present in the core.

True

True or false: Generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram-negative bacteria.

True

Bacteria are the only organisms that have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. T/F

True No other organism on Earth has peptidoglycan. This is nice because we can have many drugs to combat bacteria

Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as (choose 3) Tubular membranes Secreted vesicles Flattened vesicles Lipopolysaccharide Spherical vesicles Spirals in the periplasmic space

Tubular membranes, flattened vesicles, spherical vesicles

When a bacterium decides to change direction, then the bacteria will _______.

Tumble

Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is true?

Twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis

Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is true?

Twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis.

Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is false?

Twitching motility is powered by the proton motive force.

Proteasome

Unfolded or misfiled proteins traveling in the secretory pathway are targeted for degradation by a large complex called the 26S

Swan-Neck flash experiment

Used swan neck flask, which has an entry tube that is bent to slow down spread of microbes from outside air. Meat broth was placed in the flask and applied heat to sterilize it removing all the microbes. One flask was left open to outside air and was found contaminated with microbes, while the one that was closed was not contaminated

Structural stains

Used to identify and highlight the structures of a bacterial cell.

Phase-contrast microscope

Uses different densities and refractive indices of cellular components to produce a detailed image

Fluorescence microscope

Uses fluorescent dyes to visualize cells under UV light.

Which of the three following entities are acellular

Viruses, including virions, viroids, satellites, and prions

A glass-like solid that preserves the native state of structures and immobilizes the specimen so that it can be viewed in the high vacuum of the electron microscope is _____ ice.

Vitreous

In most bacterial cells, the cell ________ is the next structural layer, surrounding the cell and extending out from the plasma membrane.

Wall

The minimal distance becomes smaller as the ____ of light used decreases and as the numerical aperture increases.

Wavelength

Mitochondrion

What "powerhouse" organelle produces the majority of ATP in most eukaryotic cells?

aceg

Which four of the following entities are cellular? bacteria prions archaea viroids fungi viruses protists

abef

Which four of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology? prions viruses plants animals yeasts bacteria

Acde

Which four of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology? bacteria insects archaea viroids slime molds mosses

Endocytosis, passive diffusion, facilitated transport, active transport

Which four of the following transport processes are used by eukaryotic cells to move materials across the plasma membrane?

Plastids are found in photosynthetic protists and plants, chloroplasts are one type of plastid, plastids can be a site of synthesis and storage of food reserves, plastids often contain pigments

Which four statements about plastids are true?

Which gas was not present in the atmosphere of early Earth? Nitrogen Oxygen Methane Carbon dioxide

Which group is not one of the five kingdoms of life? Fungi Animalia Plantae Bacteria

Which group of organisms has the greatest number of taxa? Plants Microbes Animals Fungi

Which group of organisms is numerically dominant on Earth? Animals Microbes Insects Plants

Facilitated diffusion

Which of the following is not a type of endocytic pathways found in the mammalian cells

Recycling of cell membrane molecules, bulk transport of solutes into the cell, feeding mechanism

Which three of the following are functions of endocytosis in eukaryotic cells

Growth factors, hormones, cholesterol

Which three of the following are types of molecules internalized into mammalian cells by clathrin-dependent endocytosis?

afg

Which three of the following entities are acellular? viruses fungi bacteria archaea protists prions viroids

Animosity 50 proteins, 5S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAS, 60S in size

Which three of the following statements about the large subunit of the eukaryotic represents our true

bcg

Which three of the following taxa are the domains of life based on rRNA comparisons? Animalia Eukarya Archaea Protista Fungi Monera Bacteria Plantae

Cilia and flagella

Which two prominent external structure of eukaryotic cells are associated with motility.

Intermediate

____ filaments are a heterogenous group of medium-sized cytoskeleton Elements that are involved primarily in structural roles within eukaryotic cells

Pinocyrosis & phagocytosis

_____ is a form of endocytosis where solutes are brought into the cell while ___ is a form of endocytosis where larger particles are brought into the cell

Caveolin

_____-dependent endocytosis has been implicated in signal transduction and transport of folic acid and macromolecules

Clathrin

_____-dependent endocytosis is used by mammalian cells to internalize hormones, growth factors, iron and cholesterol

A bright-field microscope forms

a dark image on a lighter background

A bright-field microscope forms

a dark image on a lighter background.

Pasteurization

a method to eliminate unwanted organisms in food products

Which four of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology? a. bacteria b. mosses c. slime molds d. viroids e. insects f. archaea

a. bacteria c. slime molds d. viroids f. archaea

Louis Pasteur made contributions to the fiels of medical microbiology, but also made great conributions to this field. a. food and dairy microbiology b. microbial ecology c. enviromental microbiology

a. food and dairy microbiology

The production of biofuels, vitamins, and enzymes falls within the field of... a. industrial microbiology b. medical microbiology c. microbial ecology d. bioinformatics

a. industrial microbiology

Select the four characteristics that are most common in domain Bacteria a. single-celled b. lack a nucleus c. lack ribosomes d. peptidoglycan cell wall e. lack membrane-bound organelles f. lack cell membranes

a. single-celled b. lack a nucleus d. peptidoglycan cell wall e. lack membrane-bound organelles

What in the main focus of an industrial microbiologist? a. use of microbes in production b. diversity of microbes in the environment c. control and spread of communicable diseases d. crop and animal production

a. use of microbes in the environment

The kingdom Protist is divided into A: protozoa and algae B: fungi and algae C: fungi and archaea D: fungi and protozoa

a: protozoa and algae

Viruses are which kind of infectious agent?

acellular

Methanogens living in the digestive tract of ruminants convert which three chemicals into methane?

acetate hydrogen carbon dioxide

The use of ATP to power the movement of substance across a membrane is commonly referred to as _______ transport.

active

The use of ATP to power the movement of substance across a membrane is commonly referred to as __________ transport.

active

In a confocal microscope, what removes stray light from parts of the specimen that lie above and below the plane of focus?

aperture

example of a diffusion pore

aquaporin

This image depicts which stage of T4 bacteriophage replication?

assembly

Because the lipids in the outer leaflet of eukaryotic plasma membranes differ from those in the inner leaflet, this distribution of lipids pattern is said to be _____.

asymmetric

A second type of scanning probe microscope is called a(n) _____ force microscope

atomic

lipoteichoic acid

attach to plasma membrane

The first step in a typical viral life cycle is __________.

attachment

The first step in the viral life cycle is ____.

attachment

How do prokaryotic cells most commonly differ from eukaryotic cells? a. simpler metabolism b. lack a nucleus c. not multicellular d. contain mitochondria

b. lack a nucleus

Which is the best description of the germ theort of disease? a. germs are only theoretical b. microorganisms cause disease c. childhoon germ cells proliferate disease d. disease is cause by vapors

b. microorganisms cause disease

The bacterial shape known as a rod is also termed a _______

bacilli

The term used to describe bacteria that are rod-shaped is

bacillus

The term used to describe bacteria that are rod-shaped is _________.

bacillus

In negative staining of TEM specimens, the _____ appears dark.

background

Which of the following organism groups have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan?

bacteria

Archaella function most like _______.

bacterial flagella

The specific term used to describe viruses that infect bacterial cells is ______.

bacteriophage

Viruses that infect bacterial cells are called

bacteriophage

Viruses that infect bacterial cells are called __________ .

bacteriophage

Methylene blue, crystal violet and safranin are examples of which type of dye?

basic

The hydrogen hypothesis suggests that during endosymbiosis the host cell

became dependent on endosymbiont-produced hydrogen for energy

Prisms ____ light passing through them

bend

periplasmic space in gram positive cell

between peptidoglycan and membrane has enzymes that help build transporters within

When present, the pseudomurein component of the archaeal cell wall is located

between plasma membrane and s-layer

when present, the pseudomurein component of the archaeal cell wall is located

between the plasma membrane and S-layer.

When present, the pseudomurein component of the archaeal cell wall is located

between the plasma membrane and the S-layer

chemotaxis

biased random walks attraction and repellants cell remembers past concentration

Confocal microscopy is used to study _______ which are clusters of bacterial cells that form on many types of surface, including medical devices.

biofilm

Penicillin disrupts cell wall formation by _____.

blocking the formation of peptidoglycan cross links

What are the color identifications for gram-positive bacteria?

blue/purple

iron uptake

body will take iron from bacteria bacteria secrete siderophores to uptake iron

What property is shared by archaeal and bacterial ribosomes?

both have 50S and 30S subunits

Compare facilitated diffusion and passive diffusion when solute concentrations are reduced.

both mechanisms slow

Viruses exist _____ cells.

both outside and inside

In the absence of a chemical gradient, E. coli cells move randomly, with

both runs and tumbles of comparable length

in the absence of a chemical gradient, E. coli cells move randomly, with

both runs and tumbles of comparable length

A dark image is formed on a brighter background when using a

bright field microscope

A dark image is formed on a brighter background when using a ________ field microscope.

bright field micrscope

Dark-field microscope

bright image against a dark background

The specific process of an enveloped virus leaving the cell is called

budding

The specific process of an enveloped virus leaving the cell is called ___________.

budding

Which three of the following are functions of endocytosis in eukaryotic cells?

bulk transport of solutes into the cell, feeding mechanism, and recycling of cell membrane molecules

Which three of the following are functions of endocytosis in eukaryotic cells? Bulk transport into the cell Transport of metabolic wastes out of the cell Feeding mechanism Gene transfer Recycling of cell membrane molecules Secretion of hormones or other signaling molecules

bulk transport of solutes into the cell, feeding mechanism, and recycling of cell membrane molecules

select all reasons that archaea are of interest to scientists. a. some archaea produce toxins that can kill livestock b. many archaea cause disease in agriculture crops. c.Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes d. some archaea produce methane, a green house gas e. some archaea live in extreme environments.

c,d,e

Which four of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology? a. animals b. plants c. prions d. yeasts e. viruses f. bacteria

c. prions d. yeasts e. viruses f. bacteria

The protein coat that surrounds the viral nucleic acid is called the

capsid

What is the network, usually made of polysaccharide, that surrounds many bacteria and some fungi?

capsule

Which of the following cellular components are commonly found in most bacterial cells?

capsule ribosome cell wall slime layer flagella

what is the outermost layer in a cell envelope

capsule and slime layer

Which three of the following characteristics distinguish bacteria from archaea?

capsules and slime layers found on most cells. type of lipid molecules found in plasma membranes. presence of peptidoglycan in cell walls.

The two newest classes of β-lactam drugs are

carbapinems monobactams

Which four gases were plentiful in the atmosphere/oceans of early Earth? carbon dioxide, propane, nitrogen, methane, argon, hydrogen, and oxygen

carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, and hydrogen

Macroelements include which of the following?

carbon, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and a few others

facilitated diffusion

carrier protein that has a saturation point

Tiny, cup-shaped, cholesterol-rich invaginations of the plasma membrane are called _____.

caveolae

The type of endocytosis characterized by substances binding to small, flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane is

caveolin-dependent endocytosis

FtsZ

cell division and in many bacteria

The ______ is defined as the plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it (e.g., cell wall and/or capsule).

cell envelope

The __________ is defined as the plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it (i.e. cell wall and/or capsule)

cell envelope

What term is used to describe the plasma membrane and all layers external to it?

cell envelope

what are the three components every bacteria must have?

cell envelope cytoplasm external surface

This image shows E. coli stained with crystal violet. Which three of the following can be correctly interpreted from this image?

cell shape, cell arrangement, cell size

MreB

cell shape, rod shape

Where would you find the glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell?

cell surface

For bacterial cells, the cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane is called the ____.

cell wall

The cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane is called the ____.

cell wall

The highest therapeutic index is found with antimicrobial drugs that target _____ _____ synthesis.

cell wall

What determines the stain color?

cell wall

Which structure of bacteria dictates the outcome of gram-staining?

cell wall

which of the following attributes is found in bacterial cells but not in animal cells

cell wall

Select all possible components of a bacterial cell envelope.

cell wall plasma membrane slime layer

Which of the following cellular components are commonly found in most bacterial cells?

cell wall ribosomes slime layer flagella capsule

gram negative envelope layers

cell wall outer membrane periplasmic space plasma membrane

In contrast to their effect on many bacteria, lysozyme and penicillin-type antibiotics have no effect on archaea because archaea have different

cell wall structure

in contrast to their effect on many bacteria, lysozyme and penicillin-type antibiotics have no effect on archaea because archaea have different

cell wall structure

bacteria

cell walls contain peptidoglycan

When preparing a specimen for microscopy, which two things generally occur during the fixation step?

cells are attached to slide and are killed

When preparing a specimen for microscopy, which two things generally occur during the fixation step?

cells are killed cells are attached to slide

bacteria after iodine

cells remain purple

bacteria after crystal violet

cells stain purple

This image of the universal phylogenetic tree illustrates that

cellular life forms can be divided into three domains

The best definition of cytopathic effects caused by a viral infection of eukaryotic cells is

changes or abnormalities in infected cells that are distinct from lysis

Which of the following describes proteins that aid in the movement of materials across a membrane?

channels and carriers

Many types of dyes used to stain microorganisms have __________ groups which are chemical moieties with conjugated double bonds that give the dye its color

chromophore

Many types of dyes used to stain microorganisms have __________ groups which are chemical moieties with conjugated double bonds that give the dye its color.

chromophore or aromatic

Many types of dyes used to stain microorganisms have ___ groups which are chemical moieties with conjugated double bonds that give the dye its color.

chromorphore

Select all components of the archaeal cell that would be found in the nucleoid.

chromosomal DNA, proteins

Select all components of the archaeal cell that would be found in the nucleoid. diether lipids. chromosomal DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, proteins

chromosomal DNA, proteins

Complexing with calcium dipicolinate and small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) are mechanisms that protect the _____ of an endospore from harsh environmental conditions.

chromosome

What two prominent external structures of eukaryotic cells are associated with motility? capsules, pili, cilia, fimbria, flagella

cilia and flagella

Which two prominent external structures of eukaryotic cells are associated with motility?

cilia and flagella

Select all correct descriptions of archaeal chromosomes.

circular contain numerous proteins

Which type of endocytosis begins with substances binding to specialized membrane regions called coated pits?

clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Which three of the following are types of endocytic pathways found in mammalian cells?

clathrin-dependent endocytosis, caveolin-dependent endocytosis, and phagocytosis

Which three of the following are types of endocytic pathways found in mammalian cells? clathrin-dependent endocytosis facilitated diffusion caveolin-dependent endocytosis phagocytosis chaperone-dependent endocytosis

clathrin-dependent endocytosis, caveolin-dependent endocytosis, and phagocytosis

what is the most common shape?

cocci

Select all cell shapes that have been observed among the archaea.

cocci rods spiral shapes

The term used to describe bacteria that are intermediate in shape between spherical and rod-shaped is _________.

coccobacilli

The term used to describe bacteria that are intermediate in shape between spherical and rod-shaped is ___________________

coccobacilli

The term used to describe bacteria that have a spherical shape is

coccus

What is the bacterial shape of vibrio?

comma

vibrios

comma shaped

Chromatin

complex of DNA, histones, and other proteins

Which two of the following describes typical plasmids?

composed of DNA and double-stranded

Capsules are typically ____.

composed of sugars (polysaccharides)

Which characteristic is not typical of cellular microbes?

composed only of protein and nucleic acids

In dark-field microscopy, a dark-field stop is placed underneath the _____ lens system which is under the stage.

condenser

Which feature describes eukaryotic cells?

contain a nucleus

What is the bacterial shape of spirochete?

corkscrew helices

symport and anti port are......

cotransporters

Which two of the following are mechanisms to protect the DNA in an endospore?

covering the DNA with small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs). Inserting complexes of calcium-dipicolinic acid between the bases.

The membranous component of the mitochondrion indicated by the letter B is the _____.

crista

Infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane are called ____

cristae

Infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane are called __________ .

cristae

In the Gram-staining procedure, the primary stain is

crystal violet

sarcinae

cubic configuration of 8 cocci

Virally infected eukaryotic cells often show microscopic or macroscopic abnormalities that are generally called ______ effects.

cytopathic

Virally infected eukaryotic cells often show microscopic or macroscopic abnormalities that are generally called ___________ effects.

cytopathic

The _____ of eukaryotic cells is composed of cytosol and organelles, and is the location of many metabolic processes.

cytoplasm

The ___________ of eukaryotic cells is composed of cytosol and organelles, and is the location of many metabolic processes.

cytoplasm

Col Plasmid role

destroy closely related species

Which two of the following applications are best performed with a differential interference contrast microscope?

detecting endospores vizualizing nuclei and vacuoles

Which two of the following applications are best performed with a phase-contrast microscope?

detecting microbial endospores studying microbial motility

Morphovars

differ morphologically

The Gram stain is an example of __________ staining, distinguishing gram negative from gram positive bacteria

differential

Which type of staining distinguishes organisms based on their staining properties?

differential

The production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, by ruminant animals is due mainly to which process?

digestion of food in the rumen by a group of archaea known as methanogens

Bacterial cells acquire nutrients that are ____.

dissolved

In healthy individuals, properly prepared attenuated viruses used for vaccines

do not cause disease

Endospores are defined as ____.

dormant cells formed within a living cell

Which two of the following describes typical plasmids?

double-stranded composed of DNA

In contrast to viral genomic DNA, which may be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA, cellular genomes are always _____

dsDNA

Which of the following genomes could be included within a single virus?

dsDNA dsRNA ssDNA ssRNA

average size bacteria

e. coli

slime layer

easily detaches unorganized sugar layer facilitate motility diffusible layer

Which type of microscope cannot create a clear image of a living specimen?

electron

The rapid freezing procedure of ________ has provided exciting insights into the structure and function of cells and viruses. Multiple choice question.

electron cryotomography

The microscope pictured here uses ______ to visualize specimens.

electrons

The transmission electron microscope produces an image when the specimen scatters some ________, but those that pass through are used to form an enlarged image of the specimen on a fluorescent screen.

electrons

Materials are brought into the eukaryotic cell by which pathway?

endocytic

The general term for the process of moving of substances into the eukaryotic cell from the outside is _____

endocytosis

The general term for the process of moving substances into the eukaryotic cells from the outside is ___________.

endocytosis

The process of moving materials inside a cell by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called _____.

endocytosis

Match each term with the correct definition. endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis

endocytosis: movement of substances from the cell exterior to the cell interior phagocytosis: process that brings particles into the cell pinocytosis: process that brings solutes into the cell

Match each term with the correct definition endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis

endocytosis: movement of substances from the cell exterior to the cell interior phagocytosis: process that brings particles into the cell pinocytosis: process that brings solutes into the cell

In a eukaryotic cell, the _________ is an irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and many flattened sacs called cisternae.

endoplasmic reticulum

An early step in clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis is the delivery of endocytosed material to small organelles called ___________, which contain hydrolytic enzymes

endosomes

Some bacteria can make a dormant structure, called a(n) _________ , which is resistant to many environmental conditions.

endospore

sporulation

endospore function that takes several hours happens when theres starvation

Some bacteria can make a dormant structure, called a(n) _______, which is resistant to many environmental conditions.

endospores

The _______ hypothesis proposes an origin for mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.

endosymbiotic

The ______________ hypothesis proposes an origin for mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells

endosymbiotic

Chloroplasts, hydrogenosomes, and mitochondria are the three main eukaryotic organelles involved in _______ conservation.

energy

Chloroplasts, hydrogenosomes, and mitochondria are the three main eukaryotic organelles involved in ___________ conservation.

energy

Which three of the following types of proteins are found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria?

energy conservation proteins transport proteins enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan

In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is surrounded by a complex double membraned structure celled the nuclear ___________.

envelope

The plasma membrane and all coverings exterior to is are collectively called the cell

envelope

The plasma membrane and all the coverings exterior to it is collectively called the cell ___________.

envelope

The plasma membrane and everything external to it is called the cell __________.

envelope

the plasma membrane and everything external to it is called the cell ....

envelope

Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells are called

enzymes

Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells are called ________

enzymes

What is the name for catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells?

enzymes

periplasm in gram negative cell

enzymes within use extensively to transport proteins

largest size bacteria

epulopiscium fishelsoni may be protective but worse in nutrient uptake

Which of the following is a common fixative for specimen preparation?

ethanol

In archaeal plasma membranes, hydrocarbons are attached to glycerol by _______ links, instead of the ester links seen in bacterial and eukaryotic lipids.

ether

the chemical group indicated (in purple) shows which type of chemical linkage R-(C-O-C)-H2

ether

Cells with relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called

eukaryotes

Generally speaking, which type of microbial cells are the largest?

eukaryotes

Generally, membrane-bound organelles can be found in ______.

eukaryotes

Sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids are components of the plasma membrane of which type of microorganisms?

eukaryotes

the processes and molecules used to replicate and express the genome in archaea are most like the processes and molecules in which types of organism?

eukaryotes

The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests an origin for _____.

eukaryotic organelles

The endosymbiotice hypothesis suggest an origin for ______________

eukaryotic organelles

This molecule is often found as a component of _____.

eukaryotic plasma membranes

enzymes that are secreted outside the cell to degrade large compounds so that their subunits can be imported are called

exoenzymes

The "energy-free" movement of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a transporting protein is called ______.

facilitated diffusion

Which of the transport mechanisms relies only on concentration gradients to provide the "force" to move materials across the plasma membrane?

facilitated diffusion

Which three of the following are NOT functions perfromed by archaeal pili? facilitating chemotaxis, protecting against heat denaturation, promoting DNA transfer, adhesion to human cells, adhesion to surfaces

facilitating chemotaxis, protecting against heat denaturation, adhesion to human cells

Which three of the following are not functions performed by archaeal pili?

facilitating chemotaxis, protecting against heat denaturation, adhesion to human cells

Pasteur's data showed that spontaneous generation should be considered _______.

false

True or false: Gliding motility requires the use of external flagella.

false

True or false: Membrane-bound organelles are found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes.

false

True or false: cellular microbes are often arranged in multicellular complexes with differentiated tissues.

false

Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria each produce specific metabolic products suach as alcohols and organis acids using the metabolic pathway known as....

fermentation

Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria each produce specific metabolic products such as alcohols and organic acids using the metabolic pathway known as _______

fermentation

Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria each produce specific metabolic products such as alcohols and organic acids using the metabolic pathway known as __________

fermentation

Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria each produce specific metabolic products such as alcohols and organic acids using the metabolic pathway known as ____________

fermentation

being... allows for some bacteria to have a degree of differentiation among the cells in this arrangement.

filamentous

Which of the following are involved in the uptake of foreign DNA, attachment to surfaces, and, motility?

fimbriae/pilli

In preparation for staining, the process by which internal and external structures of specimens are preserved and attached in position on a slide is called

fixation

In preparation for staining, the process by which internal and external structures of specimens are preserved and attached in position on a slide is called _______

fixation

In preparation for staining, the process by which internal and external structures of specimens are preserved and attached in position on a slide is called ___________

fixation

Relative to the cell, the bacterial ______ is a long tube structure that can spin resulting in cell motility.

flagella

Relative to the cell, the bacterial ___________ is a long tube structure that can spin resulting in cell motility

flagella

Which of the following is the typical motility structure of bacteria?

flagella

peri

flagella all around e.coli most common

amphi

flagella at each end

polar

flagella at one end

lopho

flagella cluster at both ends

In most bacteria, the proton motive force powers ____.

flagella movement

Which of the following cellular components are commonly found in most bacterial cells?

flagella, slime layer, cell wall, capsule, ribosomes

Which of the following cellular components are commonly found in most bacterial cells? flagella, chloroplasts, mitochondria, slime layer, cell wall, capsule, ribosomes

flagella, slime layer, cell wall, capsule, ribosomes

Spirochetes

flexible helices flagella inside corkscrews

Membrane microdomains are believed to be present in archaeal plasma membranes because of the presence of a particular protein, _____, which organizes membrane complexes.

flotillin

Drs. Singer and Nicholson proposed a model to describe how lipids behave in a membrane called the __________ model.

fluid mosaic

Drs. Singer and Nicolosom proposed a model to describe how lipids behave in a membrane called the __________ model.

fluid mosaic

Which of the following terms describes the way in which lipids and proteins behave in a membrane?

fluid mosaic model

Which type of microscope forms an image by capturing light emitted by the specimen after it has been excited by ultraviolet light?

fluorescence

An image formed by capturing light emitted by the specimen after it has been excited by ultraviolet light is produced from a __________ microscope

fluorescent

In fluorescence microscopy, the _____ absorbs light energy from the excitation light and emits colored light.

fluorochrome

What compound is used to stain a specimen that will emit a different wavelength of light than it absorbs?

fluorochromes

Which term describes the specific location where light rays pass through a lens and gain maximal intensity?

focal point

Arrange the steps of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in chronological order, with the earliest step at the top.

formation of clathrin-coated vesicles contents delivered to early endosome formation of the late endosome fusion with lysosome

Arrange the steps of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in chronological order with the earliest step at the top formation of clathrin-coated vesicles fusion with lysosome contents delivered to early endosome formation of the late endosome

formation of clathrin-coated vesicles contents delivered to early endosome formation of the late endosome fusion with lysosome

It is believed that chloroplasts were once

free-living bacterial cells

It is believed that mitochondria were once

free-living bacterial cells

Which process has the advantage of minimizing the presence of artifacts?

freeze-etching

Which two of the following are the major groups of eukaryotic microbes?

fungi and protists

Which two of the following are the major groups of eukaryotic microbes? fungi, archaea, viruses, bacteria, protists

fungi and protists

The two major groups of eukaryotic microbes are

fungi, protists

The two major groups of eukaryotic microbes are ___________ and ___________

fungi, protists

Which of following entities are cellular? fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea, prions, viruses, viriods

fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea

Which cytoplasmic structures in bacteria provide regulate bouyancy of the cell?

gas vacuoles

Bacterial sporulation can be defined as ____.

generation of an edospore

The notion that microorganisms cause disease is called the _________ theory of disease.

germ

teichoic acid are polymers of .... or ....., joined by phosphate groups

glycerol/ ribitol

The carbohydrate-rich surface layer of many eukaryotic cells is called a ______.

glycocalyx

capsules and slime layers are known as.....and prevent........

glycocalyx's and secreted polysaccharides prevent dehydration find them in biofilms

In eukaryotic cells, the organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae is called the _______.

golgi apparatus

The _________ is an organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae that have a network of tubules and vesicles at its edges.

golgi apparatus

The ___________ ___________ is an organelle composed of flattened, saclike cisternae that have a network of tubules and vesicles at its edges

golgi apparatus

The most widely used differential staining procedure in microbiology is the ______ stain.

gram

The most widely used differential staining procedure in microbiology is the _______ stain.

gram

the most widely used differential staining procedure in microbiology is the __________ stain

gram

This image illustrates the components of the _____ cell wall.

gram positive

endospore

gram positive dormant dehydrated more resistant cell type

Which has the thinner cell wall layer?

gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following has the thinner cell wall layer?

gram-negative bacteria

which of the following has the thinner cell wall layer gram-negative bacteria or gram-positive bacteria

gram-negative bacteria

bacteria after safranin

gram-positive cells remain purple, and gram negative cells appear red

bacteria after alcohol

gram-positive cells remain purple, and gram-negative cells become cp;pr;ess

Which characteristics describe objectives that have a short working distance?

great resolving power large NA

Which of the following describes the chemical modification of a molecule as it is transported into a bacterial cell?

group translocation

Which of the following describes the chemical modification of a molecules as it is transported into a bacterial cell?

group translocation

Compounds such as essential amino acids are considered _____.

growth factors

Compounds that must be acquired from the environment for cell survival are called _______.

growth factors

Which external structure appears like a grappling hook used for adhesion?

hami

Serovars

have distinctive properties can be detected by antibodies

Phase-contrast microscopy is especially useful for detecting bacterial structures like endospores and inclusions because these structures

have refractive indicies very different from water

he notion that microorganisms cause disease is called the _________ theory of disease. germ endosymbiotic hydrogen evolutionary

What was John Tyndall's (1820-1893) contribution to microbiology?

he showed that dust does carry microbes

Ferdinand Cohn is best known for his discovery of bacterial ______.

heat-resistance bacteria could produce endospores

hopanoids

help with stability

During facilitated diffusion, substances move from a _____ concentration of molecules to a _____ concentration of molecules

high / low

Molecules crossing a plasma membrane from a ____ concentration to a ____ concentration without energy use is an example of passive diffusion.

high / low

diffusion

high to low gases and water diffuse across the membrane channel or pore

During facilitated diffusion, substances move from a _____ concentration of molecules to a _____ concentration of molecules

high/low

Eukaryotic chromosomes are organished by ___________, small basic proteins rich in the amino acids lysine and arginine

histones

Eukaryotic chromosomes are organized by _____, small basic proteins rich in the amino acids lysine and arginine.

histones

Eukaryotic chromosomes are organized by ________, small basic proteins rich in the amino acids lysine and arginine.

histones

Which of the following proteins may be found complexed with archaeal chromosomes?

histones

Which two of the following statements regarding histones are FALSE histones associate with DNA by electrostatic interactions eight histones and the DNA wrap around them to form a nucleosome histones are enriched in acidic amino acids there are 5 types of histones, H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5 histones are like a spool that DNA wraps around

histones are enriched in acidic amino acids and there are 5 types of histones, H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5

Which two of the following statements regarding histones are false?

histones are enriched in acidic amino acids and there are 5 types of histones, H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5

Cannulae

hollow, tubelike structures

Eukaryotes have cholesterol, prokaryotes have...

hopnoids

The movement of genes between microbial individuals in the same generation is called _____.

horizontal gene transfer

The energy for viral replication, gene expression, and nucleocapsid assembly comes from _____.

host ATP

The ancient Greek physician Galen believed that disease was caused by bad _______.

humors

Slime molds obtain food during their protozoan phase by:

hunting and engulfing

The endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria has been modified to suggest that the host became dependent on the gas __________ produced by the symbiont

hydrogen

The endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria has been modified to suggest that the host became dependent on the gas _____________ produced by the symbiont

hydrogen

The endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria has been modified to suggest that the host became dependent on the gas _________ produced by the symbiont.

hydrogen or H2

methanogens living in the digestive tract of ruminants convert which three chemicals into methane

hydrogen, acetate, and carbon dioxide

The surfaces of an archaeal membrane, both internal to the cell and external, are _____.

hydrophilic

The core of an archaeal membrane is

hydrophobic

the core of an archaeal membrane is

hydrophobic

A mycelium consists of a network of long branched

hyphae

Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called _____.

inclusions

The minimal Input____ concentration is the level of an antimicrobial agent required to stop the growth of a targeted pathogen.

inhibitory

When endospore-forming bacteria detect nutrient limitation, they

initiate endospore development

The component of the mitochondrion indicated by the letter D is the _____.

inner membrane

Which two of the following are mechanisms to protect the DNA in an endospore?

inserting complexes of calcium-dipicolinic acid between the bases covering the DNA with small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)

pili

involved with conjugation longer than fimbriae involved in bacteria sex

Simple Stain

involves the application of a single dye and provides information about the morphology, size, and arrangement of bacterial cells

Basic and acidic dyes bind cells by what type of bond?

ionic

ribozyme

is a term used to describe an RNA molecule that functions as a catalyst.

The ribosomes of at least one archaeon contain 5.8S RNA, which is significant because 5.8S rRNA

is also found in eukaryotes

mmersion oil is useful in increasing resolution because

it has the same refractive index as glass

why is there a D amino acid?

it is more difficult for enzymes to break it down

If the concentration of solute drops, what happens to facilitated diffusion?

it slows down

The location of the cell wall is ____.

just outside the plasma membrane

Which of the following experiments is used to identify new pathogens?

koch postulates

Which four characteristics are most common in the domain Bacteria? - lack membrane bound organelles - single celled - lack a nucleus - peptidoglycan cell wall - lack ribosomes - lack cell membrane

lack membrane bound organelles single celled lack a nucleus peptidoglycan cell wall

Identify all the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea.

lack membrane bound organelles smaller than eukaryotes

Identify all the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea.

lack membrane-bound nucleus lack membrane-bound organelles

What type of light source is used by a confocal microscope?

laser

LUCA is a term used to describe the _____

last universal common ancestor

LUCA is a term used to describe the _____

last universal common ancestor.

When lipopolysaccharide, illustrated here, is present in the outer membrane of a Gram-negative bacterial cell, the component that comprises the outer leaflet is indicated by the letter

lipid A

The _________ component of LPS can act as a toxin to people infected with gram-negative bacteria.

lipid a

The plasma membranes of bacteria and archaea differ mainly in which component?

lipids

LPS is composed of _____.

lipids and carbs

archaea

lipids are ether-linked

outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is made up of

lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and has porins

The theory of spontaneous generation claims that

living organisms can develop from nonliving matter

The term that describes a cell bursting open is

lysis

The term that describes a cell bursting open is _______.

lysis

The term that describes a cell busrting open is ___________.

lysis

The relationship between a temperate phage and the host cell is called ____.

lysogeny

When a temperate phage integrates its genome into a host genome, the relationship between the pahge and the host is termed ___________.

lysogeny

When a temperate phage integrates its genome into a host genome, the relationship between the phage and the host is termed _____

lysogeny

The _____ is an organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of intracellular macromolecules.

lysosome

Enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in

lysosomes

Elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are considered _________.

macronutrients

Which of the following is true regarding macronutrients and micronutrients?

macronutrients are substances needed in large quantities

Cellular Organisms

made up of cells a. include fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea

flagella

made up of flagellin motility and rotation rigid corkscrew filaments virus protectors grow from tip

fastidious

many growth factor requirements for bacteria

The component of the mitochondrion indicated by the letter C is the _____.

matrix

episomes

may integrate into chromosomes

Tracking down unidentified human pathogens falls within which field of microbiology?

medical

The archaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis lacks a cell wall, but has an external _____.

membrane

Branching of the hydrocarbon chains in archaeal lipids mostly affects which two membrane properties?

membrane fluidity membrane permeability

A confocal microscope generates a three-dimensional image by

merging sequential images from each plane

Dried SEM specimens must be coated with a thin layer of ______ to prevent the buildup of an electrical charge on the surface.

metal

or consistency, the medium used for disk diffusion tests is _____ agar.

meuller-hinton

The first direct evidence of primitive cellular life was the 1977 discovery of _________ fossils in the Swartkoppie chert, a type of granular sedimentary rock rich in silica.

microbial

Elements required in low concentrations for cell growth are called ______.

micronutrients

Zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper are examples of ______.

micronutrients

Which is the best description of the germ theory of disease?

microorganisms cause disease

Antony van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his early work with __________.

microscopes

The human eye can minimally detect something that is about 0.2 _____ in diameter.

millimeter

In most eukaryotic cells, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are localized in the ________

mitochondria

In most eukaryotic cells, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are localized in the __________.

mitochondria

What are the three most important energy-conserving cellular organelles?

mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, & chloroplasts.

Identify the cellular organelle illustrated in the image.

mitochondrion

What "powerhouse" organelle produces the majority of ATP in most eukaryotic cells?

mitochondrion

Which organelle has a double membrane system, ribosomes, DNA, and produces large amounts of ATP?

mitochondrion

Which three of the following are larger than the average virus?

mitochondrion, fungal cell, and animal cell

Our eye can minimally detect something that is about 0.2 _____ in diameter.

swarming must occur on a ___________ surface

moist

Although Koch's postulates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today. Instead, microbiologists use ______.

molecular and genetic evidence

In the obsolete five-kingdom system, prokaryotes were included within the kingdom...

monera

gram positive envelope

monoderm protoplast teichoic acid/lipoteichoic acid

Which of the following is not a common fixative for specimen preparation?

mordant

Regarding the efficiency of accommodating genes in the genome, viruses are considered ______ efficient than bacteria and eukaryotes.

a shorter fatty acid chain and double bonds (unsaturated)=

more fluid

archaellum

motility structure for archae

hich four of the following characteristics are the same for bacteria and archaea?

motility structures are present chromosome is double-stranded DNA inclusions present in the cytoplasm 70S ribosomes present in cytoplasm

Chemotaxis is a process by which bacteria

move toward an attractant or away from a repellent

Some microorganisms can be macroscopic because they are ______.

multicellular

some bacteria form a network of hyphae that are collectively called

mycelium

Acid-fast organisms have lipids constructed of ____ acid in their cell walls.

mycolic

smallest shaped bacteria

mycoplasma

Light entering the prism is bent toward the _____

normal

how thick is an archaeal flagellum?

note archaeal flagella are thinner than bacterial flagella 10-14nm rather than 18-22nm

Which two of the following components make up a viral nucleocapsid? cell wall, envelope, peptidoglycan, nucleic acid, protein coat

nucleic acid and protein coat

what two things make up the genome?

nucleic and plasmids

The simplest viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. This composite structure of viral nucleic acid and protein is called a ______.

nucleocapsid

The irregularly shaped region in the cytoplasm of an archaeal cell that contains the genetic material and some proteins is called the _____

nucleoid

The irregularly shaped region in the cytoplasm of an archaeal cell that contains the genetic material and some proteins is called the __________.

nucleoid

The irregularly shaped region of a bacterial cell that contains the chromosome and numerous proteins is called the ____.

nucleoid

The most noticeable structure within the nucleus is usually the _____.

nucleolus

The genetic information of the eukaryotic cell is predominantly stored in the organelle called the _____

nucleus

The genetic information of the eukaryotic cell is predominantly stored in the organelle called the ___________.

nucleus

which of the following cellular components is not found in both plant cells and bacteria cells

nucleus

What is the trigger for sporulation?

nutrient limitation

The LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections is the _____________ antigen.

In a compound light microscope, the ____ lens forms the magnified image that is further enlarged by one or more additional lenses

objective

In a compound light microscope, the _______ lens forms the magnified image that is further enlarged by one or more additional lenses.

objective

In a compound light microscope, the __________ lens forms the magnified image that is further enlarged by one or more additional lenses

objective

On a microscope, the lens closest to the specimen is the ______ lens.

objective

On a microscope, the lens closest to the specimen is the __________ lens

objective

On a microscope, the lens closest to the specimen is the ____________ lens

objective

Using dark-field microscopy, a hollow cone of light is focused on the specimen so that unreflected and unrefracted rays do not enter the ___ lens.

objective

On a microscope, the lens closest to the specimen is the

objective lens

the ____ lens further magnifies the image from the objective lens

ocular

Archaeal pilin proteins are synthesized

on ribosomes in the cytoplasm

An endosymbiosis between two organism means that

one organism lives inside the cells of the other

The main difference between virulent phage and temperate phage is that virulent phage _____.

only have a lytic cycle

simple staining uses

only one dye

antiport

opposite direction

An intracellular structure of a eukaryotic cell that carries out one or more specific functions is generally called a(n) ___________

organelle

An intracellular structure of a eukaryotic cell that carries out one or more specific functions is generally called called a(n)

organelle

In eukaryotic cells, intracellular structures that perform functions analogous to the functions of organs of a multicellular organism are known as ________.

organelles

Membrane delimited intracellular structures that perform specific function in cells are called

organelles

Membrane delimited intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells are called

organelles

growth factors

organic molecules vitamins/supplements amino acid purine/pyrimidine

Define microorganism

organisms too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye

The ultimate result of penicillin treatment of sensitive bacteria is cell-death resulting from ______.

osmotic lysis

The component of the mitochondrion indicated by the letter A is the _____.

outer membrane

In what part of an archaeal cell would you find cannulae or hami?

outside the cell envelope

Which three of the following process are carried out by mitochondria?

oxidative phosphorylation tricarboxylic acid cycle electron transport

Which three of the following substances cross a membrane by passive diffusion?

oxygen carbon dioxide water

Which three of the following are macronutrients?

oxygen, sulfur, carbon

Which three of the following are macronutrients? oxygen, sulfur, zinc, carbon, nickel, cobalt

oxygen, sulfur, carbon

Which of the three following substances cross a membrane by passive diffusion? oxygen, water, amino acids, sugars, carbon dioxide

oxygen, water, carbon dioxide

Substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide and water move across a bacterial cell membrane by _____.

passive diffusion

The unaided energy-free movement of molecules across a membrane is called _______.

passive diffusion

Which of the transport mechanisms relies only on concentration gradients to provide the "force" to move materials across the plasma membrane?

passive diffusionn

Which two of the following are typical characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

paucity of plasmids (i.e., plasmids are not common) 80S Ribosomes

Which two of the following viral activities occurs during "viral entry" penetration, budding, self-assembly, lysis, replication, uncoating,

penetration and uncoating

Which two of the following viral activities occurs during "viral entry"?

penetration and uncoating

The mechanism of action of _____ is three-fold: It inhibits the transpeptidase reaction in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, activates bacterial autolytic enzymes, and stimulates holins to form holes in the plasma membrane.

penicillin

the component of peptidoglycan which connects the stem peptide of one peptidoglycan chain to the stem peptide of another is referred to as the

peptide interbridge

The bacteria cell wall is composed of a complex of sugars and amino acids that is referred to as the .... layer.

peptidoglycan

teichoic acids anchor the .... to the plasma membrane

peptidoglycan

What retain the dye and removes it in gram staining?

peptidoglycan and alcohol

During which endocytic process do protrusions from the cell surface engulf particulate matter outside of the cell?

phagocytosis

The type of endocytosis called ______ involves the engulfing of particulates at the cell surface by protrusions from the cell.

phagocytosis

This type of endocytosis called ___________ involves the engulfing of particulates at the cell surface by protrusions from the cell.

phagocytosis

____ is a form of endocytosis where larger particles are brought into the cell

phagocytosis

he differential interference contrast microscope is similar to the ____ -contrast microscope in that it creates an image by detecting the differences in refractive indices and thickness.

phase

This photo was obtained through the use of __ microscopy.

phase contrast

The _____ microscope exploits differences in light intensity to provide contrast, thus allowing the viewer to see a clearer, more detailed image of the specimen.

phase-contrast

If gram-stained correctly, a bacterial cell should appear either __________ or __________. black, brown, green, pink, yellow, purple

pink or purple

____ is a form of endocytosis where solutes are brought into the cell while

pinocytosis

___________ is a form of endocytosis where solutes are brought into the cell while ___________ is a form of endocytosis where alrger particles are borught into the cell

pinocytosis, phagocytosis

What type of light source is used in the differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope?

plane-polarized

Which of the following is NOT a likely source antimicrobial agents?

plant natural products

Bacterial internal membrane structures are often connected to the _____.

plasma membrane

gram positive envelope layers

plasma membrane thick peptidoglycan

A bacterial cell envelope is....

plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it

Select all possible components of a bacterial cell envelope.

plasma membrane, slime layer, cell wall

Select all possible components of a bacterial cell envelope. plasma membrane, slime layer, ribosome, cell wall, nuclear membrane

plasma membrane, slime layer, cell wall

Small, double-stranded, circular pieces of DNA found in addition to the bacterial chromosome are called ____.

plasmids

Which of the following would you expect to find in the cytoplasm of archaeal cells?

plasmids, nucleoid, ribosomes

Which of the following would you expect to find in the cytoplasm of archaeal cells? plasmids, nucleus, nucleoid, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes

plasmids, nucleoid, ribosomes Archaea are prokaryotes and do not have membrane-bound organelles, thus no nucleus

Plants and photosynthetic protists have organelles called ________ that often contain pigments and serve as sites of food storage.

plastids

Plants and photosynthetic protists have organelles called __________ that often contain pigments and serve as sites of food storage

plastids

What is used to coat a specimen in the shadowing process for a TEM?

platinum

Bacterial cells that are variable in shape and lack a single characteristic form are called _______ in shape.

pleomorphic

Which of the following terms describes a bacterial cell that is variable in shape and lacks a single characteristic form?

pleomorphic

which of the following terms describes a bacterial cell that is variable in shape and lacks a single characteristic form?

pleomorphic

Capsules are networks composed mostly of _______ that surround many bacteria.

polysaccharide

elect all material that may be found in archaeal cell walls, external to the S-layer.

polysaccharide (e.g., methanochondroitin) protein sheath

In gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane is more permeable than the inner membrane principally because of the presence of _____.

porin proteins

Which of the following transport mechanisms use ATP-binding cassette transporters?

primary active transport

Which of the following uses ATP to move substances across a membrane?

primary active transport

What are the two types of active transport?

primary active transport and secondary active transport

Infectious agents composed entirely of protein are called _____.

prions

Which acellular agent is composed of proteins only?

prions

which three entities are acellular? - prions - protists - bacteria - fungi - viroids - viruses - archaea

prions viroids viruses

Which two of the following are functions performed by archaeal pili?

promoting DNA transfer adhesion to surfaces

A host cell that contains a ______, the nucleic acid of a temperate phage, can divide many times

prophage

A host cell that contains a ___________, the nucleic acid of a temperate phage, can divide many times.

prophage

The nucleic acid of a temperate phage that is either integrated into the host cell's genome, or remains free in the cytoplasm, is called a _____.

prophage

Bacteria Cell Wall Function:

protection against osmotic stress

cell wall (bacteria)

protection against osmotic stress

What are Ribosomes made up of?

rRNA and protein complex

Pasteur worked to develop vaccines, and successfully attempted vaccination of a boy suffering from

rabies

CreS

rare, curve shape

Virus will attach to host cells via a viral ligand and a host

receptor

Virus will attach to host cells via a viral ligand and a host __________.

receptor

What term describes the host cell component that a virus will bind for attachment?

receptor

Endocytosis triggered by the binding of a ligand molecule to a membrane-bound receptor is called _____.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

What are the color identifications for gram-negative bacteria?

red/pink

The ______ index is a measure of how much a substance slows the velocity of light.

refractive

The __________ index is a measure of how much a substance slows the velocity of light.

refractive

Which term describes the measure of how much a substance slows the velocity of light?

refractive index

The last step in the replication cycle of a virus is generally called __________

release

Which stage of virus replication is shown in the image?

release

Which two stages of viral replication occur after viral synthesis?

release and assembly

Which two stages of viral replication occur after viral synthesis? entry, penetration, release, attachment, assembly

release and assembly

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocytic pathway in eukaryotic cells?

removal of metabolic wastes

The ability to separate or distinguish between small objects using a microscope is called ________

resolution

Which term refers to the ability of an objective lens to separate or distinguish between small objects that are close together?

resolution

Carl Woese distinguished between the members of the Archaea and the Bacteria using studies of their ________.

ribosomal RNA

Carl Woese distinguished between the members of the Archaea and the Bacteria using studies of their _______________

ribosomal RNA

The _______ is a structure found in all cells and is the location for protein synthesis.

ribosome

symport

same direction

A(n) ___________ is a disease agent that can either have a RNA or DNA genome and must have a helper virus to facilitate replication

satellite

A(n)______ is a disease agent that can either have a RNA or DNA genome and must have a helper virus to facilitate replication.

satellite

Which of the following may be composed of RNA or DNA, encode one or more proteins, and must have a "helper" virus to replicate?

satellites

This image showing a few turns of DNA was generated using a(n) _____ microscope.

scanning tunneling

hich microscope has the greatest resolving power?

scanning tunneling

Which of the following diseases is (are) caused by prions?

scrapie mad cow disease kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Transport of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute is termed _____.

secondary active transport

Transport of molecules across the membrane using the gradient of an additional solute is termed _____.

secondary active transport

When the potential energy of an ion gradient promotes the movement of a substance across a membrane, this is called _____.

secondary active transport

Which of the following transport mechanisms relies on concentration gradients of one substance to power the translocation of a different substance across a membrane?

secondary active transport

Which of the following transport mechanisms relies on concentration gradients of one substance to power the translocation of a different substance across a membrane?

secondary transport

Inside eukaryotic cells, the ______ pathway functions to move cellular material to various locations within the cell, as well as to the plasma membrane or cell exterior.

secretory

Inside eukaryotic cells, the ___________ pathway functions to move cellular material to various locations within the cell, as well as the plasma membrane or cell exterior

secretory

Inside eukaryotic cells, the ___________ pathway functions to move cellular material to various locations within the cell, as well as to the plasma membrane or cell exterior

secretory

hich two of the following procedures are performed with a fluorescence microscope?

seeing photosynthetic microbes using fluorochrome

A successful antimicrobial agent has ______ ______ , the ability to kill or inhibit microbial pathogens with little or no damage to the host.

selective toxicity

The ability to kill or inhibit microbial pathogens while causing minimal damage to the host is called _____.

selective toxicity

Bacteria cell membrane function:

selectively permeable barrier

cell membrane ( bacteria)

selectively permeable barrier

Naturally occurring antibiotics that have been chemically modified are called _____

semi-synthetic

What is the role of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells?

separate some cellular materials and processes from others

basal body "motor"

series of rings that drive flagellar movement works by proton motor force

Fimbriae

shorter and used for attachment twitching motility

What type of staining involves only one dye?

simple

Which characteristic is most common for bacteria?

single celled

Which characteristic is most common for bacteria?

single-celled

Select the four characteristics that are most common in domain Bacteria.

single-celled lack a nucleus peptidoglycan cell wall lack membrane-bound organelles

ribosomes

site of photosynthesis

Bacteria ribosomes function:

site of protein synthesis

Which three of the following are components of the eukarotic plasma membrane? Isoprenoid lipids Sphingolipids Sterols Peptidoglycan Glycocalyx Phospholipids

sphingolipids, sterols, phospholipids

Which three of the following are components of the eukaryotic plasma membrane?

sphingolipids, sterols, phospholipids

Rigid bacteria with a helical cell shape are called _________.

spirilla

The claim that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter is the key feature of the theory of _________ generation.

spontaneous

The claim that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter is the key feature of the theory of __________ generation.

spontaneous

The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called

spontaneous generation

bacillis

spore forming genus found in bacteria

The process of endospore formation is called

sporulation

Visualization of the capsule on a bacterial cell requires a differential stain because

stains and dyes don't bind to polysaccharides

Which genus gets its name due to the cellular arrangement of spherical cells found in clusters, like a bunch of grapes?

staphylococcus

This lipid molecule is classified as a(n

sterole

This lipid molecule is classified as a(n) ___________.

sterole

Which three of the following are believed to be mechanisms of action of penicillin

stimulate holins to form holes in the plasma membrane activate bacterial autolytic enzymes inhibit the transpeptidation reaction in peptidoglycan synthesis

Which two of the following are functions of bacterial inclusions?

storage and osmotic pressure

Which bacterial cytoplasmic structure is used for storage of Carbon, Glycogen, Amino Acids, and other nutrients?

storage inclusion

The descendants of a single, pure bacterial culture are considered to be a microbial _________.

strain

Which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain?

streptococcus

which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain?

streptococcus

The descendants of a single, pure bacterial culture are considered to be a microbial _________.

strian

In a bright-field microscope, which microscope component is mounted beneath the stage to focus a cone of light on the slide?

substage condensor

peptidoglycan

sugar and amino acid alternating D and L amino acids form a bridge for strength lysosomes can break bonds

Capsules are typically composed of ____.

sugars

Pasteur showed that even cultures open to the air could remain sterile by using ______.

swan-neck flasks

Which three of the following methods of movement found in bacteria are mediate by flagella?

swimming corkscrew movement swarming

Which three of the following methods of movement found in bacteria are mediate by flagella? swimming, twitching, swarming, gliding, corkscrew movement

swimming, swarming, corkscrew movement

Which three of the following methods of movement found in bacteria are mediated by flagella?

swimming, swarming, corkscrew movement

During secondary active transport, when ions move parallel to the movement of a substance, this is termed ____.

symport

Which of the following describe a bacteriophage that may lyse its host cell, or remain within the cell without lysing it?

temperate

Square planar arrangement of cells when round bacteria remain attached to each other during reproduction are called ________________

tetrads

In which ways do tetraether lipids differ from diether lipids?

tetraether lipids are longer

The lipids of extreme thermophiles can be expected to exhibit which chemical composition?

tetraether monolayers

the lipids of extreme thermophiles can be expected to exhibit which chemical composition?

tetraether monolayers

Focal length is measured as the distance from

the center of the lens to the focal point

The cell envelope contains the plasma membrane the flagellum the nuclear membrane the ER layers external to the plasma membrane

the plasma membrane the layers external to the plasma membrane

The cell envelope includes

the plasma membrane the layers external to the plasma membrane

Which of the following describes the "protoplast"?

the plasma membrane and all the structures within it

In active transport, the "active" refers to ____.

the use of energy to power the movement of molecules across a membrane

Photosynthetic microbes can be easily visualized by fluorescence microscopy because

their pigments are naturally fluorescent

The degree of selective toxicity can be expressed in terms of

theraputic dose toxic dose

in which ways are archaeal cells like bacterial cell

they look like the canonical prokaryotic cell however, the molecules used to construct their cell structures are often unique or are similar to those found in eukaryotes. the processes and molecules used to conserve energy are like those of bacteria, whereas the processes and molecules used to replicate and express their genomes are like those of eukaryotes Neither cell type has membrane bound organelles as seen in eukaryotes

these structures, called hami, have what function?

they look like tiny grappling hooks, which suggests they might function to attach cells to surfaces to allow cells to adhere to surface

Specimens prepared for TEM must be cut to extremely _________ slices because electron beams are easily absorbed and scattered by solid matter.

thin

gram negative has a _______ cell wall

thin

Flagella

thin, rigid, threadlike appendages that are involved in motility, swarming behavior, attachment to surfaces, and virulence

The cell wall peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria is considerably ____ than that of gram-positive bacteria.

thinner

The secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells functions in moving materials To the exterior of the cell From the bloodstream into the tissues To the plasma membrane Within the cell from place to place From the external environment into the cell

to the exterior of the cell, to the plasma membrane, within the cell from place to place

The secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells functions in moving materials (select all that apply)

to the exterior of the cell, to the plasma membrane, within the cell from place to place

As light enters the glass (yellow arrows), it is bent ____ the first normal, and when light leaves the glass and returns to air, it is bent ____ from the second normal.

toward, away

Fimbriae can ____

transport DNA to the cytoplasm attach to surfaces function in motility

Proteins characterized as channels and carriers are ______.

transport proteins

Which three of the following types of proteins are found in the periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria? transport proteins exoenzymes energy conservation proteins integral membrane proteins porin proteins enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan

transport proteins, energy conservation proteins, and enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan

Which three of the following describe receptor-mediated endocytosis?

triggered by ligand binding to membrane receptor, receptors are concentrated in certain areas of membrane, and concentration of ligand prior to endocytosis

Which three of the following describe receptor-mediated endocytosis? Triggered by ligand binding to membrane receptor cytoplasmic side of vesicles coated with clathrin endocytosis and digestion of large food particles receptors are concentrated in certain areas of membrane concentration of ligand prior to endocytosis

triggered by ligand binding to membrane receptor, receptors are concentrated in certain areas of membrane, and concentration of ligand prior to endocytosis

True or false: Bacteria are the only organisms that have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan.

true

True or false: Bacteria have a cytoskeleton.

true

When a swimming bacterium changes direction, it will ____.

tumble

chemotaxis corner

tumble (shorter)

rotation of flagella clockwise

tumble and stop

Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is true?

twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis

How many lipid layers are found in a bacterial plasma membrane? (Note: a lipid layer consists of a series of phospholipids arranged side to side with hydrophilic heads all facing one direction and hydrophobic tails facing the other direction)

two

Plasma membranes are organized by having ______

two lipid layers

A carrier protein that transports solute molecules by facilitated diffusion has _____ configuration(s) because _____.

two; it needs to bind solute outside the cell and then release it in the cytoplasm

Which three of the following characteristics distinguish bacteria from archaea?

type of lipid presence capusules

Rank the following from smallest to largest typical eukaryotic cell typical bacterial cell typical protein typical virus

typical protein typical virus typical bacterial cell typical eukaryotic cell

Rank the following from smallest to largest, placing the smallest item at the top.

typical protein typical virus typical bacterial cell typical eukaryotic cell

What type of cells are difficult to view in a bright-field microscope?

unpigmented

Active transport and facilitated diffusion are similar because they both ____.

use proteins to move materials across a membrane

Which of the following is considered a "drug of last resort" when treating antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus?

vancomysin

inclusions

variety of substances that are stored store PHB

How is chloroplast thought to be integrated by endosymbiosis?

very similar to extant cyanobacteria

A complete virus particle is called a(n)

virion

A complete virus particle is referred to as a ____.

virion

An infectious agent composed of only RNA is called a(n)

viroid

An infectious agent composed only of RNA is called a(n) ___________.

viroid

Which of the following three entities are acellular? protists, viroids, bacteria, fungi, archaea, prions, viruses

viroids, prions, viruses

Virulence Plamid role

virulence genes

Bacteriophages that always proceed to lyse the infected cell are called __________ phage.

virulent

Bacteriophages that always proceed to lyse the infected cell are called ______ phage.

virulent or lytic

An acellular infectious agent that must replicate within a host cell is a(n)

virus

Viruses must replicate within a host cell because _____.

viruses lack replication enzymes and resources

Which two of the following applications are best performed with a differential interference contrast microscope?

visualizing nuclei and vacuoles detecting bacterial endospores

Which two of the following procedures are performed with a fluorescence microscope?

visualizing photosynthetic microbes identifying microbes stained with a fluorochrome

The Great Potato Famine in Ireland was caused by _____.

water mold

The maximum resolution of a light microscope is dependent on the shortest _________ of light able to be seen.

wavelength

Capsule: Slime Layer: S-Layer:

well attached easily detaches aids in cellular shape

capsule

well attached organized protein layer composed of sugars prevent phagocytosis protect from viruses adhesion

What is the role of capsules in Glycocalyx?

well-organized extracellular layer of polysaccharides that can sometimes be visible using a light microscope; Makes the cell resistant to phagocytosis, it excludes viruses and detergents, and protects against desiccation

parfocal

when the image remains in focus as the objective lenses change

Objectives with large numerical apertures and great resolving power have short _____

working distances

Which of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology?

yeasts viruses prions bacteria viroids slime molds archaea

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