mccall psych380 chapter 11 - goal setting

a baseball player aims to run a 6.5 sixty before the end of the season. this is an example of _____

goals

indirect thought process view

goals influence performance indirectly by affecting psychological factors, such as anxiety, confidence, and satisfaction

record goals

out of sight is out of mind visualizing progress leads to motivation

unlike short-range goals, long-range goals focus on _____

outcome

which goals facilitate short-term motivation but often lead to anxiety before and during competition?

outcome goals

lucas is the coach of South Ligers, a soccer team. he is writing down goals that would instruct and motivate his players. identify a goal that will help athletes to focus on success instead of failure

pass the ball carefully

dana is a freestyle swimmer and her current lap timing is 1:68.14. she strives to finish 200 m freestyle under 1:50 min in order to win the title of the next game. in this case, dana is focusing on _____ goals

performance

which goals are less dependent on the behavior of others?

performance and process goals

which goals are more precise than outcome goals?

performance and process goals

which goals are useful before or during competition (on rare occasions)?

performance and process goals

when implementing a goal-setting program, people frequently make the mistake of setting only goals that relate to competition. this implies that _____

practice goals should not be forgotten

in the context of goal evaluation, athletes must receive feedback about how _____ is related to both short-and long-range goals

present performance

Hardy, Jones, and Gould extended the outcome-performance goal distinction to include ________ goals

process

kevin is a tennis player. he realizes that his backhand strokes are less powerful than his forehand strokes. he strives to improve his backhand strokes and win in the next tennis game. In this scenario, kevin is focusing on _____ goals

process

not only should goals describe the behavior of focus in specific measurable terms, but they should also identify _____ for goal accomplishment

target dates

according to Locke and his associates (1981), there is a direct relationship between goal difficulty and _____

task performance

develop goal achievement strategies

how much and how often things will be done in an effort to achieve a goal maintain flexibility

dana is an athlete. she writes down goals to win the next U.S. marathon competition. identify a goal that will help her focus on success

keep the head up while running

set practice and competition goals

keeps practice interesting and focused

process goals

specify the procedures in which the athlete will engage during performance

_____ facilitates performance

goal setting

according to the cognitive theory, athletes' _____ are linked to their levels of anxiety, motivation, and confidence

goals

hope is

the thinking process whereby people have an overall perception that goals can be met and the skills go about achieving those goals

a goal-setting program will not succeed unless _____

those individuals who are paramount in an athlete's life support it

match the goal styles identified by Burton and his colleagues with the goal motivational orientations of athletes: a failure orientation

an athlete defines success on social comparison and winning but has low perceived ability

too much focus on a specific performance goal can create

anxiety

instructor's preparation and planning

assess abilities and needs set goals in diverse areas identify influences on goal-setting systems plan goal achievement strategies

identify a way in which outcome goals affect process goals

athletes get distracted by the event outcome

objective goals (scientific definition)

attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually in a specified time

group goals

attaining specific standards of group proficiency, usually within a specified time

sport psychologist Steve Danish and his colleagues have used ______ ______ as a cornerstone of programs designed to enhance life skills, particularly in at-risk populations

goal setting

according to Locke and associates, factors such as importance, self-efficacy, feedback, and task complexity mediate the _____ relationship

goal setting - performance

which of the following should be done in the meeting phase of the goal setting system outlined by Botterill? (check all that apply)

- a few days after the initial meeting, another meeting should be held for the purpose of discussing some of the athletes' goals - coached must give athletes time to formulate potential goals after the first of the goal setting meetings

top three goals for athletes:

1. improving performance 2. winning 3. enjoyment

athletes prefer ___, ___, and _____ goals

moderately difficult, difficult, and very difficult

why do athletes set goals?

to provide direction and help them stay focused

true or false: it is of the utmost importance that in the athletic environment goals be expressed in terms of specific measurable behaviors

true

identify an accurate statement about the relationship between goal difficulty and task performance

unrealistic goals lead to failure and frustration among athletes

hope-based power 4W goal-setting system

wish power want power way power will power

according to Weinberg (2010), identify true statements about the aspects of goal setting strategies of athletes and coaches (check all that apply)

- barriers to goal setting include a perceived lack of time, stress, fatigue, social relationships, injury, and a lack of confidence - athletes and coaches set both short and long term goals

direct mechanistic explanation : goals

- direct attention to the important elements of the skill, - mobilize performers' efforts, - prolong performers' persistence, and - foster the development of new learning strategies.

identify the individuals who can be paramount in an athlete's life (check all that apply)

- family members - teammates - coach

according to the mechanistic theory of goal setting, identify the ways goals influence performance (check all that apply)

- goals help a performer mobilize effort - goals direct a performer's attention and action to important aspects of a task

what types of goals should be set to enhance confidence of failure-oriented individuals? (check all that apply)

- performance goals - process goals

principles of goal setting

- set specific goals - set moderately difficult, realistic goals - set long and short term goals - set performance and process goals as well as outcome goals - set practice and competition goals - record goals - develop goal achievement strategies - consider personality in goal setting - foster goal commitment - provide goal support - provide goal evaluation and feedback

identify the requirements of setting group goals (check all that apply)

- team confidence should be fostered in group goals - clear sequences of short and long term goals should be specified - team goal progress should be assessed

arrange the steps involved in the planning phase of a goal-setting system in a sequence starting from the first to the last step

1. identify individual and team needs 2. identify potential team and individual goals 3. consider possible strategies to achieve the goals

match the goal styles identified by Burton and his colleagues with the goal motivational orientations of athletes: a performance orientation

an athlete defines success based on learning and self-improvement and has high perceived ability

match the goal styles identified by Burton and his colleagues with the goal motivational orientations of athletes: a success orientation

an athlete defines success on social comparison and winning and has high perceived ability

according to Widmeyer and Ducharme, _____ should have input into the team goal setting process

all team members

identify the theory that focuses solely on how goal setting influences performance in athletic environments

burton's cognitive theory

what should be done at the initial meeting of a goal setting system's meeting phase?

coaches should convey basic goal setting information to athletes

set long and short term goals

complex tasks need both goal staircase: progression of more difficult short-term goals —>

consider participants personalities and motivations

consider factors such as achievement motivation, stages of achievement motivation, social comparison, task or ego orientation and dispositional hope when setting goals motivational climate also influences goal setting effectiveness

tyler, a wrestler, aims to lose 10 pounds before the beginning of the season. identify a goal-achievement strategy that he should identify to attain his goal

cut out a meal and run an additional two miles a day

way power

developing multiple plans and strategies for achieving one's goals

identify an accurate statement about the relationship between goal setting and performance of athletes

difficult goals are more effective in enhancing performance than easy goals

provide goal support

enlist support from significant others to make goal setting effective

the follow-up phase of a goal-setting system deals with _____

evaluation of goals

_____ is absolutely necessary if goals are to enhance performance

evaluative feedback

which of the following types of goals is effective in facilitating behavior change?

explicit goals

common problems in goal setting

failing to convince students, athletes, and exercisers to set goals; failing to set specific goals setting too many goals too soon; failing to adjust goals flexibly as situation requires; failing to set performance and process goals; recognize individual differences not initiating goal-setting follow-up and evaluation

true or false: according to most athletes, it is easier to get "up" and motivated for daily practice than a game or match

false

true or false: goals can never be used to enhance personal development

false

do males or females set goals more often and find them more effective?

females

a more effective approach while setting goals for teams, as well as, athletes is to prioritize goals and _____

focus on accomplishing the most important ones

performance goals

focus on improvements relative to one's own past performance

set performance and process goals as well as outcome goals

for every outcome goal, set several performance and process goals that will lead to the desired outcome

set specific goals

general goal: reduce cholesterol specific goal: reduce cholesterol from 290 to 200 by ....

subjective goals

general statements of intent such as having fun or doing your best

a(n) ______ is an objective or aim of action to attain a specific standard of proficiency on a task within a specified time limit

goal

provide evaluation of and feedback about goals

goal evaluation and feedback are essential parts of facilitating behavioral change via goal setting

_____ is one of the most used techniques in applied sport psychology

goal setting

the Ice Hockey Club of Crestwill is practicing to win the next championship title. all the players are unanimously working to earn a good name to the club and Crestwill. in this scenario, identify the goal adopted by the club

group's goal

importance of subjective goals

identify and clarify personal values and priorities via subjective goals and then link the subjective goals to specific objective goals

Implementation and follow-up

identify appropriate goal evaluation strategies provide support and encouragement plan for goal reevaluation

wish power

identifying dream goals

the planning phase of the goal-setting system proposed by Botterill deals with _____

identifying needs

set moderately difficult but realistic goals

if goal is too difficult: perceived threat, avoidance, learned helplessness if goal is too easy: lack of interest

derek is the captain of a baseball team. he intends to be the person who hits the most number of home runs on his team. in this scenario, identify the group goal set by derek

individual member's goals for self

designing a goal setting system

instructor's preparation and planning education and acquisition implementation and follow-up

identify an accurate statement about the use of goal setting in applied sport psychology

it has been shown to influence the performance of athletes of varied age and ability levels

major goal barriers for olympians

lack of confidence, lack of goal feedback, too many/conflicting goals, lack of time, work commitments, family, and personal relationships

major goal barriers for college athletes

lack of time, stress, fatigue, academic pressure, and social relationships

by emphasizing personal performance and process goals in an environment where outcome goals predominate, coaches create greater opportunities for meeting the success needs of all athletes. match the athletes with the corresponding effects of outcome goals on them: high skilled athletes

learn to compete against themselves

by emphasizing personal performance and process goals in an environment where outcome goals predominate, coaches create greater opportunities for meeting the success needs of all athletes. match the athletes with the corresponding effects of outcome goals on them: less skilled athletes

learn to judge success and failure in terms of their own performance

according to Burton et al. (1998), which of the following is true about the goal setting practices actually employed by athletes and coaches?

most of the athletes more often reported problems with setting goals that were too easy versus hard

it has been reported that athletes who use _____ have the best performance

multiple goal setting strategies

foster an individual's goal commitment

promote goal commitment by encouraging progress and providing consistent feedback solicit the athlete's or exerciser's input

want power

realistic short and long term goals that lead to one's dream goal

it is useful for athletes to _____ as soon as the goals are identified

record their goals in written form

target dates help motivate athletes by _____

reminding them of the urgency of the accomplishing their objectives

outcome goals

represent standards of performance that focus on the results of a contest between opposite teams

education and aquisition

schedule meetings focus on one goal (initially)

those high in hope have a

sense of goal-directed determination or agency and planning of ways to meet goals or labeled pathways

_____ - _____ goals are more effective in complex tasks than long-range goals.

short-range

smarts goals

specific measurable action oriented realistic timely self-determined

according to Burton and his colleagues, goal setting should moderately increase performance for the _____ athlete

success-oriented

will power

the determination and discipline required for working toward goals and overcoming obstacles that arise while achieving them

identify an advantage of setting outcome goals

they facilitate short-term motivation