McGraw-Hill Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 18

Order the events that occur during the intrinsic pathway to coagulation

1. Platelets release factor XII 2. Factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX 3. Factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X

Order the steps of hemostasis

1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. coagulation phase

A neutrophil is about ___ times larger in diameter than an erythrocyte; is named for its neutral or pale-staining ___; and has a light lilac colored ___

1.5; granules; cytoplasm

Place the cells of the monocyte development and maturation pathway in order (follow red arrows in figure): 1- hemaocytoblast 2- monoblast 3- monocyte 4- myeloid stem cell 5- progenitor cell 6- promonocyte

1; 4; 5; 2; 6; 3

Monocytes may be as much as ___ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes

3

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of ___ oxygen molecules.

4

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule

4

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

Albumin constitutes about ______ of all plasma proteins

58%

By weight, plasma is approximately ___% protein and 92% water; other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, gases and wastes make up a little less than ___% of plasma.

8; 1

Match each class of plasma protein with its relative amount of the plasma protein total.

Albumins-58% Globulins-37% Fibrinogen-4% Regulatory proteins-<1%

Deconstruction of the medical term for a red blood cell reveals that the prefix ___ means 'red', and the suffix ___ means 'cell'

Erythro; cyte

Match each substance that stimulates the development of blood stem cells with its function

G-CSF- speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes from myeloblasts. GM-CSF- speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cell M-CSF- stimulates production of monocytes from monoblasts. thrombopoirtin- stimulates the production of megakaryocytes and piatelets erythropoietin- speeds up production of erythrocyte progenitor and erythroblasts.

Match each stem cell with the formed elements that will develop from each.

Hemocytoblast - all formed elements Myeloid stem cell - erythrocytes, granulocytes, platelets, monocytes Lymphoid stem cell - leukocytes of the immune response

Which components of whole blood provide protective functions for the body?

Leukocytes Plasma Platelets

List the five types of of leukocytes in order from most to least abundant

Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

Match the quantities on the left with the components of whole blood with which they correspond on the right.

Plasma 55% Formed elements 45% Erythrocytes 44% Leukocytes and platelets <1%

___________ are cell fragments and have never had a nucleus as they are produced in red bone marrow by ____________

Platelets; megakaryocytes

Identify the Rh blood type of sample (1) in the image. Sample 1 is middle column.

Rh+, exposed to Rh- blood Rh+, never exposed to Rh- blood

Identify the substance that stimulates events in the platelet developmental pathway

Thrombopoietin

The overall functions of alpha globulins and beta globulins include

Transporting hormones; Transporting metals and ions; Transporting water-insoluble molecules

Which answer(s) describe hemoglobin? Hemoglobin_______________

Transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide Is a protein Is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes Is a pigment

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes

a, b, e

The temperature of blood is ______________ body temperature measured orally or rectally

about 1*C higher than

The primary classification of leukemias is based on their rate of development and duration; those that progress rapidly are called __________ leukemias, and those that develop and progress more slowly are called _________ leukemias

acute; chronic

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group

b, e

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte

c. myeloid stem cell a. proerythroblast e. erythroblast b. normoblast d. reticulocyte f. mature erythrocyte c,a,e,b,d,f

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be

decreased in number and less efficient

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma

electrolytes

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the _______ units

globin

Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. What type of substance is released by basophils?

heparin, an anticoagulant histamine, a vasodilator

Basophils release ________ which keeps blood from clotting and thus acts as a __________

heparin; anticoagulant

Identify the types of substances transported by blood.

ions hormones waste products dissolved materials formed elements

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

lack a nucleus and organelles

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen

The leukocytes that are classified as agranulocytes are

monocytes and lymphocytes

The number of ___ in a person's blood rises dramatically in the presence of a chronic bacterial infection, as more are produced that target the bacteria.

neutrophils

The binding of _________ to hemoglobin gives arterial blood its bright red color

oxygen

The three major classes of formed elements of blood include _____ involved in blood clotting; the formed elements that transport respiratory gases are called _____; and the formed elements that protect and defend the body against pathogens are called ____.

platelets; erythrocytes; leukocytes

The processes of megakaryocytes from which platelets are derived - portions of the plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm - that extend between endothelial cells of blood vessels and are called

proplatelets

Platelets are produces in the

red bone marrow

Among the first signs of leukemia are

reduced erythropoiesis and anemia; reduced platelet production and bleeding

Vascular spasms last

several minutes when tissue damage is extensive

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

tissue

When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the globulin protein _________ and stored in the liver by the protein _____________

transferrin; ferritin

The first phase in hemostasis is

vascular spasm

An increase in small blood vessel diameter called ______________ and in permeability that occur when basophils release ___________ may be accompanied by swollen nasal membranes watery eyes and runny nose.

vasodilation; histamine

In a healthy adult, lymphocytes constitute about ____% of total leukocytes

20-40

___ are Y-shaped proteins that are designed to recognize and immobilize specific antigens that are perceived as foreign to the body.

Antibodies

Identify components of plasma that will be found in similar concentrations to that of interstitial fluid.

Nutrients Waste products Electrolytes

If the plasma of a blood sample contains both the anti-A and the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is

O

Match each blood type with the correct description of the surface antigens and antibodies for that blood type.

O+: anti-A antibodies, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D. AB+: ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B, Rh antigen D A-: ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies B+: ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies, Rh antigen D O-: anti-A antibodies, and anti-B antibodies AB-: ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B A+: ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D B-: ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies

Blood plasma is slightly _________; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______.

basic; proteins

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

basophil

Associated with each globin polypeptide of hemoglobin is a ring-shaped, non-protein structure called a _______ group, at the center of which is ___________

heme; an iron ion

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hemopoiesis