*Mcgraw Hill Chapter 7 Bone Tissue

72. As a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone's trabeculae?

Osteoclasts

111. Which condition occurs because of a defect in collagen deposition that causes bones to be exceptionally brittle? A. Osteomyelitis B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Osteogenesis imperfecta D. Osteomalacia E. Chondromalacia

Osteogénesis imperfecta

98. The most deadly form of bone cancer is ___ .

Osteosarcoma

112. What is another name for osteitis deformans? A. Osteogenic sarcoma B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Brittle bone disease D. Page disease

Page disease

86. ____ hormone is secreted and produced by the parathyroid gland.

Paratyroid

49. What bone shape are the carpal bones of the wrist? A. Short B. Irregular C. Flat D. Long

Short

14. True or false: Compact bone comprises most of the diaphysis of a long bone.

True

65. T/F: Once "closed" or ossified, growth in length no longer occurs at an epiphyseal plate.

True

44. Blood vessels and nerves are found in central canals and ____ canals of osteons.

Volkmann

41. When braces apply stress to the teeth causing remodeling of the jaw bones, this is an example of ___ law of bone in action.

Wolff's

69. During endochondral ossification, as cartilage at the primary ossification center breaks down, osteoblasts begin to form a thin collar of ___ around the cartilage model. This helps provide support as well as initiating bone formation at the surface.

bone

85. Which of the following best describe a medullary cavity? A. A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone B. An opening through which a blood vessel enters a bone C. A hollow area within the spongy bone of the epiphysis

A. A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone

96. Which describe osteoid? A. A soft collagenous tissue similar to bone but without minerals. B. A connective tissue layer that covers the surface of bones. C. A hormone that stimulates the activity of osteoblasts.

A. A soft collagenous tissue similar to bone but without minerals.

11. Which are functions of the skeletal system? A. Acid-base balance B. Temperature regulation C. Contraction D. Support E. Blood formation F. Protection

A. Acid-base balance D. Support E. Blood formation F. Protection

56. Which type of bone growth occurs within mature bone and results in the bone becoming thicker? A. Appositional growth B. Endochondral growth C. Interstitial growth

A. Appositional growth

16. What is the name for a channel that extends vertically through the centers of an osteon? A. Central canal B. Perforation canal C. Haversian canal D. Medullary canal E. Canaliculi canal

A. Central canal C. Haversian canal

47. What are the two principal forms of ossification that occurs in the development of the skeletal system? A. Endochondral and intramembranous B. Endochondral and osteogenic C. Membranous and intramembranous D. Membranous and cartilaginous

A. Endochondral and intramembranous

7. The layer of connective tissue lining internal surface of bones is called_____ A. Endosteum B. Periosteum C. Perichondrium

A. Endosteum

74. Articular surfaces of long bones are covered with which tissue? A. Hyaline cartilage B. Fibrocartilage C. Areolar tissue D. Elastic cartilage

A. Hyaline cartilage

109. Osteoclasts produce which substance to dissolve bone minerals? A. Hydrochloric acid B. Hydrogen ions C. Hydroxyapatite D. Formic acid

A. Hydrochloric acid

4. What is the calcium-phosphate salt deposited within bone called? A. Hydroxyapatite B. Calcitriol C. Calcitonin D. Collagen

A. Hydroxyapatite

55. The calcium-phosphate salt that mineralizes bone tissue is called ___. A. Hydroxyapatite B. Calcitonin C. Collagen D. An osteocyte

A. Hydroxyapatite

27. Calcitriol acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels? A. Kidneys B. Bones C. Small intestines D. Muscles E. Brain

A. Kidneys B. Bones C. Small intestines

25. In which of the following does blood cell production occur? A. Red bone marrow B. Growth plate C. Periosteum D. Yellow bone marrow

A. Red bone marrow

24. Which of the following describe the lacunae of osseous tissue? A. Space between lamellae that contain osteocytes. B. Tiny canals radiating from the osteocytes. C. Hollow canals in the center of osteons

A. Space between lamellae that contain osteocytes.

36. Which of the following is a function of yellow bone marrow? A. Storage of energy B. Production of blood cells C. Storage of calcium

A. Storage of energy

92. What is the metaphysis of a long bone? A. The transitional area between the diaphysis and epiphysis B. The connective tissue layer covering the end of a bone C. The elongated shaft of a long bone. D. The proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

A. The transitional area between the diaphysis and epiphysis

100. The formation of osseous tissue in areas outside of bone is called ___ ossification. A. Ectopic B. Focal C. Intrinsic D. Extrinsic

A. ectopic

2. Which of the following are functions of osteocytes? A. Strain sensors B. Resorb bone C. Act as stem cells D. Deposit bone

A.Strain sensors B.Resorb bone D.Deposit bone

43. Which best describes osseous tissue? A. A connective tissue consisting of loosely arranged protein fibers. B. A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone. C. A connective tissue composed primarily of cartilage matrix and collagen

B. A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone.

119. During fracture healing, cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue to form which of the following? A. A woven bone B. A soft callus C. A fracture hematoma D. A hard callus

B. A soft callus

52. What is the function of red bone marrow? A. Long bone growth B. Blood cell production C. Osteoid production D. Energy storage

B. Blood cell production

108. Which mineral is more closely regulated by the body? A. Phosphate B. Calcium

B. Calcium

8. Bone tissue comprised of trabeculae is called_____ bone, it is also called ___ bone. A. Dense B. Cancellous C. Compact D. Spongy

B. Cancellous D. Spongy

76. What is the term for the bone tissue located between the two layers of compact bone in the skull? A. Trabeculae B. Diploe

B. Diploe

23. Which long bone region is circled in the figure? A. Diaphysis B. Epiphysis C. Medullary cavity D. Metaphysis

B. Epiphysis

3. True or false: Osteocytes and osteoclasts develop from the same type of bone marrow stem cell. A. True. B. False

B. False

104. What is the function of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum? A. Hematopoiesis and osteogenesis B. Growth and healing C. Resorption and restructuring D. Calcification and mineralization

B. Growth and healing

5. What is blood cell formation called? A. Osteogenesis B. Hemopoiesis C. Ossification D. Myeloidosis

B. Hemopoiesis

35. Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification? A. Adipose tissue B. Hyaline cartilage model C. Fibrous membranous sheet

B. Hyaline cartilage model

90. PTH is a hormone released by parathyroid glands in response to which of the following ? A. High blood iron levels B. Low blood calcium levels C. High blood potassium levels D. Sympathetic innervation

B. Low blood calcium levels

118. Which of the following describe the zone of calcification in an epiphyseal plate? A. Chondrocytes in this zone are multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae. B. Minerals are deposited between the columns of lacunae. C. It is located closest to the epiphysis and contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that divide very slowly. D. Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of cartilage of the lacunae.

B. Minerals are deposited between the columns of lacunae.

66. Which hormones affect bone growth and development? A. Epinephrine B. Parathyroid hormone C. Aldosterone D. Testosterone E. Estrogen F. Calcitonin

B. Parathyroid hormone D. Testosterone E. Estrogen F. Calcitonin

75. In order for minerals such as calcium and phosphate to be liberated from bone, which process must occur? A. Appostion B. Resorption C. Deposition D. Calcification

B. Resorption

54. Which of the following are functions of osteocytes? A. Act as stem cells B. Strain sensors C. Resorb bone D. Deposit bone

B. Strain sensors C. Resorb bone D. Deposit bone

38. What are two terms associated with myeloid tissue? A. Epithelial tissue B. Hemopoietic tissue C. Osseous tissue D. Yellow bone marrow E. Red bone marrow

B. hemopoietic tissue E. Red bone marrow

107. In the human body, what percentage of calcium in the body is found in the bones? A. 50 B. 10 C. 99

C. 99

57. Where is red bone marrow found in the bones of a child? A. Only the long bones B. Only the flat bones of the axial skeleton C. Almost all bones

C. Almost all bones

22. Which two ions are deposited by osteoblasts into the bone matrix? A. Chlorine B. Iron C. Calcium D. Potassium E. Phosphate

C. Calcium E. Phosphate

117. Which of the following best describe perforating fibers? A. Connective tissue fibers found within loose connective tissues. B. Cartilaginous fibers that attach ligaments to bone. C. Collagen fibers from the periosteum that firmly adhere the periosteum to the bone. D. Collagen fiber from the endosteum that firmly adhere the endosteum to the bone.

C. Collagen fibers from the periosteum that firmly adhere the periosteum to the bone.

42. Which hormones affect bone growth and development? A. Epinephrine B. Aldosterone C. Estrogen D. Testosterone E. Calcitonin F. Parathyroid hormone

C. Estrogen D. Testosterone E. Calcitonin F. Parathyroid hormone

93. Which condition is characterized by excessive excitability of the nervous and muscular systems due to low blood calcium levels. A. Hyperthyroidism B. Hypothyroidism C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypercalcemia

C. Hypocalcemia

84. Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation? A. Appostional B. Epiphyseal C. Interstitial D. Perichondrial

C. Interstitial

19. Lacunae are located between concentric rings of compact bone tissue called what? A. Osteons B. Osteocytes C. Lamellae D. Interstitial lamella E. Canaliculi

C. Lamellae

45. What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called? A. Diploe B. Canaliculi C. Lamellae D. Trabeculae

C. Lamellae

12. What shape is the humerus? A. Short B. Flat C. Long D. Irregular

C. Long

83. Which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue? A. Central canal B. Perforating canal C. Nutrient foramen

C. Nutrient foramen

116. In which condition is there excessive osteoclast proliferation resulting in weak, deformed bones. A. Osteosarcoma B. Osteomalacia C. Osteitis deformans

C. Osteitis deformans

1. Which bone cells produce the organic bone matrix? A. Osteoclast B. Chondrocytes C. Osteoblast D. Osteocytes

C. Osteoblast

103. Which adult condition involves the softening of bones due to demineralization? A. Osteomyelitis B. Rickets C. Osteomalacia D. Osteosarcoma

C. Osteomalacia

113. What are the collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the bone matrix called? A. Reticular fibers B. Trabeculae fibers C. Perforating fibers D. Central fibers

C. Perforating fibers

114. In a growth plate, which of the following describes the zone of bone deposition? A. It consists of resting cartilage that has yet to transform to bone. B. Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of cartilage of the lacunae. C. Walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin secreting bone matrix. D. Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae. E. Chondrocytes in this zone are multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae.

C. Walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin secreting bone matrix.

63. What is an elevated blood calcium called? A. Hypocalcemia B. Osteopenia C. Hypercalcemia D. Osteoporosis

C. hypercalcemia

82. Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels? A. Calcitonin B. Calcitriol C. Parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin

39. A(n) ______ is a former chondroblast that has become enclosed within a lacuna in a cartilage.

Chondrocyte

9. Bone tissue made up of parallel osteons that are tightly packed together is called __ bone.

Compact

31. Which mature cell type is found in cartilage? A. Osteoblast B. Osteon C. Chondroblast D. Chondrocyte E. Osteocyte

D. Chondrocyte

102. Which of the following describes the zone of cell hypertrophy in an epiphyseal plate? A. Chondrocytes in this zone are multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae. B. It consists of resting cartilage that has yet to transform to bone. C. There is a conversion of calcified cartilage into bone matrix. D. Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of lacunae walls. E. Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae.

D. Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of lacunae walls.

87. What is a mass of blood in the tissue called? A. Angioma B. Soft callus C. Hemorrhage D. Hematoma

D. Hematoma

26. Which cartilage has a relatively clear matrix? A. Fibrocartilage B. Elastic C. Reticular D. Hyaline

D. Hyaline

37. During intramembranous ossification, bone matrix is deposited by which type of cells? A. Osteoclasts B. Chondroblasts C. Osteocytes D. Osteoblasts E. Osteoprogenitor cells

D. Osteoblasts

62. During intramembranous ossification, bone matrix is deposited by which type of cells? A. Chondroblasts. B. Osteocytes C. Osteoclasts D. Osteoblasts E. Osteoprogenitor cells

D. Osteoblasts

13. What is the study of bone called? A. Osteoporosis B. Osteopathy C. Osteopenia D. Osteology

D. Osteology

67. Which of the following surrounds cartilage? A. Endosteum B. Periosteum C. Endochondrium D. Perichondrium

D. Perichondrium

10. What is the term for connective tissue sheath around the external surface of a bone? A. Perichondrium B. Perforating fibers C. Endosteum D. Periosteum

D. Periosteum

94. Which structures found in spongy bone line up along the bone's lines of stress. A. Lamellae B. Osteons C. Canaliculi D. Trabeculae

D. Trabeculae

99. Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the closest to the marrow cavity? A. Zone of calcification B. Zone of cell proliferation C. Zone of reserve cartilage D. Zone of bone deposition

D. Zone of bone deposition

115. T/F: A hard callus is composed of fibrocartilage.

False

34. True or false: Spongy bone is primarily made up of osteons.

False

80. Fatty bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called ____ bone marrow.

yellow

21. Osseous tissue is a connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up organs called_____.

bones

78. Bones are classified as one of four types based on their shape. The bones of the cranium are examples of ___ bones.

flat

110. Tissue that produces blood cells is called ___ tissue.

hemopoietic

60. 85% of the inorganic matter in the bone matrix is made of crystallized calcium phosphate salt called ____.

hydroxyapatite

40. An increase in the length of a long bone occurs by the process of ____ growth.

interstitial

61. Partial older osteons can be found between complete newer osteons. These partial osteons are referred to as ___ .

interstitial

68. Bones that have elaborate shapes are classified as ___ bones.

irregular

46. Bones that are longer than they are wide are classified as ____ bones.

long

33. The embryonic connective tissue which differentiates into all connective tissue is called ___

mesenchyme

81. The transitional area between the shaft and the cartilaginous head of a developing long bone is the ___.

metaphysis

71. The process in which dense regular connective tissue hardens to form bone is called ____.

mineralization

105. When surgery is needed to set a fracture, this treatment is called an ____ reduction.

open

88. The branch of medicine dealing with bone disorder is ____ .

orthopedics

106. During bone remodeling, the cells that remove unnecessary bone mass are called___ .

osteoclasts

50. Bone dissolving cells on bone surfaces are called ____.

osteoclasts

30. Mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone are called ____.

osteocytes

32. Stem cells in developing bone that give rise to osteoblast are called ___ cells.

osteogenic

53. Stem cells in developing bone that give rise to osteoblasts are called ___ cells.

osteogenic

48. The study of bone is called ___ .

osteology

28. The basic structural unit of compact bone is the ____

osteon

79. A degenerative bone disease characterized by a loss of bone mass and an increased risk of fracture is called ___ .

osteoporosis

97. A fracture caused by a tumor would be classified as a ____ fracture.

pathological

51. The connective tissue surrounding the external surface of a bone is called the ____.

periosteum

95. Osteoclasts produce an acid-tolerant enzyme, a ______, to break down collagen fibers in the bone matrix.

protease

101. Children with inadequate Vitamin D in their diet may develop soft bones and a condition known as ___.

rickets

15. Bones such as the carpals that have the same length and width are classified as ____ bones.

short

17. _____bone is always enclosed by more durable compact bone.

spongy

20. Trabeculae and spicules are found in ____ bone.

spongy

59. Bone marrow fills the spaces between trabeculae in ___ bone tissue.

spongy

89. Osteocytes act as ____ sensors to adjust bone shape and density to adapt to stress.

strain

77. Blood vessels and nerves are found in central canals and ___ canals of osteons.

vollmann

70.The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child is a site of bone growth is the ____ plate.

epiphyseal

91.______ cartilage is the tissue which is replaced with bone during endochondral ossification.

Hyaline

64. What is low blood calcium called? A. Hypocalcemia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypokalemia D. Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

6. Osteocytes act as ____sensors to adjust bone shape and density to adapt to stress.

Strain

29. In osseous tissue, the narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are called ___

canaliculi

58. The layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called___ lamellae.

concentric

18. The shaft of a long bone is called the ________.

diaphysis

73. Where is the primary ossification center during endochondral ossification in a long bone?

diaphysis