Mcom 2310 Test 2

visual elements

- Dress effectively - Step up to speak with confidence and authority - Get set before speaking - Begin without looking at your notes - Establish and maintain eye contact - Stand and move effectively - Don't pack up early - Pause, then move out confidently

Media for presenting visual aids

-Chalk and Dry-Erase Boards useful for recording info that comes up on the spot -Flip Charts and Poster Board -Computer Displays -Handouts provide a permanent record of your ideas distribute handouts after you have finished speaking

Race and Ethnicity

-Each persons communication style is a combination of individual & cultural traits -co-cultures are groups that have a clear identity within the majority culture. -The amounts of talk & silence that is appropriate can differ from one co-culture to another -attitudes toward conflict also differ from ethnic co-culture to another -even when Communicators of different backgrounds speak roughly the same amount, the degree of personal info they reveal can differ dramatically -Non verbal standards also vary by co-culture

Sex and Gender

-Female and Male communication styles tend to differ in significant ways. -The U.S Equal Employment Opportunity commission (EEOC)- Interprets any sex discrimination as including discrimination based on gender identity & sexual orientation regardless of contrary state or local laws -Women Face some Sex-based issues wage gap- 80cents per 1$ men make -Creating an inclusive culture benefits both the employee and the company (for males,females,and transgender)

Fundamental Dimensions of Cultural Diversity

-High & Low context Cultures Low Context culture- uses language to primarily express thoughts, feelings & ideas clearly & logical as possible. Two low-context communicators, the meaning of a statement lies in the words spoken High Context culture- relies heavily on subtle, often non verbal cues to convey meaning, save face & maintain social harmony. learn to discover meaning from context in which a message is delivered: speakers nonverbal behaviors, history of the relationship & the general social rules that govern interactions between people. U.S & Canada - Low Context Culture Asian & middle Eastern Countries - High-context culture -Individualism Individualistic cultures - are inclined to put their own interest & those of their immediate family ahead of social concerns. offer their members a great deal of freedom in belief that this freedom makes it possible for each person to achieve personal success -Collectivism Collectivist Cultures - have tight social frameworks in which members of a group (such as an org) feel primary loyalty toward one another & the group to which they belong. China/Asian culture Collectivist Societies - Members are expected to believe the welfare of the organization is as important as or even more important than their own. Workers are less likely to strive to become "org" stars because that approach would dishonor there members -Power Distance Refers to attitudes towards differences in authority. culture with high power distance accept the fact that power is distinguished unequally. They respect higher positions (don't question authority) -Uncertainty Avoidance Measure of how accepting culture is of a lack of predictability some value formality others don't mind with things differ from the norm. -Masculinity Focuses on success, competition, power & assertiveness "get job done" -Feminine Concerned about members feeling & their smooth functioning team -Future Orientation Long-term Orientation- defer gratification in pursuit of long-range goals Short-term Orientation- look for quick payoffs when employees and employers share same orientation toward payoffs, the chances for harmony are good.

Leadership and Adaptive Thinking

-Leadership A research area and a skill of influencing others to achieve goals through verbal and non-verbal messaging. -What not to do 1. Be abrasive 2. Be the loudest voice in the room 3. Think you're always right 4. Unwilling to change -Effective Leaders 1. Think Ahead 2. Problem solve 3. Listen 4. Communicate 5. Delegate- takes stress off you adds someone else to the group 6. Inspire 7. Follow- be able to let others take the lead at the right time Adaptive Thinking -Creative minds 1. No problem is too big 2. Curious 3. Emotion 4. Ability to change 5. Impulsive 6. Short sighted -Analytical Minds 1. Structure 2. Step-by-step problem solving 3. Logical 4. Info-based 5. Indecisive 6. Individualistic 1. What's The Problem 2.Gut reaction 3. Seek advice 4. Implementation -Working as an individual 1. Can be very easy as you are making all of the decisions. 2. Can't be the only way you work -Working in a group 1. Create collective "projects" 2. Work is shaped within the group 3. Leaders will emerge 4. Multiple skills 5. Can be stressful 6. The dynamic determines success -How to be successful 1. Create a common goal 2.Work out loud 3.Appreciate each other's contribution -Common Problems 1. No one can agree on anything 2. Miscommunication and keeping someone out if the loop -Fixing Problems 1. Slow down the conversation 2. Reopen lines of communication and make talking the main priority 3. Use people's strengths to the groups advantage.

Interviewing

-Mentally Prepare a. Positive Self-Talk before Interview (more likely to prepare for interview) b. Positively communicate your skills/abilities -Money Matters a. Do your research (Pay scale of industry for your career) b. Know your worth (additional skills your bring, competitive edge) c. Know your bottom line (bottom line budget- every cost you need to live how you want) -Expect the Unexpected a. When asked strange questions don't react to it, think strategically -Incorporate your top 5 into your answer a. Greatest Strength -Avoid vague language -Use concrete language b. Greatest Weakness -Consider why you are weak in this area -Explain how you have learned to overcome this weakness -Close with Strength a. "I believe I am the most qualified person for this job, is there any reason you will not off it to me today?" b. "I believe I am a great fit for this job, do you have any hesitation about hiring me?" c. "I would love to work for your company, do you have any concerns about my qualifications?"

Nature of Culture

-National cultures do exist and play an important role in shaping the way people communicate. in addition, differences related to factors such as race/ethnicity, socioeconomic class, gender & age play a role in communication. -With all these factors in account we can define culture as a learned set or shaped interpretations about beliefs values & norms that affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people. culture is learned not innate. -Culture is communication & communication is culture -Culture is invisible to the people used to inhabiting them

Social Class

-Social class can have major impact on how people communicate on the job. -Effects of social class continue into business & professional life where such skills such as assertiveness & persuasiveness are career-enhancers -Working class and 1st gen college students who are raised not to challenge authority can have difficult time speaking up, thinking critically and arguing persuasively -Those people of many classes (working,middle,upper) face special challenges in this environment. they must adapt to new speech and language, clothing & non-verbal patterns often to gain acceptance. Most cope w/ emotional ambivalence(mixed feelings) related to their career success

Disabilites

-The American Disabilities Act (ADA) & ADA Amendments Act (ADAA) define a person w/ a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities -Disability is diverse & non discriminatory -1/4 of today's 20 year old's will become disabled before age 67 - 20% of workforce consisted of persons with disabilities -Emphasize the person 1st, not the disability when interacting Tips to promote effective interaction with persons with disabilites -look at and speak directly to that person -Be considerate of peoples service animals -Communicate clearly and comprehensibly -Do not ask about what someones disability is -in your conversation relax

military veterans

-Unemployment of Vets fell to 4.6% due to their strengths -Helpful for recruiting & retaining vets in the workplace Include: Support/ Development of Networking veteran internship programs Programs addressing veterans' transition, networking, and post traumatic stress needs

Parts of an Elevator Pitch

1) State your name and current job title or position 2) Describe some personal strengths and some distinguishing information 3) State what you can do for others or ask for their help 4) Indicate how the person can get in touch with you or how you plan to contact them

5 approaches to conflict

1. Avoiding - Avoid whenever possible and withdraw when confronted 2. Accommodating - maintains harmony when you find you are wrong, shows strength -in some cases can be equivalent to appeasement, scarficing your principles, and putting harmony above dealing with important issues. 3. Competing - based on assumption that the only way for one party to reach its goals is to be beat the other party. zero sum approach 4. Collaborating -based on the assumption that it is possible to meet both one's own needs& the need of the other person not sacrificing anything to resolve the conflict 5. Compromising -reach an agreement, each party sacrifices something he or she is seeking. cooperative and both must agree to resolve a conflict. Self-centered b/c the parties act in their own self interest to get the best deal possible.

Functions of Visual Aids

1. show how things look 2. show how things work 3. show how things relate to one another 4. emphasize important points

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention -capture the audience attention by introducing the problem in an interesting manner(attention getter function as intro) need -explain the problem clearly and completely. Use supporting materials to back up your claim, proving the problem is serious. make them feel effected & eager to hear a solution Satisfaction -Present your solution to the problem. provide enough support to prove that the solution is workable and will solve the problem visualization -Describe clearly what will happen if your proposal is adopted so the audience will have a clear mental picture of how your proposal will solve the problem action -call for a response from your audience. explain what listeners can do to solve the problem. (conclusion) can help for a speech. builds on the basic problem-solution plan -Does not require a preview in the opening of your remarks

Presentation software advantages and dangers

Advantages - Deliver on screen show w/ special effects such as smooth transsitions between slides -Organize a set of speakers notes for yourself - prepare a variety of handouts for your audience -Create charts, graphs, or tables Dangers -poorly conceived message if structure is not clear listeners will not understand or believe what you say -design over content, ppl spend more time on design then content -Over complex presentations: can make stuff confusing

How to respond to illegal questions

Answer W/o Objection - Answer the question even though you know its unlawful Seek Explanation -Ask why the question is a BFOQ Redirection - taking shot back at interviewer -change the subject Refusal -explain you will not provide the information requested

illegal questions

Asking about your age, marital status, sexual orientation, or religion. Bonafide occupational qualification(BFOQ) -Questions must be job related

Tips for navigating a career fair

Before you go -Ask what makes you stand out from others -Gain competitive edge by learning about employers prior to fair -Rehearse your elevator speech, bring copies of resumes -Dress constructively & professional At the Fair -Arrive Early - Know what employer does before you go, don't ask -Manage time effectively - Always think about how your career objectives, & qualifications meet employers needs, ask questions to show you've done HW -Ask for business card After the fair -Follow up with phone call or an email to express thanks and confirm interest -Remind person where you met, what you discussed and how your skills & qualifications meet employers needs

Intercultural Communication

Culture- The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group. Intercultural Communication- Something that occurs between people of different cultures including different religious groups or people of different national origins. -Intracultural communication Communication between at least two people who are from the same culture or have culturally similar backgrounds. -Expatriot Someone who travels to a different country for work. -Culture Shock The feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes. -Overcoming Culture Shock Arrival- honeymoon period Culture Shock- realize isn't what was expected. Recovery- make friends, find yourself Adaptation- feel set where you are enjoying the place you are at. -Individualism vs. Collectivism Individualistic Culture- Inclined to put their own interest and those of their immediate family ahead of social concern Collectivist Culture- Tight social frameworks in which members of a group feel primary loyalty toward one another and to the group which they belong. Cultural difference of generations Baby boomers (1946-1964) Generation X-ers (1965-1980) Millennial's (1980-2000) Generation Z (1997-Present) Universal Language: -Love, tolerance, patience, and kindness -Language of Music.

Cultural Differences in International Business

Customs & Behavior -there are differences in communication, but there are also many similarities -can lead to stereotyping people from different backgrounds if we ignore similarities across cultures (intercultural) & variations between members of the same cultural group (intracultural) Formality -Americans take pleasure in their informality and their quickness getting on a first name basis with others. -More formal cultures you don't address superiors by first name until they allow you to do so. -Names and titles are not the only way to express degrees of formality -greeting vary from country to country Social Customs -Know the details of cultures to not be disrespectful -Many cultures, gift giving is a part of business strategies - know appropriate gifts for culture Style of Dress -Regional differences in clothing are becoming less pronounced - Even in an era of international business, local differences exist Time -N.A have a mono-chronic view of time, seeing is as an almost tangible substance "time is money" -showing up on time matters -Mono-chronic orientation is not universal -Cultures with poly-chronic orientation see time as more fluid -Poly-chronic cultures are less concerned with punctuality(being on time) Tolerance for Conflict -In some cultures, each person is responsible for helping maintain harmony of a group or society - Other cultures don't focus on saving face which means sparing feelings to prevent possible embarrassment to that person Gender Roles - sometimes women can establish greater credibility by clarifying her title, role, and responsibility in writing before making a visit. -Women from North America, Western Europe, and Australia/New Zealand who travel internationally are likely to be astonished & chagrined (humiliated) by the way they are regarded in some overseas cultures, where ideas of appropriate feminine behavior can be quite different from their native countries

Networking and Career Research Interviews

Defining Networking The Process of deliberately meeting people and maintaining contacts to give and receive career information, advice and leads. -6 degrees of separation - Fragyes Karinthy (1929) All people are six or less social connections away from each other -Small world Phenomenon - Stanley Milgram (1969) All people are two to ten social connections away from each other, with a median of five acquaintances -Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon A move game that asks participants to find the shortest link from kevin bacon and a random actor -Types of Networking Personal- Face-to-Face networks can be built by attending company mixers and parties Online- Social media allows for people to build networks without face-to-face Less than 10% of job seekers find employment by using the internet The majority of new-hired employees get their jobs through personal networking. -Personal Networking Tips View everyone as a networking prospect. Be sensitive to personal and cultural factors Treat your contacts with gratitude and respect Help others - potential referrals for yourself later Get referrals to secondary sources - Always be asking if they recommend anybody else to talk to you, can lead to other potential job opportunities. Seek a mentor Network throughout your career -4 stages of Mentorship 1. Getting to know each other - find out what they know, take notes 2. Cultivation of knowledge skills and confidence 3. Occasional Guidance 4. redefinition of the relationship Having a professional online presence shows you're serious about business opportunities -5 ways to create a Professional online presence 1. Manage your social networks 2.Take a High-Quality Professional Picture 3. Start a blog specific to your line of work 4. Become a one-of-a-kind expert that your audience didn't know they needed. 5. Stay consistent -Goals of CRIs Find a job Conduct research Be remembered Gain referrals -Interviewing Tips Conduct Prior Research Reach out at least two weeks prior to your desired meeting date and always work with their schedule Prepare questions but be prepared to go rogue Stay in control of the conversation. -Job Opportunity Prepare and bring a printed resume Specifically state why you are interested in the person, company, and sector Ask about internships and entry level positions. Don't give them your business card. Do write them a thank you note.

Types of Questions

Educational background Questions Work experience questions Career Goal Questions Self-assesment questions Knowledge of the job questions Other topic questions

Ways to improve nonverbal effectiveness

Monitor your non-verbal behavior -self-monitoring: process of paying close attention to your behavior & using the observations to shape how you behave. - Useful to ensure you become intergraded into the Fabric of an organization Demonstrate Interest In others -immediately describes verbal & non-verbal behaviors that indicate closeness and liking Strong link, between high intimacy and career success -Nonverbal cues are close proximity, more direct eye contact gaze, more forward lean, more related posture, positive facial expression, and warmer vocal qualities Observe Conventions -some non-verbal conventions are cultural, look at how they act -Some non verbal conventions are just as strong within certain fields or organizations, look at how they dress

Characteristics of Non-verbal Communcation

Non Verbal communication always has communicative value -always sends a msg even when not intended Non Verbal Communication is powerful -we form impressions of others mostly from non- verbal observations about physical appearance & behavior Non-Verbal communication is ambiguous(open to interpretation) Non-verbal communication primarily expresses attitudes Non verbal communication effects career success those that can read and respond to non verbal cues preform there jobs better Much Non-verbal behavior is culture bound

Negotiations

Occurs between two or more parties to discuss specific proposals & deals to a mutually acceptable agreement Negotiation strategies and outcomes -Win-lose approach- only one side can reach its goals -Lose-Lose -when two competitors try to gain an advantage at the others expense. better to compromise -Win-Win - when everyone involved is satisfied Preparing to Negotiate -Clarify your interest & needs- ends are the goals you want, whereas means are the ways of achieving goals. -Consider the best time to raise the issue- Timing can impact on the quality of your interactions -Consider cultural differences approach you prefer might not align with the cultural background of your partner -Prepare your statement- how you can best express yourself, following the advice offering constrictive feedback. make point quick and clear. Conducting the Negotiation- Win-Win most successful in next steps -identify the ends both parties are seeking -Brainstorm a list of possible solutions- that can satisfy each sides needs -evaluate the alternative solutions determine which ideas are most promising. -Implement & follow up on the solution -make sure everyone understands it & gives it a try

Regional Differences

Regional differences in communication can be significant -accents - people with non native accents feel stigmatized and this leads to lower sense of belonging and communication problems -smiling differs from one part of the country to another

Guidelines for using visual aid

Selection -Use visual only when it makes a point better - be sure you have a reason for using visual aids -Keep slides brief "less is more" Design -Confusing or sloppy exhibits will be counter Productive, have clear neat images - make sure is large enough to see -Use few words : rule of seven -label all items clearly

Questions for the interviewer

Some questions to consider asking interviewer Why is this position open? How often has this position been filled during the past 5 years? What have been the reasons for people leaving in the past?

Causes of Conflict

Topic at Hand -Topic related disagreements are a fact of life in the workplace The Process -Disputes are about how to do something rather than what to do Relational Issues -Disputes that center on how parties (ex: boss and employees) want to be treated by one another may also arise. These issues involve affinity(relationships), control & respect Ego/Identity Issues -Use the term face to describe the identity that each of us strives to present -when someones character is threatened --present a face of competence, honesty, commitment, reasonableness, fairness & professionalism (when this is threatened ego/identity has been challenged) Privacy Issues -people don't respect your personal space

Generational Differences

historical period in which people live can effect their values, expectations & their communication. Baby Boomers(1946-1964) Thinkers -were raised to be independent & to believe they have the power to effect meaningful changes -Belief they are the authorities -receive gratification from winning & achieving - they appreciate challenges & enjoy pressure to perform Generation Xers (1965-180) -Hold many management positions in today organizations - In work place, gen xers adapt w/ technology, skeptical & independent & possess a strong desire for work-life balance - respect performance over tenure & are loyal to people, not organizations - Belief that their technology use, work ethic, conservative traditional values, intelligence & respectfulness distinguish them from other generations Millennial's (1980-2000) (gen Y Next-Gen, Digital Natives) -Largest generation by # in U.S Workforce (2015) -Older Milienials fill mid career positions today - Technologically adapt, ambiguous, confident, hopeful, determined & entrepreneurial - Most Ethnically diverse gen in history Generation Zers (1997-pres)(Post Millennial, I-gen founders, plurals) -Oldest members occupy entry level positions in workforce - 1st gen to have access to internet from a young age - viewed as comfy with technology & social media, demonstrating independence & having the entrepreneurial desire B/C each gen is so unique challenges may arise in the workplace when members work intergenerationally Focus on positive qualities that each gen brings to the workplace

Non-verbal communication

involves messages expressed w/out words

types of visual aids

objects and models, -add interest, increase clarity, + provide proof of your presentation Photographs, -can illustrate a variety of images that need literal representation . Excellent form of proof info-graphics -visually represent info or data, great for showing Complex ideas Diagrams List and Tables -Highlight key facts and figures Pie Charts - Money based/ Percentages bar and column charts -Bar charts: Compare the value of several items -Column Charts- reflects changes in single item over time Pictograms -Outline variations of bar,column, or pie charts More interesting than normal bar charts Graphs -Show correlation B/T two quantities, can show trends Video

Interview Formats

panel -candidate is questioned by several people stress - to evaluate your behavior under pressure -researching type of interview and being prepared will help to remain calm & in control audition -demonstrate skills employer is seeking -might create a project, solve a problem, or respond to typical scenario in the job. shows how you can do on the job behavioral -Based on assumption of the past experience is the best predictor of future performance, works best with records of past accomplishments Video Interview

Vocal Elements

speak with enthusiasm and sincerity, speak loudly enough to be heard, avoid disfluencies, vary your speech, use pauses effectively

Verbal Elements

use an oral speaking style, -Keep most sentences short, be brief - Use active voice don't emphasize mistakes, use proper vocabulary, enunciation, and pronunciation.

Types of nonverbal communication

voice, -not being able to make out whats said in an argument however still can tell people are upset with out hearing the words(verbal aspect of it) appearance, - how you dress face and eyes, -communicates emotions posture and movement, personal space and distance, -(intimate, contact-18in) (Casual-personal 18in-4ft) (social consultative 4ft-12ft) (public 12ft) physical environment, time -send silent messages, getting to work early