Measles, mumps, rubella, rubeola, Parvovirus, and EBV.
Diagnosis of mumps
A physical examination confirms the presence of the swollen glands. Usually, the disease is diagnosed on clinical grounds, and no confirmatory laboratory testing is needed. If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis, a test of saliva or blood may be carried out; diagnostic confirmation, using real-time, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, has also been used. An estimated 20%-30% of cases are asymptomatic. As with any inflammation of the salivary glands, serum amylase is often elevated.
Signs and symptoms of measles may include:
Fever, cough, runny nose, and watery inflamed eyes. Rash The classical signs and symptoms of measles include four-day fever and the three Cs — cough, coryza (head cold), conjunctivitis (red eyes). Koplik's spots seen inside the mouth , it is a small red spots with white or bluish white centers in the mouth , they are pathognomonic (diagnostic) for measles
Complications of mumps disease include:
Meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain) in 20% of people infected. Orchitis (inflammation of the testicle) in 20-30% of post-pubertal males. Oophoritis (inflammation of the ovary) in 5% of post-pubertal females. Deafness and infertility occur occasionally. Spontaneous abortion in about 27% of cases during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Diagnosis of Mononucleosis
-Symptoms such as swollen glands in the neck, sore tonsils, exhaustion, and extended lack of energy are easily recognizable as symptoms of mononucleosis -Monospot test -An increased number of white blood cells or lymphocytes in the smear of blood can indicate the presence of Mononucleosis.
describe the measels Rash
the characteristic measles rash is classically described as a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash that begins several days after the fever starts. It starts on the back of ears and, after a few hours, spreads to the head and neck before spreading to cover most of the body, often causing itching. The rash is said to "stain", changing color from red to dark brown, before disappearing, The measles rash appears two to four days after the initial symptoms and lasts for up to eight days.
Roseola occurs most commonly between the ages of
6 months and 2 years. It is rarely seen after 4 years of age.
Treatment of measels pt2
As for aspirin, some research has suggested a correlation between children who take aspirin and the development of Reye's syndrome. The use of vitamin A in treatment has been investigated.A systematic review of trials into its use found no significant reduction in overall mortality, but it did reduce mortality in children aged under two years. Vaccination of measles in Saudi Arabia started at age of 9 months.
Diagnosis of measels
Clinical diagnosis of measles requires a history of fever of at least three days, with at least one of the three C's (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis). Observation of Koplik's spots is also diagnostic of measles laboratory diagnosis of measles can be done with confirmation of positive measles IgM antibodies or isolation of measles virus RNA from respiratory specimens In patients where phlebotomy is not possible, saliva can be collected for salivary measles-specific IgA testing.
Complications of measeals
Complications with measles are relatively common, ranging from the relatively mild and less serious ones like diarrhea to more serious ones such as pneumonia, otitis media, acute encephalitis In immunocompromised patients (e.g. people with AIDS) the fatality rate is approximately 30%.
mumps Prognosis:
Death is very unusual. The disease is self-limiting, and general outcome is good, even if other organs are involved. Mild forms of meningitis in up to 10% of cases (40% of cases occur without parotid swelling). Oophoritis (inflammation of ovaries) in about 5% of adolescent and adult females but fertility is rarely affected. Pancreatitis in about 4% of cases, manifesting as abdominal pain and vomiting Acute unilateral deafness (sensorineural hearing loss ) occurs in about 0.005%. After the illness, lifelong immunity to mumps generally occurs; reinfection is possible but tends to be mild and atypical.
Signs and symptoms of mumps may include
Fever Headache Swollen and painful salivary glands (found in front of and below the ear or under the jaw). The disease is generally self-limiting, running its course before receding.
Signs and symptoms of roseola may include:
Fever (usually ≥ 39.5°C) appears suddenly and lasts 3 - 5 days. Febrile seizures may occur. Swelling of eyelids may occur. Rash is rosy - pink rash develops first on neck and chest, and then spreads to rest of the body. The spots (rash) turn white if you gently press on them and they may have a lighter color ring around them , the rash usually lasts 1 - 2 days Rash usually develops as fever is resolving.
How to prevent spread of the illness to other children? in mumps
Exclude child from school or child care facility for 9 days after the onset of swelling if there are any unimmunized children. Carefully dispose of (or clean, if applicable) articles soiled with nose and throat secretions of an infected child.
How to prevent spread of the illness to other children? of measels
Exclude child from school, child care, and non-family contacts until 4 days after the rash appears. It is recommended that all contacts of a measles case who have not had measles disease or 2 doses of measles vaccine receive measles vaccine within 72 hours of last exposure to the infected child. All susceptible contacts should stay away from the child care facility or school until they have received one dose of measles vaccine. Immune globulin is available to prevent measles disease in people who are exposed to a case of measles but who are unable to be immunized for any reason.
Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum) is
Fifth disease is caused by a virus, human parvovirus B19. It is sometimes called "slapped cheek" disease because of the appearance of the rash
Signs and symptoms of fifth disease may include:
Flu-like symptoms (e.g., runny nose, sore throat, mild body weakness and joint pain, fever) may be present about 7 days before onset of rash. Raised, red rash that first appears on child's cheeks. The lace-like rash spreads to the rest of the body after 1 - 4 days, first on torso and arms, and then on to the rest of the child's body. After the rash fades, it may continue to re-appear for 1 - 3 weeks when child is exposed to sunlight or heat In pregnant women, infection in the first trimester has been linked to hydrops fetalis, causing spontaneous miscarriage Fifth disease can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her unborn baby. The baby can get severe anemia that leads to congestive heart failure. in people with sickle-cell disease or other forms of chronic hemolytic anemia such as hereditary spherocytosis, infection can precipitate an aplastic crisis.
when is patient with mumps contagious
From 7 days before to 9 days after the onset of swelling. Child is most contagious 2 days before to 4 days after the onset of illness.
When is the person contagious?Rubella
From 7 days before until 7 days after the onset of the rash. A child with rubella is most infectious when the rash is erupting.
When is the person contagious? in measels
From about 5 days before to 4 days after rash appears.
Signs and symptoms of rubella may include:
Low-grade fever Malaise, tiredness Raised, red, pinpoint rash that starts on the face and spreads downwards, it lasts 3 - 5 days. Children with CRS (congenital rubella syndrome) can suffer hearing impairments, eye and heart defects and other lifelong disabilities, including autism, diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction.
Risk factors for severe measles and its complications include the following:
Malnutrition Underlying immunodeficiency Pregnancy Vitamin A deficiency
is one of the most contagious communicable diseases. It is caused by the ...................... and is a leading cause of vaccine preventable deaths in children worldwide.
Measles measles virus ( paramyxovirus )
Mononucleosis is
Mono is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 85% , also can be caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), a herpes virus most commonly found in body fluids. It is most common in older children and adolescents. About half of the people infected with EBV will develop symptoms. Mononucleosis is associated with fatigue that can last up to several months. Symptoms are not usually felt until 4-7 weeks after exposure to EBV.
Rubella is
Rubella (German Measles) An acute disease caused by the rubella virus. An infection with the rubella virus gives lifelong immunity. Rubella is usually a mild disease in children and adults
The main symptoms of mononucleosis include:
Sore throat and tonsils. Swollen lymph glands (nodes) in the neck and, less commonly, the armpits and groin area. Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes). Enlarged spleen and liver, causing abdominal pain. Abdominal pain , Headache. Chest pain, Skin rashes. Flu Like symptoms, which include: Fever and chills (most contagious point) Nausea ,Coughing. Malaise - A general feeling of unwellness Loss of appetite and energy Muscle soreness/aching
measels spread
Through the air by droplets that have been coughed, sneezed, or breathed by an infected person. The measles virus can survive in small droplets in the air for several hours.
Roseola Infantum ("Sixth Disease")is
There are many viruses that can cause roseola ,the most common virus is human herpesvirus-6 virus
Treatment of measels pt1
There is no specific treatment for measles. Most patients with uncomplicated measles will recover with rest and supportive Rx. Some patients will develop pneumonia as a sequelae to the measles. Other complications include ear infections, bronchitis, and encephalitis. Acute measles encephalitis has a mortality rate of 15%. While there is no specific treatment for measles encephalitis, antibiotics are required for bacterial pneumonia, sinusitis, and bronchitis that can follow measles. All other treatment addresses symptoms, with ibuprofen, or acetaminophen (paracetamol) to reduce fever and pain and, if required, a fast-acting bronchodilator for cough.
mumps Treatment:
There is no specific treatment for mumps. Symptoms may be relieved by the application of intermittent ice or heat to the affected neck/testicular area and by paracetamol (Tylenol) for pain relief. Aspirin is not used due to a hypothetical link with Reye's syndrome.
Treatment of Mononucleosis
There is no specific treatment or therapy for mononucleosis. They are also strongly advised to avoid contact sports to reduce the risk of rupturing the enlarged spleen . A blow to the abdomen could rupture the spleen, causing severe bleeding and can be life threatening. To relieve the sore throat, patients should drink water, non-citrus fruit juices, and eat bland foods. Paracetamol has also been shown to help along with high fluid intake. Gargling salt water or mouthwash may also relieve pain. Often mononucleosis is accompanied by a streptococcal infection (known as strep throat), which can be treated with antibiotics. Normal function should return after 4-6 weeks; however, it may take up to 2-3 months to fully recover pre-disease activity levels.
how does Rubella spread
Through contact with the nose and throat and secretions of an infected person: Touching articles contaminated with secretions form the nose and throat of an infected person. Kissing or sharing anything that is put in the mouth Infants with CRS (congenital rubella syndrome) can shed rubella virus in their nose and throat secretions and urine for up to one year.
mumps spread
Through direct or indirect contact with nose and throat secretions of an infected person. Touching the nose and throat secretions of an infected person Kissing Sharing anything that is put in the mouth (e.g.,cups, toys).
When is the person contagious in Mononucleosis
Unclear, but prolonged. The infected child is most infectious when symptoms are at their peak but may remain infectious for up to a year after illness.
Incubation period: Roseola Infantum
Usually 10 days from contact with an infected person (range is 5 - 15 days)
Incubation period:Rubella
Usually 14 - 21 days from contact with an infected person.
Incubation period: of mumps
Usually 16 - 18 days from contact with an infected person but can range from 14 - 25 days.
Incubation period of fifth disease
Usually 4 - 20 days from contact with infected person
Incubation period of Mononucleosis
Usually 4 - 6 weeks from contact with an infected person.
Incubation period of measels
Usually about 10 days. Fever usually develops 7 - 18 days after exposure to infected person. Rash usually develops 14 days after exposure.
When is the person contagious? fifth disease
Usually for 7 - 10 days before onset of rash. Once the rash appears, the child can no longer pass it on to anyone else
what is Mumps
disease is caused by the mumps virus. Many children have mild or no symptoms but they are still contagious to others. Adults are more likely to experience complications than children.
When is the person contagious?Roseola Infantum
probably most contagious during the period of high fever, before a rash develops. The exact duration of infectiousness is unknown. Many adults have the virus present in their saliva (even if they were infected as children) and may spread the disease to infants.
