Med-Surg Ch 19

What safer sex methods can reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission? Select all that apply.

Abstinence Monogamy Condom use

Why does anal intercourse have the highest risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission?

Anal intercourse allows seminal fluid to make contact with rectal mucous membranes and also tears the mucous membranes, making infection more likely.

The nurse is working in the emergency department and gets stuck by a hollow-bore needle through a latex glove. What is the nurse's priority action to prevent possible human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission?

Bleed the wound and wash it for at least one full minute.

Which are required elements of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing process? Select all that apply.

Counseling Interpretation Confidentiality

As the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection progresses, which immunity abnormalities occur with poor CD4+ T-cell function? Select all that apply.

Decreased numbers of lymphocytes Abnormally functioning macrophages Increased production of incomplete and nonfunctional antibodies

What class of drugs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevents viral binding?

Entry inhibitors

Which is an immunologic manifestation of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

Fatigue

The nurse is caring for a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who has painful genital lesions, fever, and malaise. The nurse's physical assessment finds swollen lymph nodes. What opportunistic infection is the most likely diagnosis?

Herpes simplex virus

Which immunologic signs and symptoms may occur in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Select all that apply.

Lymphadenopathy Hypergammaglobulinemia

Which features of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus convert HIV's RNA into DNA and insert it into the host's DNA?

Reverse transcriptase and integrase enzymes

Which are common means of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission? Select all that apply.

Sexual Perinatal Parenteral

What is true regarding the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (CART)?

The patient's viral load may drop to undetectable levels, but there is still a risk of transmission.

The nurse has been exposed to the blood of a patient who is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. What is the window of opportunity to begin postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for the best possible outcome in preventing HIV infection?

Two hours

The nurse is caring for a patient taking combination tenofovir/emtricitabine for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). What patient education should the nurse provide?

"You will be protected only after 4 days of consistent dosing.'

Occupational exposure of the health care worker's broken skin or mucous membranes to which body fluids from a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive status requires postexposure prophylaxis? Select all that apply.

Breast milk Amniotic fluid

Which fungal infections may occur as opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Select all that apply.

Candidiasis Histoplasmosis

What class of drugs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevents the virus from inserting its DNA into the host's DNA?

Integrase inhibitors

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifications, what stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is marked by CD4+ T-cell count greater than 500 cells/mm 3 (0.5 x 109/L) or 29% or greater?

Stage 1

The number of CD4+ T-cells is reduced in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. How many CD4+ T-cells are usually present in a cubic millimeter (mm 3) of a healthy adult's blood?

800-1000

A diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) requires the patient to meet which criteria? Select all that apply.

CD4+ T-cell count less than 14% Diagnosis of an opportunistic infection CD4+ T-cell count less than 200 cells/mm (0.2 x 109/L)

What laboratory changes are most likely in a patient whose immune system is being overwhelmed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

CD4+ T-cell counts fall, viral numbers rise

The nurse is caring for a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who is experiencing impaired vision, fever, and malaise. The nurse's physical assessment finds swollen lymph nodes. What opportunistic infection is the most likely diagnosis?

Cytomegalovirus

Which central nervous system (CNS) signs and symptoms may occur in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Select all that apply.

Dementia Confusion

How often should the patient taking tenofovir/emtricitabine for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) be tested for HIV?

Every three months

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Select all that apply.

Fatigue Nausea Electrolyte disturbances

Some adults develop an acute infection within four weeks of first being infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). What symptoms may indicate this acute HIV infection? Select all that apply.

Fever Night sweats Muscle aches

A nurse is educating an immunocompromised patient about preventing infection. Which should the patient report to the health care provider immediately?

Foul-smelling or cloudy urine

Which protozoal infections may occur as opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Select all that apply.

Giardiasis Toxoplasmosis

Which features of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus assist the viral particle in finding a host?

Gp41 and gp120 docking proteins

When the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus enters the patient's CD4+ T-cell, what is the new role served by the immune cell?

HIV factory

Which minority group shows an increasing trend in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?

Hispanics

Consensual and nonconsensual sexual expossures involving insertive and receptive types of sex with oral, vaginal, or anal contact are considered which type of exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Non-occupational

What class of drugs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reduces how well HIV genetic material can be converted into human genetic material?

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIS)

Which factor distinguishes a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

Number of CD4+ T-cells

Which term describes infections caused by organisms that are present as part of the body's microbiome and usually are kept in check by normal immunity but may cause infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

Opportunistic infections

Higher incidences of which conditions occur among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? Select all that apply.

Preterm delivery Vertical transmission Low-birth-weight infants

What class of drugs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevents new virus particles from splitting into functional pieces?

Protease inhibitors

To prevent infection in the patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the nurse should educate the patient to avoid which foods? Select all that apply.

Raw vegetables Undercooked meat Pepper and paprika

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifications, what stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is marked by CD4+ T-cell count between 200-499 cells/mm (0.2-0.449 x 109/L) or 14-28%?

Stage 2

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifications, what stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is marked by CD4+ T-cell count less than 200 cells/mm 3 (0.2 x 109/L) or less than 14%?

Stage 3

How does gender affect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission?

The infection is more easily transmitted from infected males to uninfected females.

After assessing the laboratory reports of a patient, the nurse concludes the patient's immunity is compromised. Which instructions will the nurse give to the patient? Select all that apply.

'Avoid digging in the garden.' "Wash your genitals twice a day with antimicrobial soap if total bathing is not possible.

Which statement by the student nurse regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) requires correction?

'If the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) causes the viral load to drop below detectable levels, there is no risk of HIV transmission.

A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about ways to reduce health disparities. Which student statement indicates a need for further teaching by the nurse?

'Teach only minority patients about preventing human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection.

Which bacterial infections may occur as opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS? Select all that apply.

Nocardiosis Tuberculosis

In North America, the highest rates of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occur among which population?

African American and Hispanic adults

Which sexual act carries the highest risk for the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Anal sex

In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which type of laboratory test measures the patient's response to the virus rather than parts of the virus?

Antibody testing

What phase of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle involves separating from the infected cell's membrane to search for another CD4+ T-cell to infect?

Budding

Abnormal functioning of which body system is responsible for the signs and symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease?

Immune

For which populations may pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) be appropriate? Select all that apply.

Injecting drug users Men who have sex with men (MSM) Heterosexually active men and women Adults who are HIV negative and in a relationship with a partner who is HIV positive

How does the assessment of the financial resources of the patient with AIDS help the nurse?

It helps in assessing the nutritional status of the patient.

The nurse is caring for a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who has small, purplish brown, raised lesions on the skin. The patient denies itching or discomfort at the site of the lesions. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Kaposi sarcoma

What disease- and treatment-related endocrine complications may occur in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men? Select all that apply.

Lipoatrophy Lipodystrophy Decreased energy Adrenal insufficiency.

Which gastrointestinal (GI) signs and symptoms may occur in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Select all that apply.

Nausea Diarrhea

What defines the concept known as treatment as prevention (TAP) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) reduces the viral load to undetectable levels, thereby reducing the risk of HIV transmission.

The nurse is caring for a patient with AIDS who reports headaches and fluid-filled blisters. The patient has a low-grade fever. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Varicella-zoster virus

The nurse is caring for a patient who recently had a first positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test result within six months after a negative HIV test result. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifications, when should the patient's status be changed from stage 0 to stage 1, 2, or 3?

When six months have elapsed and the conditions for another stage are met