media and society chapter 11

During the 1950s and 1960s, women began to assume prominent roles in public relations. Among the most notable was President Dwight Eisenhower's associate press secretary

Anne Williams Wheaton

__________ refers to a fake grassroots organization; that is, one funded in secret by those with a vested interest in the issue at hand.

Astroturf

Around the 1920s, public relations pioneer _____________ began stressing two-way communication—that is, public relations practitioners talking to people, and in return listening to them when they talked back.

Edward Bernays

For all intents and purposes, advertising and public relations are the same endeavor.

False

Many PR firms bill clients a fixed-fee arrangement, a standard surcharge of 17.65% for handling such things as printing, research, and photographs.

False

Around 1913, public relations pioneer _____________ issued his Declaration of Principles, which moved the profession's focus from primarily dispensing publicity to providing information.

Ivy Lee

The Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, which required anyone who engages in political activities in the United States on behalf of a foreign power to register as an agent of a foreign power with the Justice Department, was a result of which public relations pioneer's contacts with Nazi Germany?

Ivy Lee

"A sucker is born every minute" was the public relations philosophy of what legendary PR practitioner?

P.T. Barnum

The modern era of public relations is characterized by advanced two-way communication.

True

The first corporate public relations department was established in 1889 by

Westinghouse Electric

In 1896, presidential contenders William Jennings Bryan and _____________ both established campaign headquarters in Chicago, where they issued news releases, position papers, and pamphlets.

William McKinley

The history of public relations is divided into four stages—early public relations, the propaganda-publicity stage, early two-way communication, and

advanced two-way communication.

PR professionals interact with an organization's _____________, or neighbors, to generate goodwill.

communities

Around 1920, the beginning of the _____________ era of public relations, PR companies began talking to people and listening to them when they talked back—in other words, representing their various publics to their clients, just as they represented their clients to those publics.

early two-way communication

There are many publics with whom PR professionals interact, including an organization's _____________ with company newsletters, social events, and internal and external recognition of superior performance.

employees

When PR professionals directly interact with elected officials or government regulators and agents, they are engaging in

lobbying

PR professionals interact with the _____________ through press packets and briefings.

media

Public relations professionals have ________ over the placement of their information; advertising professionals have ________ over the placement of their information.

no control; control

An event staged specifically to attract public attention is a

pseudo-event.

The public relations activity of interacting with officials and leaders of the various power centers with whom a client must deal is known as

public affairs

The public relations activity of getting media coverage for clients is called

publicity

Employees, stockholders, the investment community, and the government are among public relations' ________, any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea.

publics

President Franklin D. Roosevelt made impressive use of which medium as a public relations tool to sell his New Deal directly to the people?

radio

There are many publics with whom PR professionals interact, including an organization's _____________; they own the organization (if it is a corporation), and their goodwill is necessary for the business to operate.

stockholders

The first publicity company, _____________, was established in 1906 to help the railroad industry challenge legislation it opposed.

the Publicity Bureau