MediaLab: Malaria
Fevers from malaria are cyclical and can occur in: 48-hour and 72-hour cycles 10-hour cycles 30-hour and 60-hour cycles 100-hour cycles
1
How long is the replication cycle for Plasmodium knowlesi? 24 hr 36 hr 48 hr 72 hr
1
In what part of the Anopheles' body do the sexual forms complete their life cycle? Midgut Ovary Testes Anus
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The pathologist on call is on his/her way and you receive a thin smear to evaluate for the percent infected RBCs. Calculate the percent infected RBCs given that you find 10 infected RBCs and you count a total of 800. 1.3% 2.5% 3% 5%
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What is the erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium knowlesi? 24 hours 36 hours 48 hours 72 hours
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You receive a thick smear in the lab to interpret from a very sick patient with recent travel to Africa. Calculate the number of parasites per μL of blood given that you have identified 3 parasites and counted 2000 WBCs: 48 64 12 16
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How are most blood parasites transmitted? Porcine vector Arthropod vector Equine vector Ovine vector
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Molecular tests for malaria are primarily used for: Diagnosis Research and epidemiology Treatment Speciation
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What is the infective stage of the plasmodium life cycle? Hypnozoites Sporozoites Merozoites Zypnozoites
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What shape uniquely identifies the P. falciparum gametocyte? Pear shaped Crescent shaped Apple shaped Square shaped
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Which genus of mosquito is known to transmit Plasmodium? Asian tiger mosquito Anopheles Aedes Culex
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Which species of Plasmodium is most commonly associated with cerebral malaria? Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium knowlesi
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Which species of Plasmodium is the most common cause of death from malaria worldwide? Malariae Falciparum Vivax Ovale
2
P. knowlesi RBC cycle is
24 hours
Red cell lysis stimulates the release of what factors? Prothrombin Factor VII Proinflammatory cytokines Apoptosis factor
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Which blood group antigen serves as a receptor site for the attachment of Plasmodium vivax? Kell Rhesus Duffy Kidd
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Which species of Plasmodium causes the most death worldwide? Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium ovale
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Malarial parasites are best seen under what magnification? 40x 400x 600x 1000x
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Plasmodium ovale is particularly found in which part of Africa? North South East West
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Which species of Plasmodium infects macaques? Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium knowlesi
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How many species of Plasmodium can cause infections in humans? You answered the question correctly. 1 2 3 5
4 (5)
What do some people that have P. falciparum likely to develop?
Burkitt's lymphoma
T/F Gametocytes are counted in the calculation for percent infected RBCs.
F
T/F Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi have dormant liver stages that can activate and invade the blood several months or years after initial infection.
F
T/F Plasmodium malariae infects young and immature red blood cells
F
T/F Sexual and asexual reproduction occurs within vectors.
F
T/F The drug used to treat uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is doxycycline.
F
T/F There are six species of Plasmodium known to cause disease in humans.
F
T/F Once inside the red blood cell, the parasite digests hemozoin
F
T/F Anemia is mild/ moderate in P. malariae infection but CNS involvement is common
F- CNS involvement is rare
T/F Hereditary spherocytosis is thought to prevent cerebral malaria in infected patients by preventing microvascular obstruction.
F- ovalocytosis
T/F The standard diagnostic method for malaria is culture.
F- the standard tool for diagnosis of malaria is smear examination.
What hemoglobin mutation offers some protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection?
Hemoglobin S alone or in combination with others
Number of parasites per μL of blood equation
Number of Parasites x (8000 ÷ No. WBCs counted) = Number of parasites per μL of blood
What kind of RBCs does P. malariae prefer?
Older cells (restricted)
Schüffner's dots
P. ovale
What species of Plasmodium is responsible for roughly 50% of all malaria cases?
Plasmodium falciparum
4 Plasmodium species
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae.
Zoonotic Plasmodium specie
Plasmodium knowlesi
'Bird's-eye'
Plasmodium malariae
What does Plasmodium infect
RBCs
T/F Blood and tissue parasites are part of the Neglected Tropical Diseases which are diseases that affect 1 billion people worldwide in countries of low income.
T
T/F Chloroquine-sensitive non-falciparum malaria is treated with chloroquine or artemisinin combination therapy (ACT).
T
T/F Duffy blood group antigens serve as receptor sites for P. vivax, and so Duffy negative individuals are protected from P. vivax.
T
T/F Hereditary ovalocytosis is thought to prevent cerebral malaria in infected patients by preventing microvascular obstruction.
T
T/F P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale all have tertian (two-day) cycles.
T
T/F P. ovale can infect individuals who are negative for the Duffy blood group
T
T/F P. vivax Mature schizonts contain 12-24 merozoites, each of which contains a dot of chromatin and a mass of cytoplasm.
T
T/F Parasite density usually correlates with severity of illness
T
T/F Plasmodium knowlesi is primarily a chronic infection of the long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques, but can infect humans
T
T/F Plasmodium malariae is found worldwide and is the only human malaria parasite species that has a quartan cycle (three-day cycle).
T
T/F Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax are the only species to have dormant liver stages.
T
T/F Plasmodium ovale infections tend to be less severe than Plasmodium vivax.
T
T/F Plasmodium ovale only infects reticulocytes
T
T/F Plasmodium vivax infects only reticulocytes
T
T/F Plasmodium vivax is found mostly in Asia, Latin America, and in some parts of Africa.
T
T/F Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) provide a qualitative result, but cannot provide quantitative information regarding parasite density.
T
T/F Red blood cells infected by malarial parasites can clog small vessels and cause cerebral malaria when small vessels are clogged in the brain.
T
T/F The infective stage called sporozoites released from the salivary glands through the proboscis of the mosquito enter the bloodstream during feeding.
T
T/F The trophozoite feeds on hemoglobin and forms a granular pigment called haemozoin.
T
T/F There are more than 100 species of Plasmodium which can infect many animal species such as reptiles, birds and various mammals.
T
T/F Plasmodium ovale is found mostly in Africa (particularly West Africa) and the islands of the western specific
T
What stage occurs in humans with P falciparum infection?
asexual
Plasmodium vivax fever:
every 48 hours
P. malariae causes what kind of fever?
every 72 hours
Who is the definitive host of P. falciparum?
female anopheline mosquitos
Humans are the_________ host of P. falciparum
intermediate
What is malaria?
protozoal disease caused by four strains of Plasmodium and transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito
What stage occurs in female anopheline mosquitos?
sexual
Where is Plasmodium found?
tropical areas especially Africa
