Medical Microbiology Homework Questions
(T/F) DNA replication occurs in mitosis.
True
Water-based solution that serves as prominent site for biochemical and synthetic activities of the cell
cytoplasmic matrix
Stored nutrients
inclusion body
Acidic polysaccharide attached to the lipids in the plasma membrane in gram-positive cells
lipoteichoic acid
Structure in gram-negative bacteria that is similar in composition to the cell membrane
outer membrane
Of the photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria produce ______ as a product of photosynthesis but the green and purple sulfur bacteria do not produce this substance.
oxygen
Marine algae produce toxins which accumulate in seafood and can cause
severe food poisoning
Loose glycocalyx that protects the cell from dehydration and loss of nutrients
slime layer
This loosely attached, thin mucoid layer protects the cell from drying out or losing nutrients
slime layer
Who was instrumental in disproving the idea of abiogenesis?
Louis Pasteur
Which type of microbiologist would be most likely to work with organisms that are visible to the naked eye?
a parasitologist
Order these bacteria from smallest to largest: 1. a typical virus 2. rickettsias and chlamydias 3. human red blood cell 4. typical bacteria
a typical virus, rickettsias and chlamydias, typical bacteria, human red blood cell
The division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
Fine hair-like bristles that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces
fimbriae
Involved in the horizontal transfer of genetic material
neither flagella nor cilia
The process of assigning names to all levels of an organism's taxonomic ranking
nomenclature
Unique envelope with openings through which ribosomal subunits are transported
nuclear membrane with pores
Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
nucleolus
Unique bacterial cell wall component that lends rigidity to a cell
peptidoglycan
These tests use DNA to determine the identity of an organism
Genetic techniques
The best understood bacterial cytoskeletons are composed primarily of
actin
Form the cytoskeleton of the cell to stabilize shape
actin filaments
What characteristic has most recently been used to classify eukaryotic organisms and assign them to various taxonomic groups?
analysis of ribosomal RNA
Chromosomes are separated and pulled to the poles by the spindle fibers
anaphase
Infection by organisms that are present on or within the body and delivered to the portal of entry
autoinoculation
These long, coiled threads provide movement to spirochetes
axial filaments
Prokaryotes that were once a part of the kingdom Monera in the Whittaker system of classification
bacteria
Prokaryotic organisms used in genetic engineering due to their simple genetic material
bacteria
What microbe belongs to Kingdom Monera
bacteria
These tests use the presence or absence of biochemical processes and enzymes to group organisms
bacterial physiology/biochemistry
Process that involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants
bioremediation
Technology that applies the power of microbes toward the manufacture of industrial products, foods, and drugs
biotechnology
The field which uses microbes to produce specific desired products
biotechnology
Composed of a cylinder of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
both flagella and cilia
The site of ribosomal RNA synthesis within the nucleus
nucleolus
Most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cells
nucleus
Organelle that houses DNA
nucleus
What microbe belongs to Kingdom Protista
Algae and Protozoa
The genetic material of the cell
Chromosome (DNA)
Why are achaeons extremeophiles?
They are ancient, primitive organisms that adapt well to extreme conditions because they have retained characteristics of the cells that first evolved when Earth's conditions were far more extreme
The primary role of Fimbriae
adhesion to other cells and surfaces
The field which studies the relationships between microbes and domestic plants and animals
agricultural microbiology
Photosynthetic eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms to include seaweed
algae
Photosynthetic organisms that may be used to produce alternative fuels
algae
What is the primary role of Pili?
allows for conjugation
This pattern has flagella at both poles of the cell
amphitrichous
The bacterial flagellum moves
by rotation that is powered by the proton motive force.
The correct way to type the scientific name of an organism
capitalize first letter of first word, all in italics
A tightly-bound, sticky glycocalyx composed of repeating polysaccharide and/or protein units
capsule
This layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins is tightly bound to the cell and contributes to the cell's pathogenicity
capsule
The two groups of obligate intracellular bacteria are the _____, usually spread by contact, and the _____, usually transmitted by the bites of arthropods.
chlamydias; rickettsias
Organelle found in plant and algal cells where photosynthesis takes place
chloroplast
Order the following to reflect the generalized anatomy of bacterial cells from innermost to outermost 1. cell membrane 2. cell wall 3. glycocalyx 4. cytoplasmic matrix
cytoplasmic matrix, cell membrane, cell wall, glycocalyx
The highest hierarchical level
domains
Outermost boundary of most eukaryotic cells that plays a role in protection, adherence, and reception of signals
glycocalyx
This is the general term which describes all the various coatings covering the surface of the cell
glycocalyx
Bacterial species are defined in a fundamentally different way than mammalian species are. This is because
mammals reproduce sexually while bacteria reproduce asexually
A taxonomical outline of bacterial species based on shared evolutionary histories would be described as a
phylogenetic system
An elongated, hollow appendage used in DNA transfers between cells
pilus
The cell membrane is composed of __________.
proteins dispersed throughout a phospholipid bilayer
Eukaryotes which are always unicellular
protozoa
While examining a sample of pond water you note a cell covered with thousands of minute hair-like extensions which it uses to propel itself through the water. This cell can immediately be classified as a/an
protozoan
An organism that lives in very cold conditions, including temperatures below freezing
psychrophile
Composed of RNA and protein, this structure synthesizes new proteins
ribosome
Protein "factories"
ribosomes
Organelle that possesses ribosomes for protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Closed tubular network without ribosomes involved in nutrient processing and the synthesis of lipids and other molecules
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The ______ level of bacterial organisms refers to a group of organisms that all share the same traits while the subspecies level refers to the variation or differences of individual cells within that group.
species
Ribosomes function primarily to
synthesize proteins
The development that led to the new three domain system of classification
the discovery of rRNA leading to an understanding of archaeons
What makes up the specific name of an organism?
the genus name and then the species name
The primary function of the cell membrane is
to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell
Structures that are picked up by the forming face of the Golgi apparatus
transitional vesicles
(T/F) Cyanobacteria are of interest (and are named for) their ability to degrade areas contaminated with cyanide.
true
Organelle used for locomotion in some cells
flagellum
Specialized for appendage used for motility
flagellum
The eukaryotic ribosome is a(n) _____ ribosome, composed of 40S and 60S subunits.
80S
What is the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?
G1 -> S -> G2 -> M
The study of molds and yeast is called
mycology
The field dedicated to monitoring and controlling the spread of disease within a population
Public health microbiology and epidemiology
Bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded
cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer of the cell
cell membrane
The innermost layer of the bacterial cell envelope
cell membrane
A semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell
cell wall
Rigid structure found in fungal and plant cells which provides structure and support
cell wall
Organelles that play a role in chromosome separation during cell division
centrioles
The structure which contains the essential DNA of the cell
chromosome
Found in certain protozoa and animal cells; can serve as feeding/filtering structure
cilia
Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships is the process of ______, which is part of taxonomy.
classification
The process of grouping organisms into groups which reflect the history and evolutionary relatedness of those organisms
classification
Receive chemically modified proteins from the Golgi apparatus
condensing vesicles
This arrangement is formed when two rod-shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate
diplobacilli
This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on a single plane and the two daughter cells remain attached
diplococci
The field which is concerned with food borne diseases as well as food and beverage production
food and dairy microbiology
Eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include mushrooms
fungi
Used by humans in the production of some antibiotics
fungi
What microbe belongs to Kingdom Myceteae
fungi
Newer technology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
genetic engineering
The field which manipulates DNA of an organism to create a new organism with a desires trait
genetic engineering
You are studying a new variant of a eukaryotic cell. The variant cell has mutated so that it no longer attaches well to surfaces or initiates the formation of a biofilm. The mutation in this cell has most likely affected the _____.
glycocalyx
Site of protein modification
golgi apparatus
Bacterial cell type that stains red upon Gram staining
gram-negative cell
Bacterial cell type that has a strong cell wall due to the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer
gram-positive cell
Eukaryotes whose adult forms are always multicellular
helminths
An organism that lives in extremely hot temperatures such as the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park
hyperthermophile
The process of determining the characteristics of an organism which will be used to place the organism into its taxonomic ranks
identification
The field which studies the protective reactions to microbial infections, examples include blood testing and vaccination
immunology
This structure stores nutrients during periods of ample resources to compensate for times when nutrients are scarce
inclusion bodies
A scientist observes that all people who contract a painful skin rash known as shingles have previously in their lifetime been infected with chicken pox. He theorizes that the virus that causes chicken pox is the same virus that cause shingles. What type of reasoning is being displayed in this case?
inductive reasoning
Active metabolic period before mitosis occurs
interphase
The stages of cell division in order
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Molecules embedded in the cell membrane of all bacterial cells
membrane proteins
Increases surface area of the cell membrane for its activities
mesosome
Duplicated chromosomes are attached at the centromere
metaphase
An organism that lives in anaerobic environments and converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane
methanogen
Actin filaments that are involved in cytoplasmic streaming and locomotion
microfilaments
Spindle fibers are an example of these cytoskeletal elements
microtubules
Folded surface of finger-like projections that increases the cell surface area
microvilli
This arrangement is formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side-by-side cells
palisades arrangement
While the vast majority of microorganisms are not harmful to humans, those that are are referred to as
pathogens
The molecule primarily responsible for the strength and stability of the bacterial cell wall is
peptidoglycan
The structure which contains the nonessential DNA of the cell
plasmid
Variation in cell shape and size within a single species
pleomorphism
This type of flagella can be found at either or both ends of a cell
polar
Membrane channels that span the outer membrane and regulate transport into the cell
porin proteins
Chromosomes begin to condense and take on a threadlike appearance
prophase
What is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?
prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase
When all the flagella on a cell rotate in a counterclockwise fashion the cell is propelled forward in a movement known as a _____, but when the flagella reverse direction, the cell stops and changes course in an action known as a _____.
run; tumble
What is found in gram-positive cells?
telchoic acid
Chromosomes are located in each pole of the cell and division into two daughter cells occurs
telophase
This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on perpendicular planes and results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cells
tetrad
Require electron microscopy for visualization
viruses
A lipid and protein lining that surrounds the cytoplasm and restricts movement of materials in/out of the cell
cell membrane
Process in which the infectious stage of the helminth is passed from one host to another
cross-infection
Excess nutrients that the cell may store for later use may be found within
cytoplasmic granules
This structure is a network of protein polymers that helps stabilize the shape of the cell from within
cytoskeleton
What best characterizes endospores?
dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain gram (+) bacteria
An _________ disease is a new disease being reported in increasing numbers within the population while a ______________ disease is a disease which has existed in the past but is currently seeing increasing numbers of cases.
emerging; re-emerging
The algae are photosynthetic, eukaryotic protists that are grouped into _____ (no cell wall and motile by flagella), _____ (single-celled with golden chloroplasts and intricate cell walls), _____ (cause "red tide"), kelp, red seaweeds and green algae.
euglenids; diatoms; dinoflagellates
Organisms that are more closely related to archaea than bacteria
eukarya
These hatch and release larvae in the intestine
fertile egg
Composed of a filament, hook and basal body, these cell appendages provide movement to the cell
flagella
Found in certain protozoa and some algae
flagella
This structure stores inorganic compounds, such as sulfur and polyphosphate
granules
An organism that lives in an environment that contains high amounts of salt such as the Dead Sea
halophile
What is found in gram-negative cells?
lipopolysaccharide; outer membrane
Molecules known as endotoxin; stimulate fever and shock reactions in gram-negative infections
lipopolysaccharides
This pattern has groups of flagella all originating from the same point on the cell
lophotrichous
Vesicle originating from the Golgi apparatus involved in intracellular digestion
lysosome
Other than maintaining the shape of the cell, what is the primary function of the cell wall, and which component contributes most to this function?
maintaining strength; peptidoglycan
Organelle that generates ATP energy from glucose
mitochondrion
This pattern has one flagellum attached at one end of the cell
monotrichous
These tests use cell shape and Gram reaction to classify organisms
morphology
What is found in both gram-positive and gram-negative cells?
peptidoglycan; cell membrane
This pattern consists of flagella randomly distributed around the cell
peritrichous
Organelle originating from the nuclear envelope and containing major organelles of protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes
Structure from the Golgi apparatus that can release their contents to the cell's exterior via exocytosis
secretory vesicle
Process in which the host infects itself, typically by transferring infective eggs from the environment to the mouth with hands
self-infection
These tests use antibody reactions to identify an organism or to determine relatedness
serological analysis
This arrangement is formed when rod-shaped bacteria divide multiple times on their transverse planes and do not separate therefore the cells continue to be attached to each other
streptobacilli
Describes the system of arranging and naming organisms
taxonomy
Most protozoa have a motile, feeding stage known as a(n) _____ which, in some protozoa, alternates with a resting state known as a(n) _____.
trophozoite; cyst
The cell ______ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell ______ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.
wall; membrane
