Medical Sociology Quiz 1: Chapters 1-5
Many doctors + Few patients =
"Free Market Elixirs"
What are the three major aspects of sociology that contribute to understanding health, healing and illness?
1.) The Sociological Perspective 2.)Social Theorizing 3.)The Scientific Foundation of Sociology
What are the 5 factors of the sociological approach to medical history?
1.) a "sociology of medical knowledge" 2.)evolution of primary activities of physicians 3.)evolution of the organization of medical practices 4.)increase development of hospitals and their changing role in society 5.)evolution of public health measures
What were the consequences of the return to religious explanations?
1.) series of devastating epidemics 2.) increase in strong beliefs/ a resurgence in astrology 3.)establishment of medical education in universities
What are the 3 proposed stages of epidemiological transition according to Omran?
1.)Age of Pestilence and Famine 2.)Age of Receding Pandemics 3.)Age of Degenerative and Human-made Disease
What are the three basic sociological theoretical approaches?
1.)Functionalism 2.)Conflict Theory 3.)Interactionism
What two important factors contribute to the Hippocratic Oath?
1.)Reciprocal commitments made by physicians & their apprentices 2.)Ethical guidelines
What are the three parts to the scientific method?
1.)Theory 2.)Hypothesis 3.)Research/Observations
What are the roles of medical sociologists?
1.)demonstrate/ emphasize the important influence of socio-structural forces on health, healing and illness 2.)maintain free and critical inquiry (free from money and interests) 3.)continue interdisciplinary collaboration
How effective was it claimed that temple sleep was?
100%
What decade did medical sociology become institutionalized as a sub-discipline of sociology?
1950s/1960s
Who was the Son of Apollo who has healing temples established in his honor?
Aesklipius
Generally, there are higher infant mortality rates for _______.
African-Americans
What are the four natural elements and what do they represent?
Air--> hot Earth--> cold Fire--> dry Water--> wet
_________ _________ worked on social scientific framework to address social problems and upheaval of the industrial revolution in positivist ways.
Alfred Gotjahn
What is the AMA?
American Medical Association; a union-like professional organization
Romans were big on public health which was made possible by _____________ & _____________.
Big spending and big government
What is the top health group in the United States?
CDC, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
In the 19th century there was an increase in ______________, which led to environmental degradation and poor health.
Capitalism
______________- codified set of responsibilities of physicians and other medical texts emanated from here
Code of Hammurabi
Which basic sociological theoretical approach views society as a competitive system dominated by social inequality and social conflict resulting from competing interests?
Conflict Theory
______________-Overall rate of death in a population in a given period of time. # deaths / yr. / 100,000 population
Crude death rate
________________- people believing in legitimacy of Medicine (This is why we trust doctors more than our "neighbors" when it comes to health and healing)
Cultural Authority
In what country was there a heavy reliance on observation rather than technology as a method of medical prognosis?
Egypt
True or False: Blacks & Whites suffer from the same chronic disease conditions at equal rates.
False; same conditions but rates for Blacks are consistently much higher.
True or False: The language of medicine is primarily of arabic/ egyptian origins.
False; the language of medicine is primarily greek and latin
True or False: Starr & Navarro are mutually-exclusive.
False; their different opinions do not insinuate that they disagree, they actually agreed on most topics
True or False: In early America history there were few doctors but they were very/formally trained.
False; there were few doctors and they were NOT formally trained in the 16th and 17th centuries.
True or False: Under the second major aspect of sociology, things happen randomly.
False; things do not happen randomly and require a comprehensive context example: opium epidemic
Which basic sociological theoretical approach describes society as cohesive, cooperative, consensus of smoothly-operating independent parts with positive and negative consequences?
Functionalism
Who contributed greatly to Anatomical Research although his theories proved to be false?
Galen
Who was deemed the "Father of Medicine" due to his contributions to the understanding of health, healing and illness?
Hippocrates
An oath that doctors took and still take where the doctor is mostly in control in doctor-patient relationship
Hippocratic Oath
Industrialization, urbanization, pollution and densely populated cities pushed for the establishment of ___________.
Hospitals
What are the four natural properties and what do they represent in the body?
Hot--> blood Cold--> phlegm Dry--> yellow bile Wet--> black bile
What was the name of the theory that modeled the workings of the human body into natural elements and properties?
Humoral Theory of Disease
____________- statements predicting what will be found in research
Hypothesis
What is the focus of the conflict theory?
Identifying and commenting on the inequalities of a health care system/ its function
__________- # Number of new cases of a disease ADDED TO a population within a given time period.
Incidence
What is the main focus of functionalism?
Integration of societal parts
Which basic sociological theoretical approach describes a micro-view of day-to-day interactions among people?
Interactionism
Who originally established the conflict theory and one of its sub-categories?
Karl Marx (Marxist Theory)
Who was named the father of MODERN medicine and what was he famous for?
Louis Pasteur, the "Germ Theory"
What is the most hazardous condition for infant deaths in the US?
Low birth weight
Which era is marked by major inequalities in wealth & power as well as in increase in extreme, fundamentalist
Medieval Era
What role do race/class play in epidemiology?
Minorities/ those of lower socioeconomic standing have higher probabilities of illness, disabilities and death.
Ethical guidelines evolve with what (#1 problem)?
Money
the incidences of disease divided by the rate of sickness
Morbidity
the number of deaths in given time and place divided by the proportion of death to population
Mortality
____________- infant deaths within first 28 days of life.
Neonatal morality rate
Who is the Greek Philosopher that established the concept "All good in moderation"?
Pan Metron Ariston
Which medical historian emphasized that while the advancement of Science & Social Authority are important, Cultural Authority is crucial to the power and history of the AMA?
Paul Starr
___________- # Number of cases of a disease present in a population at a given time.
Prevalence
_______________- various methods of collecting data and reviewing statistics
Research/Observations
Aside from the Greeks, the ___________ contributed a great deal to the history and evolution of medical sociology.
Romans
What were the first physicians tied to religion referred to as?
Shamans
Medical Sociology is the study of health care as it is institutionalized in a society and of health, or illness and its relationship to _____________ _____________
Social Factors
__________ ____________ provides efforts to improve public health
Social Medicine
Social epidemiology considers _________ and _______ factors in relation to the distribution of disease and differences in health & illness between population subgroups.
Social, Cultural
The social construction of reality states that reality is often more________________ than ______________
Subjective, objective
What is SARS?
Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome- example of how viruses in one part of the world can easily spread and the importance of public health
__________________ - "Magico-religious" view, as in being caused by direct interventions of a god or spirit; when foreign object is introduced into the body and cured when that is forced out
Supernatural Explanation of Disease
Reciprocal commitments establish _____________ as a primary obligation to ensure the succession of knowledge to the next generations of doctors.
Teaching
__________________- wherein patients would purify / detox before given medicines to sleep - at which time 'sacred' snakes would crawl over patients, licking wounds; then salves would be applied
Temple Sleep
__________ - a general explanation about why things happen as they do
Theory
True or False: A lot of drugs didn't carry a stigma so therefore would be mixed into these elixirs to make patients feel better
True
True or False: In regards to AMA licensing, doctors that don't have their licenses from the AMA are still considered practitioners within their fields but to a different degree than those who do have the license
True
True or False: The conflict theory also involves all of the positive and negative changes in both social and technological categories which are considered normal.
True
True or False: US Life Expectancy is higher than several countries but still lags behind several others.
True, similar trends in regards to mortality rates
Which medical sociologist and historian argued that the key is the "union" AMA and its Medical Authority?
Vincente Navarro
What role does gender play in epidemiology?
Women have a higher probability of death at a young age as well as morbidity when compared to men.
What does WHO stand for and what is it?
World Health Organization, top global health surveillance group
What are some examples of practices that go against ethical guidelines?
abortion, assisted suicide,, "benefit the sick", "privacy"
Structural racism and sexism play a part in mortality because of their effects on ________________.
access to resources
In last 100 years in the US, Major Epidemiological Trend has seen a dramatic reduction in ________?
acute, infectious diseases
"Healthy" is when a person is in _______________ with their _____________, according to Hippocrates.
balance, environment
Social epidemiology is the process of understanding the _________ and ___________ of disease.
causes, distrubition
What is the proposed cause in alarming increases in infectious diseases?
decrease in antibiotic effectiveness as a result of over-prescription and abuse.
What are some examples of social factors interactions can effect?
epidemiology, diagnoses, transmittance, treatment
What is the scientific foundation of sociology?
establishment that the sociology OF medicine is different from sociology IN medicine
What is social theorizing?
explanation as for why things happen as they do
In early American history, Americans' preference for ______________ increased.
family medicine
During the Great Trade of 1910, in exchange for providing best / efficient health care system, the _______________________ gave the AMA control over the licensure of physicians
federal government
Positivist methods involve which aspects of society?
government and community
What is etiology?
identifying the causes of disease
Pittsburgh had Third World Infant Mortality Rates in 1990s, but have fallen overall (in US) because of what?
improvements in socio-environmental factors, medical advances and legal abortion
According to the social construction of reality, the reality for people is that....
it doesn't matter! because even with objectivity, subjectivity causes people to be scared
The Physical Quality of Life Index is a weighted average of what three factors?
life expectancy, infant mortality and literacy
What 4 tools do epidemiologists use when looking for patterns and linkages of disease.
medical records from all sources, health exams, health surveys and experimentation
What distinguishes medical sociology from other medical studies?
medical sociology is designed to ANSWER PRACTICAL QUESTIONS of interest to health care professionals and sponsoring agencies RATHER THAN TESTING SOCIAL HYPOTHESES
personal troubles are on the ________ level where as public issues are on the _________ level.
micro, macro
What three factors are considered in psychosomatics?
mind, body and soul
Hippocrates sought __________ rather than _________________ explanations of disease
natural, supernatural
Navarro found that the increase of Medical Authority occurred because Powerful Social Groups arranged it for their ______________.
personal benefits/ interests
What is the sociological perspective?
perspective that connects you to your personal troubles and public issues
During the Medieval Era, there was a turn from the use of scientific medicine to _____________________.
religious explanation
What are medical ethics and who emphasized them?
the idea that physicians should do no harm and take the best interests of their patients to consideration, Hippocrates
The sociological persepective is also known as
the sociological imagination
_________________-using sharpened stones to drill a hole in the skull
trephination
Life expectancy is highest for which group of people?
upper/ middle class white women
