Medical term Final 1-18

Combining Form, Suffix, Prefix & Meaning Combining Form,Suffix & Prefix Meaning a-, an- no; not; without ab- away from abdomin/o abdomen -ac pertaining to acanth/o spiny; thorny acetabul/o acetabulum (hip socket) acous/o hearing acr/o extremities; top; extreme point acromi/o acromion (extension of shoulder bone) actin/o light acu/o sharp; severe; sudden -acusis hearing ad- toward aden/o gland adenoid/o adenoids adip/o fat adren/o adrenal gland adrenal/o adrenal gland aer/o air af- toward agglutin/o clumping; sticking together -agon to assemble, gather agora- marketplace -agra excessive pain -al pertaining to alb/o white albin/o white albumin/o albumin (protein) alges/o sensitivity to pain -algesia sensitivity to pain -algia pain all/o other alveol/o alveolus; air sac; small sac ambly/o dim; dull -amine nitrogen compound amni/o amnion (sac surrounding the embryo) amyl/o starch an/o anus -an pertaining to ana- up; apart; backward; again, anew andr/o male aneurysm/o aneurysm (widened blood vessel) angi/o vessel (blood) anis/o unequal ankyl/o stiff ante- before; forward anter/o front anthrac/o coal anthr/o antrum of the stomach anti- against anxi/o uneasy; anxious aort/o aorta (largest artery) -apheresis removal aphth/o ulcer apo- off, away aponeur/o aponeurosis (type of tendon) append/o appendix appendic/o appendix aque/o water -ar pertaining to -arche beginning arter/o artery arteri/o artery arteriol/o arteriole (small artery) arthr/o joint -arthria articulate (speak distinctly) articul/o joint -ary pertaining to asbest/o asbestos -ase enzyme -asthenia lack of strength atel/o incomplete ather/o plaque (fatty substance) -ation process; condition atri/o atrium (upper heart chamber) audi/o hearing audit/o hearing aur/o ear auricul/o ear auto- self, own axill/o armpit azot/o urea; nitrogen bacill/o bacilli (bacteria) bacteri/o bacteria balan/o glans penis bar/o pressure; weight bartholin/o Bartholin glands bas/o base; opposite of acid bi- two bi/o life bil/i bile; gall bilirubin/o bilirubin -blast embryonic; immature -blastoma immature tumor (cells) blephar/o eyelid bol/o cast; throw brachi/o arm brachy- short brady- slow bronch/o bronchial tube bronchi/o bronchial tube bronchiol/o bronchiole bucc/o cheek bunion/o bunion burs/o bursa (sac of fluid near joints) byssin/o cotton dust cac/o bad calc/o calcium calcane/o calcaneus (heel bone) calci/o calcium cali/o calyx calic/o calyx capillar/o capillary (tiniest blood vessel) capn/o carbon dioxide -capnia carbon dioxide carcin/o cancerous; cancer cardi/o heart carp/o wrist bones (carpals) cata- down caud/o tail; lower part of body caus/o burn; burning cauter/o heat; burn cec/o cecum (first part of the colon) -cele hernia celi/o belly; abdomen -centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid cephal/o head cerebell/o cerebellum (posterior part of the brain) cerebr/o cerebrum (largest part of the brain) cerumin/o cerumen cervic/o neck; cervix (neck of uterus) -chalasia relaxation -chalasis relaxation cheil/o lip chem/o drug; chemical -chezia defecation; elimination of wastes chir/o hand chlor/o green chlorhydr/o hydrochloric acid chol/e bile; gall cholangi/o bile vessel cholecyst/o gallbladder choledoch/o common bile duct cholesterol/o cholesterol chondr/o cartilage chore/o dance chori/o chorion (outermost membrane of the fetus) chorion/o chorion choroid/o choroid layer of eye chrom/o color chron/o time chym/o to pour cib/o meal -cide killing -cidal pertaining to killing cine/o movement cirrh/o orange-yellow cis/o to cut -clasis to break -clast to break claustr/o enclosed space clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone) -clysis irrigation; washing coagul/o coagulation (clotting) -coccus (-cocci, pl.) berry-shaped bacterium coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone) cochle/o cochlea (inner part of ear) col/o colon (large intestine) coll/a glue colon/o colon (large intestine) colp/o vagina comat/o deep sleep comi/o to care for con- together, with coni/o dust conjunctiv/o conjunctiva (lines the eyelids) -constriction narrowing contra- against; opposite cor/o pupil core/o pupil corne/o cornea coron/o heart corpor/o body cortic/o cortex, outer region cost/o rib crani/o skull cras/o mixture; temperament crin/o secrete -crine secrete; separate -crit to separate cry/o cold crypt/o hidden culd/o cul-de-sac -cusis hearing cutane/o skin cyan/o blue cycl/o ciliary body of eye; cycle; circle -cyesis pregnancy cyst/o urinary bladder; cyst; sac of fluid cyt/o cell -cyte cell -cytosis condition of cells; slight increase in numbers dacry/o tear dacryoaden/o tear gland dacryocyst/o tear sac; lacrimal sac dactyl/o fingers; toes de- lack of; down; less; removal of dem/o people dent/i tooth derm/o skin -derma skin dermat/o skin desicc/o drying -desis to bind, tie together dia- complete; through diaphor/o sweat -dilation widening; stretching; expanding dipl/o double dips/o thirst dist/o far; distant dors/o back (of body) dorsi- back -dote to give -drome to run duct/o to lead, carry duoden/o duodenum dur/o dura mater -dynia pain dys- bad; painful; difficult; abnormal -eal pertaining to ec- out; outside echo- reflected sound -ectasia stretching; dialation; expansion -ectasis stretching; dialation; expansion ecto- out; outside -ectomy removal; excision; resection -edema swelling -elasma flat plate electr/o electricity em- in -ema condition -emesis vomiting -emia blood condition -emic pertaining to blood condition emmetr/o in due measure en- in; within encephal/o brain endo- in; within enter/o intestines (usually small intestine) eosin/o red; rosy; dawn-colored epi- above; upon;/ on epididym/o epididymis epiglott/o epiglottis episi/o vulva (external female genitalia) epitheli/o skin; epithelium equin/o horse -er one who erg/o work erythem/o flushed; redness erythr/o red -esis condition eso- inward esphag/o esophagus esthes/o nervous sensation (feeling) esthesi/o nervous sensation -esthesia nervous sensation estr/o female ethm/o sieve eti/o cause eu- good; normal -eurysm widening ex- out; away from exanthemat/o rash exo- out; away from extra- outside faci- face fasci/o fascia (membrane supporting muscles) femor/o femur (thigh bone) -ferent to carry fibr/o fiber fibros/o fibrous connective tissue fibul/o fibula -fication process of making -fida split flex/o to bend fluor/o luminous follicul/o follicle; small sac -form resembling; in the shape of fung/i fungus; mushroom furc/o forking; branching -fusion to pour; to come together galact/o milk ganglion/o ganglion; collection of nerve cell bodies gastr/o stomach -gen producing; forming -genesis producing; forming -genic produced by or in ger/o old age gest/o pregnancy gester/o pregnancy gingiv/o gum glauc/o gray gli/o glue; neuroglial tissue (supportive tissue of nervous system) -globin protein -globulin protein glomerul/o glomerulus gloss/o tongue gluc/o glucose; sugar glyc/o glucose; sugar glycogen/o glycogen; animal starch glycos/o glucose; sugar gnos/o knowledge gon/o seed gonad/o sex glands goni/o angle -grade to go -gram record granul/o granule (s) -graph instrument for recording -graphy process of recording gravid/o pregnancy -gravida pregnant woman gynec/o woman; female hallucin/o hallucination hem/o blood hemat/o blood hemi- half hemoglobin/o hemoglobin hepat/o liver herni/o hernia -hexia habit hidr/o sweat hist/o tissue histi/o tissue home/o sameness; unchanging; constant hormon/o hormone humer/o humerus (upper arm bone) hydr/o water hyper- above; excessive hypn/o sleep hypo- sleep hypophys/o pituitary gland hyster/o uterus; womb -ia condition -iac pertaining to -iasis abnormal condition iatr/o physician; treatment -ic pertaining to -ical pertaining to ichthy/o dry; scaly -icle small idi/o unknown; individual; district ile/o ileum ili/o ilium immun/o immune; protection; safe in- in; into; not -in, -ine a substance -ine pertaining to infra- below; inferior to; beneath inguin/o groin insulin/o insulin (pancreatic hormone) inter- between intra- within; into iod/o iodine ion/o ion; to wander -ion process -ior pertaining to ipsi- same ir- in ir/o iris (colored portion of eye) irid/o iris (colored portion of eye) is/o same; equal isch/o to hold back; back ischi/o ischium (part of hip bone) -ism process; condition -ist specialist -itis inflammation -ium structure; tissue jaund/o yellow jejun/o jejunum kal/i potassium kary/o nucleus kerat/o horny, hard; cornea kern- nucleus (collection of nerve cells in the brain) ket/o ketones; acetones kenton/o ketones; acetones kines/o movement kinesi/o movement -kinesia movement -kinesis movement klept/o to steal kyph/o humpback labi/o lip lacrim/o tear; tear duct; lacrimal duct lact/o milk lamin/o lamina (part of vertebral arch) lapar/o abdominal wall; abdomen -lapse to slide, fall, sag laryng/o larynx (voice box) later/o side leiomy/o smooth (visceral) muscle -lemma sheath, covering -lepsy seizure lept/o thin, slender -leptic to seize, take hold of leth/o death leuk/o white lex/o word; phrase -lexia word; phrase ligament/o ligament lingu/o tongue lip/o fat; lipid -listhesis slipping lith/o stone; calculus -lithiasis condition of stones -lithotomy incision (for removal) of a stone lob/o lobe log/o study of -logy study of lord/o curve; swayback -lucent to shine lumb/o lower back; loin lute/o yellow lux/o to slide lymph/o lymph lymphaden/o lymph gland (node) lymphangi/o lymph vessel -lysis breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening -lytic to reduce, destroy; separate; breakdown macro- large mal- bad -malacia softening malleol/o malleolus mamm/o breast mandibul/o mandible (lower jaw bone) -mania obsessive preoccupation mast/o breast mastoid/o mastoid process (behind the ear) maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw bone) meat/o meatus (opening) medi/o middle mediastin/o mediastinum medull/o medulla (inner section); middle; soft, marrow mega- large -megaly enlargement melan/o black men/o menses; menstruation mening/o meninges (membranes covering the spinal cord and brain) meningi/o meninges ment/o mind; chin meso- middle meta- change; beyond metacarp/o metacarpals (hand bones) metatars/o metatarsals (foot bones) -meter measure metr/o uterus (womb); measure metri/o uterus (womb) mi/o smaller; less micro- small -mimetic mimic; copy -mission to send mon/o one; single morph/o shape; form mort/o death -mortem death -motor movement muc/o mucus mucos/o mucous membrane (mucosa) multi- many mut/a genetic change mutagen/o causing genetic change my/o muscle myc/o fungus mydr/o wide myel/o spinal cord; bone marrow myocardi/o myocardium (heart muscle) myom/o muscle tumor myos/o muscle myring/o tympanic membrane (eardrum) myx/o mucus narc/o numbness; stupor; sleep nas/o nose nat/i birth natr/o sodium necr/o death nect/o to bind, tie, connect neo- new nephr/o kidney neur/o nerve neutr/o neither; neutral; neutrophil nid/o nest noct/i night norm/o rule; order nos/o disease nucle/o nucleus nulli- none nyct/o night obstetr/o midwife ocul/o eye odont/o tooth odyn/o pain -oid resembling -ole little; small olecran/o olecranon (elbow) olig/o scanty om/o shoulder -oma tumor; mass; fluid collection omphal/o umbilicus (naval) onc/o tumor -one hormone onych/o nail (of fingers or toes) o/o egg oophor/o ovary -opaque obscure ophthalm/o eye -opia vision -opsia vision -opsy view of opt/o eye; vision optic/o eye; vision -or one who or/o mouth orch/o testis orchi/o testis orchid/o testis -orexia appetite orth/o straight -ose full of; pertaining to; sugar -osis condition, usually abnormal -osmia smell ossicul/o ossicle (small bone) oste/o bone -ostosis condition of bone ot/o ear -otia ear condition -ous pertaining to ov/o egg ovari/o ovary ovul/o egg ox/o oxygen -oxia oxygen oxy- swift; sharp; acid oxysm/o sudden pachy- heavy; thick palat/o palate (roof of the mouth) palpebr/o eyelid pan- all pancreat/o pancreas papill/o nipple-like; optic disc (disk) par- other than; abnormal para- near; beside; abnormal; apart from; along the side of -para to bear, bring forth (live births) -parous to bear, bring forth parathyroid/o parathyroid glands -paresis slight paralysis -pareunia sexual intercourse -partum birth; labor patell/a patella patell/o patella path/o disease -pathy disease; emotion pector/o chest ped/o child; foot pelv/i pelvic bone; hip pend/o to hang -penia deficiency -pepsia digestion per- through peri- surrounding perine/o perineum peritone/o peritoneum perone/o fibula -pexy fixation; to put in place phac/o lens of eye phag/o eat; swallow -phage eat; swallow -phagia eating; swallowing phak/o lens of eye phalang/o phalanges (fingers and toes) phall/o penis pharmac/o drug pharmaceut/o drug pharyng/o throat (pharynx) phas/o speech -phasia speech phe/o dusky; dark -pheresis removal phil/o like; love; attraction -phil attraction for -philia attraction for phim/o muzzle phleb/o vein phob/o fear -phobia fear phon/o voice; sound -phonia voice; sound -phor/o to bear -phoresis carrying; transmission -phoria to bear, carry; feeling (mental state) phot/o light phren/o diaphragm; mind -phthisis wasting away -phylaxis protection physi/o nature; function -physis to grow phyt/o plant -phyte plant pil/o hair pineal/o pineal gland pituitar/o pituitary gland -plakia plaque plant/o sole of the foot plas/o development; formation -plasia development; formation; growth -plasm formation -plastic pertaining to formation -plasty surgical repair ple/o more; many -plegia paralysis; palsy -plegic paralysis; palsy pleur/o pleura plex/o plexus; network (of nerves) -pnea breathing pneum/o lung; air; gas pneumon/o lung; air; gas pod/o foot -poiesis formation -poietin substance that forms poikil/o varied; irregular pol/o extreme polio- gray matter (of brain or spinal cord) poly- many; much polyp/o polyp; small growth pont/o pons (a part of the brain) -porosis condition of pores (spaces) post- after; behind poster/o back (of body); behind -prandial meal -praxia action pre- before; in front of presby/o old age primi- first pro- before; forward proct/o anus and rectum pros- before; forward prostat/o prostate gland prot/o first prote/o protein proxim/o near prurit/o itching pseudo- false psych/o mind -ptosis droop; sag; prolapse; fall -ptysis spitting pub/o pubis (anterior part of hip bone) pulmon/o lung pupill/o pupil (dark center of the eye) purul/o pus py/o pus pyel/o renal pelvis pylor/o pylorus; pyloric sphincter pyr/o fever; fire pyret/o fever pyrex/o fever quadri- four rachi/o spinal column; vertebrae radi/o x-rays; radioactivity; radius (lateral lower arm bone) radicul/o nerve root re- back; again; backward rect/o rectum ren/o kidney reticul/o network retin/o retina retro- behind; back; backward rhabdomy/o straited (skeletal) muscle rheumat/o watery flow rhin/o nose rhytid/o wrinkle roentgen/o x-rays -rrhage bursting forth (of blood) -rrhagia bursting forth (of blood) --rrhaphy suture -rrhea flow; discharge -rrhexis rupture rrhythm/o rhythm sacr/o sacrum salping/o fallopian tube; auditory (eustachian) tube -salpinx fallopian tube; oviduct sarc/o flesh (connective tissue) scapul/o scapula; shoulder blade -schisis to split schiz/o split scint/o spark scirrh/o hard scler/o sclera (white of eye); hard -sclerosis hardening scoli/o crooked; bent -scope instrument for visual examination -scopy visual examination scot/o darkness seb/o sebum sebace/o sebum sect/o to cut semi- half semin/i semen; seed seps/o infection sial/o saliva sialaden/o salivary gland sider/o iron sigmoid/o sigmoid colon silic/o glass sinus/o sinus -sis state of; condition -sol solution somat/o body -some body somn/o sleep -somnia sleep son/o sound -spadia to tear; cut -spasm sudden contraction of muscles sperm/o spermatozoa; sperm cells spermat/o spermatozoa; sperm cells sphen/o wedge; sphenoid bone spher/o globe-shaped; round sphygm/o pulse -sphyxia pulse splanchn/o viscera (internal organs) spin/o spine (backbone) spir/o to breathe splen/o spleen spondyl/o vertebra (backbone) squam/o scale -stalsis contraction staped/o stapes (middle ear bone) staphyl/o clusters; uvula -stasis to stop; control; place -static pertaining to stopping; controlling steat/o fat, sebum -stenosis tightening; stricture ster/o solid structure; steroid stere/o solid; three-dimensional stern/o sternum (breastbone) steth/o chest -sthenia strength -stitial to set; pertaining to standing or positioned stomat/o mouth -stomia condition of the mouth -stomy new opening (to form a mouth) strept/o twisted chains styl/o pole or stake sub- under; below submaxill/o mandible (lower jaw bone) -suppression to stop supra- above, upper sym- together; with syn- together; with syncop/o to cut off, cut short; faint syndesm/o ligament synov/o synovia; synovial membrane; sheath around a tendon syring/o tube tachy- fast tars/o tarsus; hindfoot or ankle (7 bones between the foot and the leg) tax/o order; coordination tel/o complete tele/o distant ten/o tendon tendin/o tendon -tension pressure terat/o monster; malformed fetus test/o testis (testicle) tetra- four thalam/o thalamus thalass/o sea the/o put; place thec/o sheath thel/o nipple therapeut/o treatment -therapy treatment therm/o heat thorac/o chest -thorax chest; pleural cavity thromb/o clot thym/o thymus gland -thymia mind (condition of) -thymic pertaining to mind thyr/o thyroid gland; shield thyroid/o thyroid gland tibi/o tibia (shin bone) -tic pertaining to toc/o labor; birth -tocia labor; birth (condition of) -tocin labor; birth (a substance for) tom/o to cut -tome instrument to cut -tomy process of cutting ton/o tension tone/o to stretch tonsill/o tonsil top/o place; position; location tox/o poison toxic/o poison trache/o trachea (windpipe) trans- across; through -tresia opening tri- three trich/o hair trigon/o trigone (area within the bladder) -tripsy to crush troph/o nourishment; development -trophy nourishment; development -tropia to turn -tropic turning -tropin stimulate; act on tympan/o tympanic membrane (eardrum); middle ear -type classification; picture -ule little; small uln/o ulna (medical lower arm bone) ultra- beyond; excess -um structure; tissue; thing umbilic/o umbilicus (navel) ungu/o nail uni- one ur/o urine; urinary tract ureter/o ureter urethr/o urethra -uria urination; condition of urine urin/o urine -us structure; thing uter/o uterus (womb) uve/o uvea, vascular layer of eye (iris, choroid, ciliary body) uvul/o uvula vag/o vagus nerve vagin/o vagina valv/o valve valvul/o valve varic/o varicose veins vas/o vesel; duct; vas deferens vascul/o vessel (blood) ven/o; ven/i vein vener/o venereal (sexual contact) ventr/o belly side of body ventricul/o ventricle (of heart or brain) venul/o venule (small vein) -verse to turn -version to turn vertebr/o vertebra (backbone) vesic/o urinary bladder vesicul/o seminal vesicle vestibul/o vestibule of the inner ear viscer/o internal organs vit/o life vitr/o vitreous body (of the eye) vitre/o glass viv/o life vol/o to roll vulv/o vulva (female external genitalia) xanth/o yellow xen/o stranger xer/o dry xiph/o sword -y condition; process zo/o animal life

MEDICAL PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES Word Use Medical Term ab (away from)Prefix abduction (away from, rotate) ad (toward)Prefix adduction (toward, rotate) algia (pain)mostly suffix neuralgia (nerve pain) ante (before, wallpart)suffix or prefix antepartum (before birth) anti (against)Prefix antibacterial (against bacteria) bi (two, double)Prefix bilateral (two sides) brady (slow)Prefix or suffix bradycardia (slow heart beat) circum (around)Prefix circumrenal (around the kidney) co, con (together)Prefix or suffix concentric (together center, same center) de (down or away from)Prefix or suffix dehydrate (away from hydration) desis (binding fixation of)(Prefix or suffix but mostly suffix) arthrodesis (surgical fixation of a joint) dia (through)(Prefix or suffix) diaplacental (through the placenta) dys (difficult, abnormal)(Prefix) dysemia (abnormal blood) ecto (outside)(Prefix) ectocornea (outer layer of cornea) ectomy (excision)(Prefix or suffix but mostly suffix) tonsillectomy (tonsill removal) endo (within)(Prefix) endogastric (within the stomach) epi (outer, on top of, over)(Prefix) epigastric (top of stomach) exo (away from)(Prefix) exophthalmus (eyes bulging away from) extra (outside, beyond)(Prefix or suffix) extra sensory (beyond senses) iasis (condition of)(suffix) cholelithiasis (condition of gall bladder stones) iatric (medicine)(suffix) pediatric (child medicine) Psychiatric (mind medicine) ic (pertaining to)(suffix) entric (pertaining to the small intestine) inter (between)(prefix) intercostal (between ribs) intra (within)(prefix) intra-aortic (within the aorta) isis, asis (condition of)(suffix) metastasis (condition of change in location or spreading) itis (inflammation of)(suffix) gastritis (stomach inflammation)gingivitis (inflammation of gums) juxta (near)(prefix) juxtaepiphysial (near epiphysis or part of long bone) kinesis (movement)(suffix) metakinesis (moving apart) kinesiology (study of movement) kypho (humped)(prefix) kyphosis (condition of being hump backed) kyphoscoliosis (a humped curvature of spine) logia, logy (science of)(suffix) cardiology (heart science or study of heart) lysis (disintegration)(suffix) osteolysis (bone breakdown) macro (large, long)(prefix) macrostomia (large mouth) malacia (softening)(prefix or suffix) chondromalacia (soft cartilage) med,medi,medio (middle)(prefix or suffix) mediocarpal (middle of the carpal bone) mega, megaly (enlargement)(prefix or suffix) cardiomegaly (large heart) micro (small)(mostly prefix) microcephalic (small brain) mono (single,one)(prefix) mononecleosis (condition of the large outbreak of one nucleous lymphocytes) multi (many)(prefix) multifocal (many locations) neo (new)(prefix) neonatal (new born) ob (against)(prefix) obtunded (against or mentally dull) oid (like, shape, resemble)(suffix) mucoid (mucus like) oligo (few)(prefix or suffix) oliguria (diminished urination) ology (study of)(suffix) neurology (study of nerves) oma (tumor)(suffix) lymphoma (lymph tumor) osis (condition)(suffix) pediculosis (condition of lice infestation) otomy (incision)(suffix) craniotomy (skull incision) a, an (without)(Prefix) anencephalic (without a brain) Medical root's Audionym Meaning gastr stomach cardi heart megal enlarged itis inflammation dermat skin plast surgical repair cerebr brain path disease enter intestines osis any condition otomy cut into aden gland angi vessel oma tumor nephr kidney hepat liver arthr joint blephar eyelid ologist specialist rhin nose gingiv gum malacia soft ology study of spasm involuntary contraction algia pain crani skull end inside, within hemi half oid like hyper above, more than normal cyst sac containing fluid chole bile hypo under scop observe hyster uterus ostomy create an opening para beside, beyond lysis loosening, destruction cervic neck chondr cartilage cyan blue hem(at) blood ost bone psycho mind lip fat my muscle lith stone opthalm - opt eye proct anus cost rib gram record acro extremities rhexis break carcin cancer penia decrease gen original. production burso sac retr(o) backwards trip rub, friction strept twist desis binding mani madness glosso tongue trophy development supra above ptosis falling dyn pain mast breast rrhaphy suture dent teeth cephal head auto self epi upon hydro water lobo section emesis vomitting contra against, counter iasis condition trans through brady slow ectasis expansion cyt cell odont tooth leuk white esthesia sensation cantho angle at the end of the eyelid steno narrow, contracted cheil lip cele hernia benign mild, not cancerous semen seed celio abdomen erythro red vaso vessel melan black cauda tail lingua tongue myring eardrum spondyl spinal column ovar egg(egg, the female reproductive cell) centesis puncture oto ear bili bile squam scale mening membrane cec blind passage macul spot pexy suspension onco tumar or mouth sub under spiro coil lacrim tear viscero organ lact milk onych nail, claw thorac chest pyle gate vesic bladder sphenic wedge myel marrow, spinal cord anti against myco fungus hallux great toe (big toe) physio nature bucc(o) cheek palpebr eyelid plasia development rug wrinkle, fold, crease aur ear acoust(i) hearing colp(o) hollow, vagina phon voice, sound leio smooth cor heart ren kidney orchi testis encephal brain thalam inner chamber plexus braid cilia eyelash dendr tree, branching phleb vein pilo hair histo tissue stoma body tympan eardrum umbilic navel salpingo tube helio sun astr star shaped asthenia weakness fascia sheet, band iso equal tarso ankle tope place pod foot malign bad adnexa ties, connection ocul eye lapar abdominal wall dacry tear ment mind part labor, bring forth scler(a) hard somato body trachel neck sinus hollow space hypno sleep sept wall scirr(h) hard antr cavity crine to secrete dura hard pneum lung phage to eat phren mind corne horny plak plate iris rainbow kerat horny pulmo lung ptyal saliva alveol cavity oophor ovary oment covering sedat quiet, calm furca fork-shaped radic root radi ray fistful pipe edema swelling dactyl finger, toe metabol(e) change pariet wall ependym wrapping gravid pregnant aer air glyco sweet tarso framework of the eyelid cheir hand calc heel, stone cine move digit finger, toe dors back gangli swelling gemin twin grad walk, take steps gran grain, particles labi lip micr small peps digest pleur pleura, rib, side mamm breast colla glue later side rachi spinal column phob fear phot light dys bad cut skin en in peri about, around pro in front of, before mechano machine dynam power osom odor trich hair maxill upper jawbone an -, a without, not phak lens pre in front of, before strict draw tight turbin shaped like a top ameb change semi half neo new hormone excite therm heat syn, sym together vuls twitch, pull post after metr uterus tegument covering, skin pan all poly many ramus branch neuro nerve (nervous system) thromb lump, clot ab away from, not plegia paralysis ante before thel nipple ex out, away from lien spleen tumor swelling vestibule entrance puer child sarc flesh proli offspring macro large lal speech intra within inter between infra beneath cryo cold mal bad glom ball tens stretch spas pull, draw sommi sleep pharmac drug lumbo loins arter artery appendic appendix thyro thyroid splen spleen ovario ovary adreno adrenal (gland) basi base pelvi pelvis vena vein urethr urethra utero uterus sacro sacrum pharyng pharynx ureter ureter laryng larynx bronch bronchus esphag esophagus bi two, double. both tri three ile ileum ili ilium lig ligament therap therapy ventr front vert turn eu good ambi both amphi around, on both sides brachy short capit head cau burn clas break duct tube fiss tube ger old heter other infer under hom same olfact smell orth straight gyn female pachy thick phrag fenct poster back part cata down platy flat pseud false schiz split proxim nearest scol curved apo away from di twice dia through eury broad pect chest necr dead mi less morph form dis apart fac make, do lept slender lymph watery fluid meta beyond rrhag burst, burst forth sta stand ton stretch volv to roll splanchn internal organs rrhe flow med middle xer dry per throughout blast bud ectomy surgical removal traumat wound duodeno duodenum col colon

albumin/o albumin (protein) alges/o excessive sensitivity to pain alveol/o alveolus; air sac arteri/o artery arter/o artery ather/o plaque (fatty substance) atri/o atrium (upper heart chamber) azot/o nitrogen bi- two brachi/o arm bronch/o bronchial tube bucc/o cheek capn/o carbon dioxide cardiomy/o heart muscle cerebell/o cerebellum cerebr/o cerebrum cheil/o lip cholecyst/o gall bladder coni/o dust coron/o heart cyan/o blue dips/o thirst dur/o dura mater electr/o electricity -emesis vomiting esthesi/o nervous sensation glomerul/o glomerulus hydr/o water isch/o to hold back kines/o movement laryng/o larynx lex/o word lith/o stone, calculus lob/o lobe mening/o meninges multi- many myel/o spinal cord; bone marrow noct/i night non- no, not odont/o tooth olig/o scanty -osmia smell ox/o oxygen -paresis weakness -pepsia digestion -pexy fixation, to put in place pharyng/o pharynx -phasia speech phleb/o vein phren/o mind; diaphragm -plegia paralysis -pnea breathing pneumon/o lung; air -poiesis formation -poietin substance that forms -ptysis spitting pyel/o renal pelvis py/o pus sial/o saliva sphygm/o pulse spir/o to breathe tax/o order; coordination tel/o complete thorac/o chest -thorax chest; pleural cavity -tome instrument to cut trache/o trachea, windpipe -tresia opening -tripsy crushing urethr/o urethra -uria urination; condition of urine vas/o vessel ventricul/o ventricle acute quick onset, short duration chronic slow onset, long duration diagnosis condition of complete knowledge etiology study of the cause of disease iatrogenic produced by physician or treatment idiopathic pertaining to illness of unknown cause lubb, dubb audible sounds of the closure of the hearth valves occlusion blockage palpitation uncomfortable sensation in the chest from missed heartbeats patent open prognosis prediction of the outcome of a disease systemic throughout the system RUQ right upper quadrant LUQ left upper quadrant RLQ right lower quadrant LLQ left lower quadrant frontal plane divides front and back saggital plane divides left and right transverse plane divides top and bottom singular -a plural -ae singular -is plural -es singular -ex, -ix plural -ices singular -on plural -a singular -um plural -a singular -us plural -i adnexa accessory parts of a structure amylase starch enzyme aorta largest artery in the body arachnoid membrane middle layer of the meninges atria (pl. atruim) one of two upper chambers of the heart atrioventricular node (AV node) specialized tissue in the wall between the atria, conducts electricity to contract heart bladder sac urinary bladder hollow, muscular sac, reservoir for urine bundle of His atrioventricular bundle, conducts electricity to contract heart cerebellum posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance cerebrum largest part of the brain coronary artery blood vessles that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle defection a flaw or imperfection diastole relaxation phase of the heartbeat duodenum first part of small intestine dura mater hard, protective outer layer of the meninges endocardium inner lining of the heart epicardium outer lining of the heart feces solid wastes, stool ileum third part of small intestine incisal edge sharp edge of the incisors and canines jejunum second part of small intestine lipase pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fat lumen open channel in vessel meninges three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord mitral valve bicuspid valve; valve between the left atrium and left ventricle myelin sheath covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve, speeds impulse conduction along axon myocardium middle muscular layer of the heart wall nephron combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney neuron nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body occlusal edge mashing side of tooth, the surface that comes in contact with corresponding tooth in opposite arch pericardium double-layered membrane surrounding the heart peristalsis rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs pia mater thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges pulmonary artery artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary circulation flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart pulmonary vein one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenate blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart pyloric sphincter ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum renal pelvis central collection region of the kidney sigmoid colon fourth and last, s-shaped segment of the colon sinoatrial node (SA node) pacemaker of the heart stool solid wastes, feces synapse space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells systole contraction phase of the heart beat tricuspid valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three leaflets, or cusps ureter one of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder urethra tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body vena cava (pl. venae cavae) largest vein in the body ventricle one of two lower chambers of the heart ventricle of the brain canals in the brain that contain CSF Alzheimer disease brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning aneurysm local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem angina pectoris chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia anorexia lack of appetite ascites abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen asthma chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema, constriction, and increased mucus production atelectasis collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli atherosclerosis deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries borborygmus noisy stomach and GI tract Bright disease glomerulonephritis bundle branch block block of electrical impulses in the bundle branch cerebral contusion bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head cerebrovascular accident (CVA) stroke; disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain choleithiasis abnormal condition of gallstones colonic polyposis polyps protrude from mucous membrane of colon concussion temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours Chron disease chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract croup acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor cystic fibrosis (CF) inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally diphtheria acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by diphtheria bacterium diverticula pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of the colon emphysema hyperinflation of the air sacs with destruction of the alveolar walls epistaxis nosebleed fibrillation very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart flatus gas expelled through the anus flutter rapid, but regular contractions of the heart glomerulonephritis inflammation of the glomeruli within a kidney grand mal seizure tonic-clonic seizure heart block failure of proper conduction of electricity of the SA and AV nodes and bundle of His within the heart hematochezia passage of fresh, bright red blood from the anus hematoma a tumor of blood; bruise hemiplegia paralysis of the right or left half of the body hiatal hernia when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm inguinal hernia when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal muscle intussusception telescoping of the intestines jaundice yellow-orange coloration of the skin and eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood melena black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood mononucleosis infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes multiple sclerosis (MS) destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue murmur extra heart sound heard between normal beats myocardial infarction heart attack nephrolithiasis kidney stone paraplegia paralysis of both legs and lower part of body caused by injury or disease of the spinal cord and cauda equina pertussis whooping cough petit mal seizure absence seizures pleural rub scratchy sound heard on auscultation produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other pneumoconiosis abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs pneumothorax collection of air in the pleural space polycystic kidney disease multiple fluid-filled sacs within and on the kidney pyelonephritis inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and kidney quadriplegia Paralysis of all four extremeties rales fine, crackling sound heard on auscultation renal failure kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function spina bifida cystica congenital defect in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts with cyst-like protusions spina bifida occulta congenital defect in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts but the defect is covered by skin sputum material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting stridor strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx tetralogy of Fallot congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects transient ischemic attacks short episodes of neurologic dysfunction ulcerative colitis chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers volvulus twisting of the intestine on itself wheeze continuous high pitched whistling sound heard during breathing Wilms tumor malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood auscultation listening to sounds within the body with a stethescope barium enema x-ray image of colon and rectum after injection of barium into the rectum barium swallow x-ray image of esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by mouth blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measurement of the urea levels in the blood Babinski's reflex dorsiflextion of the big toe when the sole of the foot is stimulated cardioversion the restoration of normal sinus rhythm by chemical or electrical means cystoscopy direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope defibrillation brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias electrocardiogram record of the electricity flowing through the heart hemodialysis uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-willed blood from the patient's bloodstream, filters it, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient's body Holter monitor An ECG device that is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias kidney ureter bladder (KUB) x-ray exam (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; to study size and location of kidneys laminectomy the excision of a vertebral posterior arch, usually to remove a lesion or a herniated disc Mantoux test a tuberculin test using PPD (purified protein derivative) given by intradermal injection myelography x-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space paracentesis surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen percussion tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure peritoneal dialysis (PD) separation of waste from the blood by using a peritoneal catheter and dialysis Romberg test the inability to maintain body balance when the eyes are shut and the feet are close together; sensory ataxia serum enzyme test chemicals measured in blood as evidence of a heart attack sphygmomanometer instrument to measure the pressure of the pulse spirometer an instrument used to measure the volume and rate of air passing into and out of the lungs stool culture test for presence of microorganisms in feces stool guaic test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) technique using a battery-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) the fragmentation of kidney stones with an ESWL (lithotriptor) a.c. before meals ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis BBB bundle branch block BE barium enema bid two times a day BM bowel movement BP blood pressure BUN blood urea nitrogen CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis CHD coronary heart disease CHF chronic heart failure CRF chronic renal failure CVA cerebrovascular accident EEG electroencephalogram EENT eyes, ears, nose, throat EKG electrocardiogram ESRD end stage renal disease GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease GI gastrointestinal hs hour of sleep IVP intravenous pyelogram MI myocardial infarction MRI magnetic resonance imaging MS multiple sclerosis MVP mitral valve prolapse NPO nothing by mouth p.c. after meals p.o. by mouth Pco2 partial pressure carbon dioxide Po2 partial pressure oxygen PPD purified protein derivative prn as needed PVC premature ventricular contraction q6h every 6 hours qd every day qh every hour qid four times a day qod every other day SOB shortness of breath TB tuberculosis TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation TIA transischemic attack tid three times a day TPN total parenteral nutrition UA urinalysis URI upper respiratory infection UTI urinary tract infection

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Ch 8 Female Reproductive System Question Answer The OVUM is the female gamete pregnancy (also called) gestation cul-de-sac area between the uterus and the rectum the labia majora is part of the ... vulva adnexa uteri ovaries and fallopian tubes ovarian sac corpus luteum respiratory disorder in the neonate Hyaline membrane disease episiotomy incision of the perineum during childbirth fingerlike ends of the fallopian tubes are called fimbriae the study and treatment of newborns is called Neonatology sac containing the egg is the Graafian follicle / ovarian follicle FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone is produced by an endocrine gland located below the brain removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries bilateral salpiingo-oophorectomy abrputio placentae premature separation of the placenta medical abbreviation describing ... a woman who has had 3 miscarriages and 2 live births. grav. 5, para 2 (grav. = pregnancy, para = births) endometrial carcinoma may be detected by D & C (dilation and cutterage) pelvic exenteration removal of internal and reproductive organs in the region of the hip (pelvis) physician's effort to turn the fetus during delivery cephalic version (version = act of turning) abnormal condition of breast tissues in males gynecomastia metrorrhagia excessive flow of blood from the uterus between menstrual periods dystocia painful labor and delivery menarche first menstrual period (men/o = menses, -arche = first) Pain in LLQ-RLQ, vaginal discharge, dysmenorrhea, gonococcal infection likely incdicates... ? PID - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease pieces of the inner lining of the uterus are ectopic endometriosis leukorrhea is associated with... ? Cervicitis inner lining of the uterus endometrium nipple of the breast mammary papilla innermost membrane around the developing embryo amnion dark-pigmented area around the breast nipple areola external genitalia of female vulva (perineum, labia, hymen, clitoris) area between the anus and vagina in females perineum female gonads; producing ova and hormones ovaries blood-vessel-filled organ that develops during pregnancy placenta uterine tubes fallopian tubes organ of sensitive erectile tissue in females clitoris finger-like ends of the fallopian tube fimbriae lower neck-like portion of the uterus cervix malignant tumor of the pregnant uterus choriocarcinoma condition during pregnancy, hypertension, proteinuria, edema, and uremia preeclampsia malignant condition of the inner lining of the uterus endometrial carcinoma malignant tumor, often of the ovary cystadenocarcinoma displaced placenta; implantation in lower region of uterus placenta previa uterine tissue is located outside the uterus endometriosis cancerous tumor cells are localized in a small carea carcinoma in situ (confined to one site) premature separation of a normally implanted placenta abruptio placentae

Chapter 17 Question Answer 1) Fiberous layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eye and is continuous with the white of th eyes Cornea 2) Yellowish region in the retina; contains the fovea centralis Macula lutea 3) What eye structure is transparent, biconvex, and focuses light on the retina? Lens 4) Place where optic nerve fibers cross in the brain Optic chiasma 5) Adjustment of the lens by the ciliary body Accommodation (normal adjustment of the eye to focus) 6) Photosensitive receptor cells of the retina; make the perception of color possible Rods 7) The combining for for cornea is? Kerat/o 8) The combining form for lens is? Phak/o 9) The meaning of palpebr/o is? eyelid (also blephar/o) 10) An eye inflammation commonly calld "pinkeye is" Conjunctivitis 11) Impairment of vision due to old age Presbyopia Myopia (is which form of sightedness?) Nearsightedness 13) Defective curvature of the eye Astigmatism 14) Glaucoma is primarily diagnosed by Tonometry 15) A blind spot; area of depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision Scotoma (darkness) 16) Macular degeneration produces loss of central vision 17) Small hard mass on the eyelid; formed from a sebaceious gland enlargement: Chalazion 18) Snail shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear is the cochlea 19) Channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx Eustachian tube 20) Myring/o means tympanic membrane (myears are myringing!) 21) Bacterial infection of the middle ear Suppurative otitis media 22) Tinnitus ringing in the ears 23) Visual examination of the ear Otoscopy 24) nerve deafness occurring with aging presbycusis 25) Fungal infection of the ear otomycosis (myc/o = fungus) 26) Contains sensitive cells (rods and cones) that transmit light energy to nervous impulses RETINA 27) Contains muscles that control the shape of the lens and secrete aqueous humor CILIARY BODY 28) Transparent body behind the iris and in front of the vitreous humor; refracts light rays to bring them into focus on the retina LENS 29) Jelly-like material behind the lens; helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball VITREOUS HUMOR 30) Dark center of the eye through which light rays enter PUPIL 31) Vascular layer of the eyeball that is continuous with the iris CHOROID 32) Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior of the eyeball CONJUNCTIVA 33) Fibrous layer of clear tissues that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball CORNEA 34) Colored portion of the eye; surrounds the pupil IRIS 35) Tough, white outer coat of the eyeball SCLERA 36) inflammation of the vascular layer of the eye uveitis 37) Condition of dry eyes xerophthalmia 38) Outward deviation of the eye exotropia (exo - outward) 39) Inward deviation of the eye esotropia (eso - inward) 40) Absence of the lens of the eye aphakia 41) absence of vision in half of the visual field hemianopsia (hemi = half) 42) abnormal deviations of the eye strabismus 43) Increased intraocular pressure results in retinal and optic nerve damage Glaucoma 44) Localized purulent infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid hordeolum (stye) 45) Clouding of the lens causes decreased vision cataract 46) Retinal micoaneurysms, hemorrhages occur secondary to an endorcrine condition diabetic retinopathy 47) Deterioration of the macula lutea of the retina macular degeneration Question Answer aque/o water blephar/o eyelid conjunctiv/o conjunctiva cor/o pupil corne/o cornea cycl/o ciliary body or muscle of the eye dacry/o tears, tear duct ir/o, irid/o iris kerat/o cornea lacrim/o tears ocul/o eye ophthalm/o eye opt/o, optic/o eye,vision palpebr/o eyelid papill/o optic disc; nipple-like phac/o, phak/o lens of the eye pupill/o pupil retin/o retina scler/o sclera (white of the eye) uve/o uvea; vascular layer of the eye (iris,ciliary body,and choroid) vitre/o glassy ambly/o dull, dim dipl/o double glauc/o gray mi/o smaller, less mydr/o widen, enlarge nyct/o night phot/o light presby/o old age scot/o darkness xer/o dry -opia vision -opsia vision -tropia to turn acous/o hearing audi/o hearing; the sense of hearing audit/o hearing aur/o, auricul/o ear cochle/o cochlea mastoid/o mastoid process myring/o eardrum, tympanic membrane ossicul/o ossicle ot/o ear salping/o eustachian tube, auditory tube staped/o stapes (third bone of the middle ear) tympan/o eardrum, tympanic membrane vestibul/o vestibule -acusis or -cusis hearing -meter instrument to measure -otia ear condition Question Answer aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands gonad/o sex glands pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid gland pituitar/o pituitary gland, hypophysis thyr/o thyroid gland thyroid/o thyroid gland andr/o male calc/o, calci/o calcium cortic/o cortex, outer region crin/o secrete dips/o third estr/o female gluc/o sugar glyc/o sugar home/o sameness hormon/o hormone kal/i potassium (an electrolyte) lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte) phys/o growing somat/o body ster/o solid structure toc/o childbirth toxic/o position ur/o urine -agon assemble, gather together -emia blood condition -in, -ine a substance -tropin stimulating the function of (to turn or act on) -uria urine condition eu- good, normal hyper- excessive; above hypo- deficient; below; under; less than normal oxy- rapid, sharp, acid pan- all tetra- four tri- three COMBINING FORMS acous/o hearing ambly/o dull, dim aque/o water audi/o hearing audit/o hearing aur/o ear NG FORMS auricul/o ear blephar/o eyelid conjunctiv/o conjunctiva cor/o pupil corne/o cornea cycl/o ciliary body COMBINING FORMS dacry/o tears dipl/o double glauc/o gray ir/o iris irid/o iris kerat/o cornea lacrim/o tears COMBINING FORMS mastoid/o mastoid process mi/o smaller, less mydr/o widen, enlarge myring/o eardrum nyct/o night ocul/o eye COMBINING FORMS ophthalm/o eye opt/o eye optic/o eye ossicul/o ossicle palpebr/o eyelid papill/o optic disc phac/o lens of the eye COMBINING FORMS phak/o lens of the eye phot/o light presby/o old age pupill/o pupil retin/o retina salpin/o Eustachian tube scler/o sclera (white of eye COMBINING FORMS scot/o darkness staped/o stapes tympan/o eardrum uve/o uvea vestibul/o vestibule vitre/o glassy xer/o dry SUFFIXES -acusis hearing -cusis hearing -meter instrument for measure -metry process of measurement -opia vision SUFFIXES -opsia vision -otia ear condition -phobia fear -plegic paralysis; palsy -tropia to turn Introduction Endocrine System (cont'd) ENDOCRINE glands— Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream EXOCRINE glands— Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the QUICK QUIZ: What is the soft, jellylike material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball? sclera vitreous humor aqueous humor fovea centralis Correct answer is B: vitreous humor Endocrine Glands thyroid gland parathyroid glands (four glands) adrenal glands (one pair) pancreas (islets of Langerhans) pituitary gland ovaries (one pair) testes (one pair) pineal gland thymus gland Terminology STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS aque/o water blephar/o eyelid conjunctiv/o conjunctiva cor/o pupil corne/o cornea cycl/o ciliary body STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS dacry/o tears, tear duct ir/o iris irid/o iris kerat/o cornea lacrim/o tears ocul/o eye STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS ophthalm/o eye opt/o eye, vision optic/o eye, vision palpebr/o eyelid papill/o optic disc phac/o lens of the eye STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS phak/o lens of the eye pupill/o pupil retin/o retina scler/o sclera (white of the eye) uve/o uvea vitre/o glassy CONDITIONS ambly/o dull, dim dipl/o double glauc/o gray mi/o smaller, less mydr/o widen, enlarge nyct/o night CONDITIONS phot/o light presby/o old age scot/o darkness xer/o dry CONDITIONS -opia vision -opsia vision -tropia to turn Thyroid Function There are two hormones: thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate. Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone. QUICK QUIZ: Which term means inflammation of the eyelid? ophthalmoplegia keratitis blepharitis blepharoptosis Correct Answer is C: blepharitis rrors of Refraction Astigmatism: defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye Hyperopia: farsightedness Myopia: nearsightedness Presbyopia: impairment of vision due to old age reducing lens accommodation Adrenal Glands: Location and Structure Each gland has two parts an outer portion, the adrenal cortex Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol an inner portion, adrenal medulla Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids Abnormal Conditions (cont'd) Chalazion: small, hard, cystic mass on eyelid; formed as a result of chronic inflammation of sebaceous gland along margin of eyelid Diabetic retinopathy - retinal effects caused by diabetes mellitus include: microaneurysms hemorrhages dilation of retinal veins neovascularization Function: Adrenal Cortex Secretes Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone). Influences—SUGAR Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences—SALT Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences—SEX Hordeolum (stye): staph infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid Macular degeneration: progressive damage to the macular of the retina Nystagmus: repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes. Strabismus: abnormal deviation of the eye Function Adrenal Medulla Secretes Two types of catecholamine hormones Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure. Both are sympathomimetic agents. Abnormal Conditions (cont'd) Retinal detachment: two layers of the retina separate from each other Photopsia: bright flashes of light Floaters: vitreous clumps of retina Scleral buckle: belt to buckle retina to sclera Pneumatic retinopexy: gas bubble injected in vitreous cavity to help reattach retina Pancreas Function Endocrine function islets of Langerhans produce: Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down Diagnostic Procedures Fluorescein angiography: dye injection to examine blood flow in the retina Ophthalmoscopy: visual examination of eye interior through dilated pupil Slit lamp microscopy: magnified view of expanded number of eye structures Pituitary Gland Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) Hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones) Treatment Enucleation: removal of entire eyeball Laser photocoagulation: Argon laser creates inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky blood vessels LASIK: laser to correct errors of refraction by sculpting the cornea Treatment (cont'd) Phacoemulsification: ultrasound to break up lens for aspiration for cataract removal Vitrectomy: removal of vitreous and replacing it with a clear solution Pituitary Function Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) Prolactin (PRL) Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) Oxytocin (OT) The Ear ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Outer ear receives sound waves. Sound waves travel to middle ear. Sound vibrations reach inner ear (labyrinth). Male Testes Hormone: testosterone,Maintains germ cell formation and secondary sexual characteristics Female Ovaries Hormones: estrogen and progesterone Maintains menstrual cycle, release of ovum, secondary sexual characteristics, preparation of uterus for pregnancy Ear Anatomy and Physiology Outer ear Pinna or auricle: projecting flap External auditory meatus (auditory canal) Middle ear Tympanic membrane (eardrum) Malleus Incus Stapes Oval window Inner ear: labyrinth Cochlea Auditory nerve fibers Balance and equilibrium Vestibule Semicircular canals QUICK QUIZ: The outer section of each adrenal gland is the .... adrenal medulla adrenal cortex adrenaline adrenocorticotropic hormone Correct answer is B: adrenal cortex What is the snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear that contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells? pinna auricle ossicle cochlea Correct answer is D: cochlea QUICK QUIZ: (cont'd) Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.... luteinizing hormone (LH) estrodoil oxytocin prolactin Correct answer is A: luteinizing hormone (LH). Terminology COMBINING FORMS acous/o hearing audi/o hearing audit/o hearing aur/o ear auricul/o ear cochle/o cochlea mastoid/o mastoid process COMBINING FORMS myring/o eardrum, tympanic membrane ossicul/o ossicle ot/o ear salping/o Eustachian tube staped/o stapes tyman/o eardrum, tympanic membrane vestibul/o vestibule SUFFIXES -acusis or-cusis hearing -meter instrument for measure -otia ear condition Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology GLANDS aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes) pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid gland GLANDS pituitar/o pituitary gland; hypophysis thyr/o thyroid gland thyroid/o thyroid gland RELATED FORMS andr/o male calc/o, calici/o calcium cortic/o cortex, outer region crin/o secrete dips/o thirst estr/o female gluc/o, glyc/o sugar GLANDS home/o sameness hormon/o hormone kal/I potassium (an electrolyte) lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte) GLANDS phys/o growing somat/o body ster/o solid structure toc/o childbirth toxic/o position ur/o urine SUFFIXES -agon assemble, gather together -emia blood condition -in, -ine a substance -tropin stimulating the function of -uria urine condition PREFIXES eu- good, normal hyper- excessive, above hypo- deficient, below oxy- rapid, sharp, acid pan- all tetra- four tri three Symptoms and Pathologic Conditions Acoustic neuroma: benign tumor arising from 8th cranial nerve, causes tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness, and decreased hearing Cholesteatoma: skin cells and cholesterol in a sac in the middle ear (cyst-like mass associated with chronic infections) Deafness: loss of ability to hear Ménière disease: disorder of labyrinth with elevated endolymph pressure in cochlea and semicircular canals causing tinnitus, sensitivity to sound, progressive hearing loss, headache, nausea, and vertigo Otitis media: inflammation of middle ear Otosclerosis: hardening of bony tissue in labyrinth Tinnitus: sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in ears Vertigo: sensation of irregular motion (whirling) from disease of inner ear or nerve carrying messages from semicircular canals Clinical Procedures Audiometry: audiometer is an electric device to determine hearing loss by frequency Cochlear implant: Surgically implanted device allowing sensorineural hearing-impaired persons to understand speech Ear thermometry: body temperature measured with infrared radiation from the eardrum Otoscopy: visual examination of ear with small, hand-held scope Tuning fork test Rinne: hearing test using a vibrating fork against the mastoid bone (bone conduction) and in front of the auditory meatus (air conduction) Weber: fork is placed on the center of the forehead; normal hearing has equal loudness in both ears.

Ch 9 Male Reproductive System Question Answer The male gonad testis a gland below the bladder and surrounding the urethra prostate tissue that produces sperm cells seminiferous tubules hair-like tail region of the sperm is called the ? flagellum tube that leads from the epididymis to the urethra vas deferens foreskin, aka..? prepuce male castration would result from which type of operation? bilateral orchiectomy (removal of both testes) inflammation of the glans penis balanitis a chancre is the primary lesion in which of disease conditon? syphilis testosterone is an ? androgen testosterone is produced by interstitial cells of the testes (interstitial cells produce cells pertinent to the organ of function) medical term for the condition of undescended testicles cryptorchism (crypt means hidden) benign prostatic hyperplasia is characterized by overgrowth of glandular tissue seminoma is a type of ? testicular cancer sterilization procedure (in males) vasectomy the sac containing the male gonad scrotum congenital condition of the male urethra hypospadias parenchymal tissue in the testes seminiferous tubules (tissue that is essential to the function of a particular organ) congenital absence of a testicle anorchism a "spermolytic" stubstance would... ? destroy sperm cells orchiopexy fixation of an undescended testicle (performed to bring undescended testes into the scrotum) swollen, twisted veins (varicies) near the testes varicocele nongonococcal urethritis is most often called by ? (hint: "nongonococcal" - eliminates gonorrhea) chlamydial infection benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH is not an STI BPH is not an STI to tie off or bind ligation removal of a piece of vas deferens vasectomy orchiectomy castration removal of the prepuce circumcision destruction of tissue by freezing cryosurgery pus-filled purulent test of fertility (reproductive ability) semen analysis ejection of sperm and fluid from the ruethra ejaculation treatment for condition of carcinoma of the prostate gland radical prostatectomy (removes entire prostate) treatment for condition of cryptorchism failure to descend, requires orchiopexy to move testes to scrotum) procedure to cause sterilization (hormones remain) vasectomy benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH surgical treatment by transurethral resection of the prostate reversal of sterilization vasovasostomy treatment by removal of swollen twisted veins near the testes is called a... ? varicocelectomy treatment for condition of abnormal fluid collection in scrotum requires a hydrocelectomy treatment for seminoma malignant neoplasm of the testis, requires bilateral orchiectomy (removal of both testes) treatment for condition of phimosis tight foreskin, requires circumcision to correct

Chapter 18 Question Answer 35) Develops and maintains female sex characteristics Estradiol 34) Helps transport glucose to cells and decreases blood sugar Insulin 33) Increases blood sugar Cortisol 32) Stimulates secretion of hormons from adrenal cortex ACTH 31) Increases reabsorption of sodium by kidney tubules aldosterone 30) Raises blood clacium parathyroid hormone 29) increases metabolism in body cells thyroxine 28) stimulates water reabsorption by kidney tubules; decreases urine ADH 27) Promotes growth and maintainence of male sex characteristics testosterone 26) Sympathomimetic; elevates heart rate, blood pressure epinephrine 25) Administration of a radioactive compound and visualization with a scanner to detect tumors or nodules Thyroid Scan (which is a description of a thyroid scan) 24) Defective cartliage formation that affects bone growth Achondroplasia (which is a description of achondroplasia) 23) secondary complications of diabetes mellitus neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy are associated with diabetes mellitus 22) Characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin production) Little or no insulin is produced 21) Natr/o is the combining form of what substance? SODIUM 20) Tetany is? constant muscle contraction 19) Exophthalmos is a symptom of which endocrine disorder? Graves Disease 18) Enlargement of the thyroid gland Goiter 17) Thyrotoxicosis; hyper secretion of the thyroid gland Graves Disease 16) Post-puberty hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland Acromegaly (post puberty) 15) Advanced hypothroidism in adulthood Myxedema 14) A group of symptoms produced by excess of cortisol from the adrenal cortex Cushing Syndrome 13) Insulin deficiency or resistance leads to hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis Diabetes Mellitus 12) Kali/ is the combining form for which substance? Potassium (K) 11) Excessive deelopment of mammary tissue in a male Gynecomastia 10) Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Gonadotropins (description of) 9) hormone secreted by the ovary and adrenal cortex? Estrogen 8) Element that is present in thyroxine IODINE 7) An example of an electrolyte Sodium (also Potassium and Chloride) 6) which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones? Cortisone 5) Which hormone regulates calcium in the blood and bones? Parathyroid hormone 4) Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas? INSULIN 3) Which gland secretes cortisol? Adrenal cortex 2) Another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Adenohypophysis 1) which gland secretes thyroxine? Thyroid gland Question Answer aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands gonad/o sex glands pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid gland pituitar/o pituitary gland, hypophysis thyr/o thyroid gland thyroid/o thyroid gland andr/o male calc/o, calci/o calcium cortic/o cortex, outer region crin/o secrete dips/o third estr/o female gluc/o sugar glyc/o sugar home/o sameness hormon/o hormone kal/i potassium (an electrolyte) lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte) phys/o growing somat/o body ster/o solid structure toc/o childbirth toxic/o position ur/o urine -agon assemble, gather together -emia blood condition -in, -ine a substance -tropin stimulating the function of (to turn or act on) -uria urine condition eu- good, normal hyper- excessive; above hypo- deficient; below; under; less than normal oxy- rapid, sharp, acid pan- all tetra- four tri- three COMBINING FORMS acous/o hearing ambly/o dull, dim aque/o water audi/o hearing audit/o hearing aur/o ear NG FORMS auricul/o ear blephar/o eyelid conjunctiv/o conjunctiva cor/o pupil corne/o cornea cycl/o ciliary body COMBINING FORMS dacry/o tears dipl/o double glauc/o gray ir/o iris irid/o iris kerat/o cornea lacrim/o tears COMBINING FORMS mastoid/o mastoid process mi/o smaller, less mydr/o widen, enlarge myring/o eardrum nyct/o night ocul/o eye COMBINING FORMS ophthalm/o eye opt/o eye optic/o eye ossicul/o ossicle palpebr/o eyelid papill/o optic disc phac/o lens of the eye COMBINING FORMS phak/o lens of the eye phot/o light presby/o old age pupill/o pupil retin/o retina salpin/o Eustachian tube scler/o sclera (white of eye COMBINING FORMS scot/o darkness staped/o stapes tympan/o eardrum uve/o uvea vestibul/o vestibule vitre/o glassy xer/o dry SUFFIXES -acusis hearing -cusis hearing -meter instrument for measure -metry process of measurement -opia vision SUFFIXES -opsia vision -otia ear condition -phobia fear -plegic paralysis; palsy -tropia to turn Introduction Endocrine System (cont'd) ENDOCRINE glands— Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream EXOCRINE glands— Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the QUICK QUIZ: What is the soft, jellylike material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball? sclera vitreous humor aqueous humor fovea centralis Correct answer is B: vitreous humor Endocrine Glands thyroid gland parathyroid glands (four glands) adrenal glands (one pair) pancreas (islets of Langerhans) pituitary gland ovaries (one pair) testes (one pair) pineal gland thymus gland Terminology STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS aque/o water blephar/o eyelid conjunctiv/o conjunctiva cor/o pupil corne/o cornea cycl/o ciliary body STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS dacry/o tears, tear duct ir/o iris irid/o iris kerat/o cornea lacrim/o tears ocul/o eye STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS ophthalm/o eye opt/o eye, vision optic/o eye, vision palpebr/o eyelid papill/o optic disc phac/o lens of the eye STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS phak/o lens of the eye pupill/o pupil retin/o retina scler/o sclera (white of the eye) uve/o uvea vitre/o glassy CONDITIONS ambly/o dull, dim dipl/o double glauc/o gray mi/o smaller, less mydr/o widen, enlarge nyct/o night CONDITIONS phot/o light presby/o old age scot/o darkness xer/o dry CONDITIONS -opia vision -opsia vision -tropia to turn Thyroid Function There are two hormones: thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate. Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone. QUICK QUIZ: Which term means inflammation of the eyelid? ophthalmoplegia keratitis blepharitis blepharoptosis Correct Answer is C: blepharitis Parathyroid Function Parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream Errors of Refraction Astigmatism: defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye Hyperopia: farsightedness Myopia: nearsightedness Presbyopia: impairment of vision due to old age reducing lens accommodation Adrenal Glands: Location and Structure Each gland has two parts an outer portion, the adrenal cortex Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol an inner portion, adrenal medulla Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids Abnormal Conditions (cont'd) Chalazion: small, hard, cystic mass on eyelid; formed as a result of chronic inflammation of sebaceous gland along margin of eyelid Diabetic retinopathy - retinal effects caused by diabetes mellitus include: microaneurysms hemorrhages dilation of retinal veins neovascularization Function: Adrenal Cortex Secretes Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone). Influences—SUGAR Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences—SALT Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences—SEX Hordeolum (stye): staph infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid Macular degeneration: progressive damage to the macular of the retina Nystagmus: repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes. Strabismus: abnormal deviation of the eye Function Adrenal Medulla Secretes Two types of catecholamine hormones Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure. Both are sympathomimetic agents. Abnormal Conditions (cont'd) Retinal detachment: two layers of the retina separate from each other Photopsia: bright flashes of light Floaters: vitreous clumps of retina Scleral buckle: belt to buckle retina to sclera Pneumatic retinopexy: gas bubble injected in vitreous cavity to help reattach retina Pancreas Function Endocrine function islets of Langerhans produce: Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down Diagnostic Procedures Fluorescein angiography: dye injection to examine blood flow in the retina Ophthalmoscopy: visual examination of eye interior through dilated pupil Slit lamp microscopy: magnified view of expanded number of eye structures Pituitary Gland Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) Hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones) Treatment Enucleation: removal of entire eyeball Laser photocoagulation: Argon laser creates inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky blood vessels LASIK: laser to correct errors of refraction by sculpting the cornea Treatment (cont'd) Phacoemulsification: ultrasound to break up lens for aspiration for cataract removal Vitrectomy: removal of vitreous and replacing it with a clear solution Pituitary Function Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) Prolactin (PRL) Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) Oxytocin (OT) The Ear ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Outer ear receives sound waves. Sound waves travel to middle ear. Sound vibrations reach inner ear (labyrinth). Male Testes Hormone: testosterone,Maintains germ cell formation and secondary sexual characteristics Female Ovaries Hormones: estrogen and progesterone Maintains menstrual cycle, release of ovum, secondary sexual characteristics, preparation of uterus for pregnancy Ear Anatomy and Physiology Outer ear Pinna or auricle: projecting flap External auditory meatus (auditory canal) Middle ear Tympanic membrane (eardrum) Malleus Incus Stapes Oval window Inner ear: labyrinth Cochlea Auditory nerve fibers Balance and equilibrium Vestibule Semicircular canals QUICK QUIZ: The outer section of each adrenal gland is the .... adrenal medulla adrenal cortex adrenaline adrenocorticotropic hormone Correct answer is B: adrenal cortex What is the snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear that contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells? pinna auricle ossicle cochlea Correct answer is D: cochlea QUICK QUIZ: (cont'd) Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.... luteinizing hormone (LH) estrodoil oxytocin prolactin Correct answer is A: luteinizing hormone (LH). Terminology COMBINING FORMS acous/o hearing audi/o hearing audit/o hearing aur/o ear auricul/o ear cochle/o cochlea mastoid/o mastoid process COMBINING FORMS myring/o eardrum, tympanic membrane ossicul/o ossicle ot/o ear salping/o Eustachian tube staped/o stapes tyman/o eardrum, tympanic membrane vestibul/o vestibule SUFFIXES -acusis or-cusis hearing -meter instrument for measure -otia ear condition Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and Terminology GLANDS aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes) pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid gland GLANDS pituitar/o pituitary gland; hypophysis thyr/o thyroid gland thyroid/o thyroid gland RELATED FORMS andr/o male calc/o, calici/o calcium cortic/o cortex, outer region crin/o secrete dips/o thirst estr/o female gluc/o, glyc/o sugar GLANDS home/o sameness hormon/o hormone kal/I potassium (an electrolyte) lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte) GLANDS phys/o growing somat/o body ster/o solid structure toc/o childbirth toxic/o position ur/o urine SUFFIXES -agon assemble, gather together -emia blood condition -in, -ine a substance -tropin stimulating the function of -uria urine condition PREFIXES eu- good, normal hyper- excessive, above hypo- deficient, below oxy- rapid, sharp, acid pan- all tetra- four tri three Symptoms and Pathologic Conditions Acoustic neuroma: benign tumor arising from 8th cranial nerve, causes tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness, and decreased hearing Cholesteatoma: skin cells and cholesterol in a sac in the middle ear (cyst-like mass associated with chronic infections) Deafness: loss of ability to hear Ménière disease: disorder of labyrinth with elevated endolymph pressure in cochlea and semicircular canals causing tinnitus, sensitivity to sound, progressive hearing loss, headache, nausea, and vertigo Otitis media: inflammation of middle ear Otosclerosis: hardening of bony tissue in labyrinth Tinnitus: sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in ears Vertigo: sensation of irregular motion (whirling) from disease of inner ear or nerve carrying messages from semicircular canals Clinical Procedures Audiometry: audiometer is an electric device to determine hearing loss by frequency Cochlear implant: Surgically implanted device allowing sensorineural hearing-impaired persons to understand speech Ear thermometry: body temperature measured with infrared radiation from the eardrum Otoscopy: visual examination of ear with small, hand-held scope Tuning fork test Rinne: hearing test using a vibrating fork against the mastoid bone (bone conduction) and in front of the auditory meatus (air conduction) Weber: fork is placed on the center of the forehead; normal hearing has equal loudness in both ears. Which term means surgical excision of the adrenal gland (specifically)? adenectomy adrenopathy adrenalectomy pancreatectomy Correct answer is C: adrenalectomy specifically means excision of the adrenal gland. Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium? hyperkalemia hypocalcemia hypercalciuria hypokalemia Correct answeris D: hypokalemia ... Pathology—Thyroid Gland Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid Hypersecretion Hyperthyroidism Graves' disease Exophthalmos and proptosis Hyposecretion Hypothyroidism Myxedema Cretinism Neoplasms Thyroid carcinoma ... Pathology—Parathyroid Hypersecretion Hyperparathyroidism Loss of bone density Kidney stones Hypercalcemia Hyposecretion Hypoparathyroidism Muscle and nerve weakness Tetany Hypocalcemia ... Pathology—Adrenal Cortex Hypersecretion adrenal virilism amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening Cushing syndrome Obesity, moonface, thoracic fat deposition Hyposecretion Addison disease Deficient mineral-and gluco-corticoids, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure ... Pathology—Adrenal Medulla Hypersecretion Pheochromocytoma Benign tumor of adrenal medulla Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine Hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms ... Pathology—Pancreas Hypersecretion Hyperinsulinism Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting Hyposecretion Diabetes mellitus Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells Type 1 : childhood onset, typically Type 2 : adult onset, typically ... Pathology Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe) Hypersecretion acromegaly gigantism Hyposecretion dwarfism panhypopituitarism ... Pathology Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe) Hypersecretion Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) Excess ADH Excess water retention Hyposecretion Diabetes insipidus Deficient ADH Polyuria and polydipsia ... Laboratory Tests Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours Serum and urine tests Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc., in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function Thyroid function tests Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream ... Clinical Procedures exophthalmometry computed tomography (CT) scan magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) thyroid scan ultrasound examination ... Review Sheet (cont'd) aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands andr/o male calc/o, calici/o calcium cortic/o cortex, outer region COMBINING FORMS crin/o secrete dips/o third estr/o female gluc/o, glyc/o sugar gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes) home/o sameness COMBINING FORMS hormon/o hormone kal/i potassium (an electrolyte) insulin/o insulin lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte) COMBINING FORMS pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid gland phys/o growing pituitar/o pituitary gland; or hypophysis somat/o body ster/o solid structure COMBINING FORMS thyr/o thyroid gland thyroid/o thyroid gland toc/o childbirth toxic/o position ur/o urine SUFFIXES -agon assemble, gather together -emia blood condition -in, -ine a substance -tropin stimulating the function of -uria urine condition PREFIXES eu- good, normal hyper- excessive, above hypo- deficient, below oxy- rapid, sharp, acid pan- all tetra- four tri- three ... What is the pathologic condition in which enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty? Addison disease acromegaly Cushing syndrome Graves disease Correct answeris B: Acromegaly. See p. 746 in 8e for more information.

Ch 1 comb forms/suffixes/prefixes Question Answer aden/o gland arthr/o joint bi/o life carcin/o cancerous, cancer cardi/o heart cephal/o head cerebr/o cerebrum (largest part of the brain) cis/o to cut crin/o to secrete (to form and give off) cyst/o urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst (sac containing fluid) cyt/o cell derm/o, dermat/o skin electr/o electricity encephal/o brain enter/o intestines (usually the small intestine) erythr/o red gastr/o stomach gnos/o knowledge gynec/o woman, female hemat/o, hem/o blood hepat/o liver iatr/o treatment, physician leuk/o white nephr/o kidney neur/o nerve onc/o tumor ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone path/o disease ped/o child psych/o mind radi/o x-rays ren/o kidney rhin/o nose sarc/o flesh sect/o to cut thromb/o clot, clotting ur/o urinary tract, urine -ac pertaining to -al pertaining to -algia pain -cyte cell -ectomy excision, removal -emia blood condition -genic pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in -globin protein -gram record -ic, -ical pertaining to -ion process -ist specialist -itis inflammation -logy process of study -oma tumor, mass, swelling -opsy process of viewing -osis condition, usually abnormal (slight increase in numbers when used with blood cells) -pathy disease condition -scope instrument to visually examine -scopy process of visually examining with an endoscope -sis state of; condition -tomy process of cutting, incision -y process, condition a-, an- no, not, without aut-, auto- self, own dia- through, complete end-, endo- within epi- above, upon ex- out exo- outside of, outward hyper- excessive, above, more than normal hypo- deficient, below, under, less than normal in- into, in peri- surrounding, around pro- before, forward re- back, backward, again retro- behind sub- below, under trans- across, through Ch 1 Basic Word Structure What is a ... ? answer Gastrectomy Gastric resection (-tomy = to resect, remove) (gastr/o = stomach) Osteitis Inflammation of a bone (-itis = inflammation, oste/o = bone) Cystoscopy visual examination of the urinary bladder (-scopy = visually examine, -cyst/o = urinary bladder) Hepatoma Tumor of the liver (-oma = tumor, hepat/o = liver) iatrogenic pertaining to produced by treatment (-ic = pertaining to, gen = produce or create, iatr/o = treatment, physican electroencephalogram record of electricity in the brain (-gram = record, electro- = electricity, -en = inside, cephal/o = brain) diagnosis is made on the basis of complete knowledge about the patient's condition (-is = condition, dia- = through and complete, gnos/o = knowledge) cancerous tumor carcinoma (-oma = tumor, carcin/o = cancer) microscopic examination of living tissue biopsy (-opsy = process of viewing, bi/o = life pertaining to the brain cerebral (-al = pertaining to, cerebr/o = brain) removal of a gland adenectomy (-ectomy = resection, remove) (aden/o = gland) decrease in numbers of red blood cells anemia (-emia = abnormal blood condition, an- = no, none) "no blood" (less than normal levels of RBC Pathologist One who performs autopsies and reads biopsies (-logist = specialized study, path/o = disease) arthralgia pain in a joint (-algia = pain, arthr/o = joint) increase in numbers of malignant white blood cells Leukemia (-emia = abnormal blood condition, leuk/o = white) Instrument - to view the eye ophthalmoscope (note spelling opHth) -scope = instrument to visually examine, ophthalm/o = eye a platelet is a ... ? thrombocyte (-cyte = cell, thromb/o = clotting) abnormal condition of the mind psychosis (-osis = abnormal condition, psych/o = mind) inflammation of the nose rhinitis (-itis = inflammation, rhin/o = nose) cytology study of cells (-logy = study, cyt/o = cells) pertaining to - through the liver transhepatic (-ic = pertaining to, trans- = through, hepat/o = liver) nephrosis abnormal condition of the kidney (-osis = abnormal condition, nephr/o = kidney) osteotomy incision of a bone (-tomy = incision, oste/o = bone) hyperglycemia high level of sugar in the blood (-emia = abnormal blood condition, hyper- = more than normal or excessive, glyc/o = sugar) psych/o mind (example: psychosis) ophthalm/o eye (example: opthalmoscope) path/o disease (example: pathology) ren/o kidney (example: renal) rhin/o nose (example: rhinitis) radi/o x-ray (example: radiology) onc/o tumor (example: oncologist ) sarc/o flesh (example: sarcoma) - sarcomas are malignant. thromb/o clot, clotting (example: thrombocyte) ur/o urinary tract, urine (example: urology) oste/o bone (example: osteitis) sect/o to cut (example: resection)

Chpt 10 Nervous System Question Answer part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance cerebellum myoneural pertains to...? muscles and nerves acetylcholine is a ... ? neurotransmitter part of the nerve cell that first receives the nervous impluse is the dendrite elevated portions of the cerebral cortex are called Gyri causalgia burning sensation of pain a network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system Plexus portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, water balance, and boyd temp Hypothalamus glial cells Astrocytes space between nerve cells is called the synapse part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels medulla oblongata inability to speak aphasia "no speech" -phasia = speech collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord Cauda equina x-ray record of the spinal cord myelogram collection of blood within the meningeal layers subdural hematoma abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling (pins and needles) paresthesia inflammation of a sinal nerve root radiculitis a highly malignant brain tumor glioblastoma paralysis of four extremities Quadraplegia cerebral aneurysm, thrombosis, or hemorrhage can be the cause of cerebrovascular accident (STROKE) fainting syncope spina bifida is associated with meningomyelocele (mening/o, myel/o, cele) shuffling gait is a symptom of _____ disease? Parkinson Disease disorder of reading, writing, and learning is dyslexia condition of NO nervous sensation anesthesia (no pain, no feelings at all) three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord meninges microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell axon a large interlacing network of nerves plexus (plexuses) branching fiber that is the FIRST part of a neuron to receive a nervous impulse dendrite protective fatty tissue that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell myelin sheath collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord cauda equina glial cell that produces myelin oligodendroglia (scanty dendrites) outer region of the largest part of the brain; composed of gray matter cerebral cortex the _____ _____ nerve carries messages TOWARD the brain FROM receptors sensory nerve essential cell of the nervous system; a neuron parenchymal cell innermost meningeal membrane pia mater elevations in the cerebral cortex gyri acetylcholine is an example of this chemical released into a synapse neurotransmitter the _____ _____ contains cerebrospinal fluid subarachnoid space slow movement bradykinesia (kinesia = movement, brady = slow) increased nervous sensation hyperesthesia seizure of sleep narcolepsy movements and behavior are not purposeful apraxia fainting syncope burning pain causalgia no coordination ataxia (if you stumble, call a taxi) haha slight paralysis in half the body hemiparesis destruction of myelin sheath; replacement by plaques of hard scar tissue multiple sclerosis sudden, transient disturbances of brain function marked by seizures Epilepsy loss of muscle strength, breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter myasthenia gravis degeneration of nerves in the brain leading to tremors, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness - dopamine is deficient in the brain Parkinson disease deteoriation of mental capacity (dementia), cerebral cortex atrophy, microscopic neurofibrillary tangles Alzheimer disease Unilateral facial paralysis palsy (Bell Palsy) relieving but not curing pallative major convulsive epileptic seizure Tonic-Clonic Seizure peculiar symptoms appearing before more definite symptoms aura malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells glioblastoma multiforme interruption of blood supply to the cerebrum transient ischemic attack minor form of epileptic seizure absence seizure blockage occlusion neurotransmitter (type of) dopamine

Ch 2 The Body as a Whole describe answer Catabolism The process by which food is burned to release energy (-ism = process, cata- = down, bol/o = to cast, throw) endoplasmic reticulum part of the cell where formation of proteins occurs metabolism the sum of the chemical processes in a cell karyotype picture of nuclear structures arranged in numerical order part of the cell where catabolism primarily occurs mitochondria (engines of the) allows materials to pass into andout of the cell cell membrane genes are composed of ... ? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) diaphragm muscular wall separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities mediastinum the space in the chest - between - the lungs adipose means pertaining to Fat pharynx throat sarcoma MALIGNANT tumor of flesh tissue (-oma = tumor, sarc/o = flesh) craniotomy incision of the skull (-tomy = incision, crani/o = skull, cranium) a Histologist studies tissues (-logist = specialized study, hist/o = tissues) an epithelial cell is a(an)...? skin cell - also lines organs the pleural cavity is the space between the membranes around the lungs viscera YOUR GUTS!! Internal organs the pituitary gland is in which body cavity? cranial (base of skull) structure in the trachea larynx (voice box) the tailbone is the coccyx supine means Laying on the BACK the upper lateral regions of the abdomen, beneath the ribs, are the: Hypochondriac regions adipose tissue fat fat fatty fat fats pharynx throat ureter tube from the kidney to the urinary bladder cartilage flexible connective tissue at the joints pleura membrane surrounding the lungs urethra tube from the urinary bladder to outside of body larynx voice box trachea windpipe distal furthest from the point of attachment to the body (example: the distal end of the thigh bone (femur) joins with the knee cap) lateral alongside, same level. (example: the left lung lies lateral to the heart) sagittal lengthwise vertical plane divides body into left and right halves. (example: The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions) transverse Upper and Lower (example: the transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower portions) inferior (caudal) below another structure (example: the diaphragm lies inferior to the organs in the thoracic cavity) proximal nearest the point of attachment to the trunk (example: the proximal end of the humerus is at the shoulder) superior above another structure (example: the liver lies superior to the intestines ) vertebra backbone (plural; vertebrae) Ch 2 comb forms/suffixes/prefixes Question Answer abdomin/o abdomen adip/o fat anter/o front bol/o to cast (throw) cervic/o neck (of the body or of the uterus) chondr/o cartilage (type of connective tissue) chrom/o color coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone) crani/o skull cyt/o cell dist/o far, distant dors/o back portion of the body hist/o tissue ili/o ilium (part of the pelvic bone) inguin/o groin kary/o nucleus later/o side lumb/o lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis) medi/o middle nucle/o nucleus pelv/i pelvis poster/o back, behind proxim/o nearest sacr/o sacrum sarc/o flesh spin/o spine, backbone thel/o nipple thorac/o chest trache/o trachea, windpipe umbilic/o navel, umbilicus ventr/o belly side of the body vertebr/o vertebra(e), backbone(s) viscer/o internal organs ana- up cata- down epi- above hypo- below inter- between meta- change -eal pertaining to -iac pertaining to -ior pertaining to -ism process, condition -ose pertaining to, full of -plasm formation -somes bodies -type picture, classification

Chpt 11 Cardiovascular System Question Answer A blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs Pulmonary artery (this is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood) Contraction phase of the heartbeat systole Valve which is located between the left upper and lower chambers of the heart mitral valve (aka: bicuspid) sac-like membrane surrounding the heart pericardium sensitive tissue in the right atrium wall that begins the heartbeat Sinoatrial Node (SA node) Blood vessels branching from the aorta to carry oxygen-rich blood *to the heart muscle* coronary arteries disease of heart muscle cardiomyopathy phlebitis inflammation of a vein instrument to measure blood pressure sphygmomanometer (say: sphygmo - man - ometer) local widening of an artery aneurysm cyanosis (is characterized by) bluish coloration of the skin (cyan means blue) All of these (listed) are characteristic of ________? 1. Blood is "held back" from an area. 2. Can lead to myocardial infarction 3. Can be caused by thrombotic occulusion of a blood vessel. 4. May be the result of coronary artery disease. ischemia Angina is... ? chest pain (relieved with nitroglycerin) Cardiac arrhythmia (is called?) fibrilliation petechiae small, pinpoint hemorrhages click-murmur syndrome (is found with?) mitral valve prolapse (a valvular heart disorder in which one or both mitral valve flaps close incompletely during systole usually producing either a click or murmur) four separate congenital heart defects tetraology of Fallot (can you name them?) "patent" means...? open the cause of essential hypertension is idiopathic (essential/idopathic = unknown origin) "Digitalis" (is a type of ___ used to ___?) Drug, used to strengthen the heartbeat. CK, LD, and AST (SGOT) are all _______ _______? serum enzymes describe an ECHO test high frequency sound waves are transmitted into the chest incision of a vein (although, it's actually a puncture) phlebotomy (phleb/o = vein, -tomy = incision) A phlebotomy is the letting of blood for transfusion, apheresis, diagnostic testing, or experimental procedures (procedure to) remove plaque from an artery endarterectomy (surgical removal of the inner layer of an artery when thickened and atheromatous or occluded (as by intimal plaques) A Holter monitor is An EKG taken during daily activity smallest blood vessel capillary largest ARTERY in the body Aorta lower chambers of the heart ventricle(s) Valve between the RIGHT atrium and RIGHT ventricle Tricuspid valve Carries blood FROM the lungs TO the heart Pulmonary vein - the only vein which carries oxygenated blood. Brings blood TO the heart from UPPER parts of the body SUPERIOR Vena Cava upper chamber of the heart atrium (atria) Valve between the LEFT atrium and ventricle (is the?) Mitral Valve (bicuspid) carries blood TO the lungs FROM the heart Pulmonary Artery (the only artery which carries deoxygenated blood) small artery arteriole rapid but *regular* atrial or ventricular contractions flutter (the condition of) improper closure of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle during systole (is called a?) mitral valve prolapse (disease) blockage of the arteries surrounding the heart - leading to ischemia CAD - Coronary Artery Disease high blood pressure affecting the heart hypertensive heart disease congenital narrowing of large artery leading from the heart coarctation of the Aorta rapid, random, ineffectual, and irregular contractions of the heart Fibrillation inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood congestive heart failure congenital malformation involving four separate heart defects Tetralogy of Fallot (the act of) listening with a stethoscope (is called?) auscultation (steth/o = chest) lesions that form on heart valves after damage by infection vegetations petechiae small, pinpoint hemorrhages high blood pressure DUE TO kidney disease secondary hypertension ( cause is known) high blood pressure with *idiopathic* etiology (is known as?) essential hypertension (idiopathic means the cause is not known) local widening of an artery (is called an?) aneurysm pain, tension, and weakness in a limb after walking has begun claudication clots that travel to and suddenly block a vessel emboli (embolism) Describe Tetralogy of Fallot (not on study guide) 1. Pulmonary Artery Stenosis ----- 2. Ventricular septal defect ----- 3. Shift of the aorta to the right ----- 4. Hypertrophy of the right ventricle

Ch 3 comb forms/suffixes Question Answer abdomin/o abdomen acr/o extremities, top, extreme point acu/o sharp, severe, sudden aden/o gland adip/o fat amni/o amnion (sac surrounding the embryo in thhe uterus) angi/o vessel arteri/o artery arthr/o joint axill/o armpit bi/o life blephar/o eyelid bronch/o bronchial tubes carcin/o cancer cardi/o heart chem/o drug, chemical chondr/o cartilage chron/o time col/o colon (large intestine) cyst/o urinary bladder encephal/o brain erythr/o red hem/o blood hepat/o liver hydr/o water, fluid inguin/o groin isch/o to hold back lapar/o abdomen, abdominal wall laryng/o larynx (voice box) leuk/o white lymph/o lymph mamm/o breast mast/o breast morph/o shape, form muc/o mucus my/o muscle myel/o spinal cord, bone marrow necr/o death (of cells or whole body) nephr/o kidney neur/o nerve neutr/o neutrophil (a white blood cell) nucle/o nucleus ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone ot/o ear path/o disease peritone/o peritoneum phag/o to eat, swallow phleb/o vein plas/o formation, development pleur/o pleura (membrane surrounding lungs and adjacent to chest wall) pneumon/o lungs pulmon/o lungs radi/o x-rays rect/o rectum ren/o kidney rhin/o nose sarc/o flesh splen/o spleen staphyl/o clusters strept/o twisted chains thorac/o chest thromb/o clot tonsill/o tonsils trache/o trachea (windpipe) ven/o vein -algia pain -cele hernia -centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid -coccus (pl. -cocci) berry-shaped bacterium (pl. bacteria) -cyte cell -dynia pain -ectomy excision, removal, resection -emia blood condition -genesis condition of producing, forming -gram record -graph instrument for recording -graphy process of recording -itis inflammation -logy study of -lysis breakdown, destruction, separation -malacia softening -megaly enlargement -oma tumor, mass, collection of fluid -opsy to view -osis condition, usually abnormal -pathy disease condition -penia deficiency -phobia fear -plasia development, formation, growth -plasty surgical repair -ptosis drooping, sagging, prolapse -sclerosis hardening -scope instrument for visual examination -scopy process of visual examination (with an endoscope) -stasis stopping, controlling -stomy opening to form a mouth (stoma) -therapy treatment -tomy incision, cutting into -trophy development, nourishment -er one who -ia condition -ist specialist -ole little, small -ule little, small -um, -ium structure, tissue -us structure, substance -y condition, process -ac, -iac pertaining to -al pertaining to -ar pertaining to -ary pertaining to -eal pertaining to -genic pertaining to producing, produced by, or in -ic, -ical pertaining to -oid resembling -ose pertaining to, full of -ous pertaining to -tic pertaining to

Chpt 12 Respiratory System Question Answer tubes that bifurcate from the windpipe bronchi uppermost portion of the lung apex space between the lungs in the chest mediastinum nasopharyngeal lymphatic tissue adenoids pulmonary parenchyma alveoli and bronchioles removal of the voice box laryngectomy phren/o means diaphragm medical term for a condition of decreased oxygen in the blood hypoxemia (hypo- = decreased) Type of pneumoconiosis; dust particles are inhaled. (in this case, coal dust) asbestosis breathing is easier in an upright position orthopnea (orth/o = upright, -pnea = breathing) collection of pus in the pleural cavity pyothorax sharp, short blows to the surface of the chest percussion the "P" in DPT stands for Pertussis (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus) "stridor" occurs in which upper respiratory disorder? Croup. Acute viral infection in infants and children. difficult breathing dyspena bronchial airway obstruction marked by paroxysmal dyspnea, wheezing, and cough Asthma (also characterized by chronic inflammation, airway obstruction, bronchial edema, bronchial constriction, and mucus production. collapsed lung atelectasis (incomplete expansion) a-=not, tel/0= complete, -ectasis = expansion material is expelled from the lungs expectoration localized area of pus formation in the lungs pulmonary abscess (abscess = collection of pus) spitting up blood from the lungs hemoptysis (hemo = blood, -ptysis = spitting) tube is placed through the mouth to the trachea to establish an airway endotracheal intubation (endo-=inside, tracheal = pert to the trachea, intubation = placement of tube-in what is PPD? Purified Protein Derivative - substance used in a tuberculosis test. airway obstruction associated with emphysema and chronic bronchitis COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) An example of an endoscopic examination (for instance, the visual examination with a scope to view the bronchioles would be called a _____? Bronchoscopy (fiberoptic endoscope used to visually examine the bronchi) hypercapnia high carbon dioxide levels in the blood (hyper- = more, high level) (capn/o = Carbon Dioxide) (-ia = condition) branches of the windpipe that lead into the lungs are the bronchi the region between the lungs in the chest cavity is the mediastinum collections of lymph tissue in the oropharynx are the palatine tonsils (almond shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx) (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth) air sacs of the lung are called alveoli middle region where bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs is the ? hilum (hilar means pertaining to the hilium) the voice box larynx thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract cilia (the) air-containing cavities in the bones around the nose are (called) the? paranasal sinuses the lid-like piece of cartilage that overs the voice box is the epiglottis hyperinflation of air sacs with the destruction of alveolar walls emphysema inflammation of tubes leading from the trachea (over a long period of time) chronic bronchitis spasm and narrowing of bronchi leading to airway obstruction asthma lung or portion of a lung is collapsed atelectasis (condition of) malignant neoplasm originating in a bronchus (is called?) bronchogenic carcinoma "whooping cough"; bacterial infection of the pharynx pertussis tube is placed through the mouth into the trachea to establish an airway endotracheal intubation (name the procedure in which) radioactive material is injected or inhaled and images are recorded. V/Q (or Lung Scan) (the procedure of) taking x-rays after constrast is injected into blood vessels of the lungs is called ? pulmonary angiography opening into the trachea through the neck to establish an airway tracheostomy chest wall is punctured with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural space thoracentisis fluid is injected into the bronchi and then removed for examination brochioalveolar lavage inherited disease of exocrine glands, leading to airway obstruction cystic fibrosis

Chapter 4, Prefixes Word Meaning carp/o wrist bones cost/o rib cutane/o skin dactyl/o fingers, toes duct/o ducts or tubes flex/o to bend furc/o forking, branching gloss/o tongue glyc/o sugar immun/o protection morph/o shape, form mort/o death nat/i birth norm/o rule, order ox/o oxygen pub/o pubis (pubic bone) seps/o infection somn/o sleep son/o sound thyr/o thyroid gland top/o place, position tox/o poison urethr/o urethra -blast embryonic, immature -cyesis pregnancy -gen producing, forming -lapse to slide, fall, sag -meter to measure -mission to send -ore one who -partum birth, labor -phoria feeling -physis to grow -plasia, -plasm development, formation -pnea breathing -ptosis droop, sag -rrhea flow, discharge -stasis stop, control -trophy nourishment, development ab- away from ad- toward ante- before, forward anti- against auto- self, own bi- two brady- slow con- with, together contra- against, opposite de- down, lack of dia- through, complete dys- bad, painful ec-, ecto- out, outside eu- good, normal hemi- half infra- beneath inter- between macro- large mal- bad meta- beyond, change micro- small neo- new pan- all para- abnormal, beside, near per- through peri- surrounding poly- many, much post- after, behind pre- before, in front of pro- before, forward pseudo- false retro- behind, backward sub- under supra- above, upper syn-, sym- together, with tachy- fast trans- through ultra- beyond, excess uni- one Ch 4 Prefixes Question Answer intracostal pertaining to - between the ribs (-al = pertaining to, intra- = between, cost/o = ribs) contralateral pertaining to the opposite side (-al = pertaining to) exophthalamos protrusion of an eyeball syndactyly a congenital anomaly (congenital = present at birth) parasitism is an example of ... ? symbiosis symptoms precede an illness (like a fever, or rash) prodrome before meals ante cibum antibodies protein substances made by leukocytes (anti- = against) symphysis bones grow together, as in the pelvis ultrasonography sound waves and echoes are used to create an image metamorphosis change in shape or form hypertrophy increase in cell size, increased development (-trophy = development) hyperglycemia excessive sugar in the blood retroperitoneal behind the abdomen (retro- = back, behind) (peri = around, surrounding) streptococci is an example of an ...? antigen return of disease symptoms relapse dia- complete, through (as in Diagnosis) abductor muscle Ab ("b" faces away) carries a limb AWAY from the body adductor muscle Ad ("d" faces toward) pulls limb TOWARD the body. dyspnea difficult breathing (pnea = breathing, dys- = difficult) Brady- slow Tachycardia rapid heartbeat (cardia = heartbeat, tachy- = rapid or fast) parathyroid glands located on the dorsal side of an endocrine gland in the neck (the thyroid gland) para = near Recombinant DNA gene from one organism is inserted (recombined) into another organism epithelium Skin cells. Surface cells that line internal organs and found in the skin. percutaneous through the skin anoxia condition of no oxygen antisepsis against infection congenital anomaly irregularity present at birth (such as ... born with webbed toes) antepartum before birth apnea not breathing contralateral pertaining to opposite side metamorphosis condition of change of shape or form malaise vague feeling of bodily discomfort pancytopenia deficiency of ALL blood cells metasasis spread of a cancerous tumor to a secondary organ or tissue exophthalmos eyeballs that bulge outward paralysis loss of movement in muscles prodrome symptoms that appear before an illness (such as a rash or fever) remission symptoms lessen relapse disease or symptoms return webbed fingers or toes syndactyly neoplasm new growth (tumor)

Chpt 13 Blood System Question Answer white blood cell with reddish granules, numbers INCREASE in allergic reactions eosinopohil Protein threads that form the basis of a clot FIBRIN are protein "threads" formed from fibrogen. (Don't confuse with platelets which are thrombin "cells") Method of separating plasma proteins by electrical charge Electrophoresis foreign material that invades the body antigens pigment produced from hemogloblin when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis) bilirubin an undifferentiated blood cell is called an Hematopoetic stem cell (when stem cells have not yet changed into mature forms they are are categorized "diffrentiated") anticoagulant found in the blood heparin - the body's natural anticoagulant a disorder of Red Blood Cell MORPHOLOGY is Poikilocytosis (abnormally formed red blood cells characteristic of various anemias) Deficiency in numbers of white blood cells (in this case, a deficiency of neutrophils) neutropenia an immature red blood cell is a...? erythroblast (erythr/o = red, -blast = immature cell) derived from bone marrow myeloid (myel = bone marrow, -oid = derived/resembling) Breakdown of recipient's red blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed hemolysis (hemo = blood, -lysis) NAME THAT ANEMIA! Sideropenia occurs, causing deficient production of hemoglobin. iron-deficiency anemia (sideropenia - low iron anemia) NAME THAT ANEMIA! Reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction. hemolytic anemia (hemo = blood, -lytic = pert to breakdown/separation/destruction) NAME THAT ANEMIA! Failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow. APLASTIC ANEMIA - (aplastic = not exhibiting growth or change in structure)(anemia = a condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume) NAME THAT ANEMIA! Inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin. Thalassemia (aka: Mediterranean anemia ) NAME THAT ANEMIA! Lack of mature red cells - due to - inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body Pernicious Anemia (pernicious = highly injurous or destructive) excessive deposits of iron throughout the body hemochromatosis (hem/o = blood, chromat/o = colored, -osis = abnormal condition) symptoms of pallor, shortness of breath, infection, bleeding gums, predominance of immature and abnormally functioning leukocytes, and low numbers of mature neutrophils in a young child may indicate a likely diagnosis of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (aka: ALL) marked by an abnormal increase in the number of lymphoblasts, characterized by rapid onset and progression of symptoms on front flap of this flashcard. Excessive bleeding caused by congenital lack of factor VIII or IX Hemophilia (hem/o = blood, -philiac = pert to a "tendency" toward) Hemophiliac - tends to bleed. venous blood is clotted in a test tube to measure...? coagulation time (15-20 minutes is the normal range) Sample of blood is spun in a test tube so that red cells fall to the bottom and percentage of RBCs is taken Hematocrit (hemat/o = blood, -crit = count/judge/guage) blood smear is examined to determine the shape or form (morphology) of cells. Red blood cell morphology (study of shape/change) leukocytes are stained and counted under a microscope to see numbers of mature and immature forms WBC differential (differential is the change which occurs as cells mature from their immature forms) venous blood is collected; anti-coagulant added and the distance cells FALL in period of time is determined in this test... sedimentation rate A "Red Blood Cell" erythrocyte (erythr/o = red, -cyte = cell) (type of cell) "white blood cell; phagocyte, and is a precursor of a macrophage" monocyte (mon/o = one, single) (-cyte = cell, in this case, the nucleus) term meaning "thrombocyte" platelet term meaning "bone marrow cell; gives rise to many types of blood cells" Hematopoietic Stem Cell term meaning "leukocyte formed in lymph tissue; produces antibodies LYMPHOcyte (produced in Lymph tissues) term meaning "leukocyte with dense, REDDISH granules; associated with ALLERGIC reactions Esinophil(s) term meaning "leukocyte (poly) formed in bone marrow and having NEUTRAL-staining granules Neutrophil(s) term meaning "leukocyte whose granules have an affinity for BASIC stain; releases histamine and heparin Basophil(s) concerning blood cells, this is a term for "irregularity in shape" poikilocytosis deficiency in numbers of RBCs erythrocytopenia (erythr/o = red, cyt/o = cell, -penia = deficiency) reduction of hemoglobin ("color") Hypochromic (hypo- = decreased, chrom/o = color, -ic = pert to.) increase in numbers of SMALL cells Microcytosis (micro = small, cytosis = condition of cells) erythremia (characterized by an increase in total blood volume and viscosity and typically accompanied by nosebleed, headache, dizziness, weakness, etc) polycythemia vera increase in numbers of LARGE cells macrocytosis (macro- = large, cytosis = condition of cells) formation of red cells (as from the bone marrow) erythropoiesis (erythr/o = red, -poiesis = formation) destruction of red cells hemolysis (hem/o = blood, -lysis = destruction / separation / breakdown relieving, but not curing pallative deficiency of ALL blood cells pancytopenia (pan- = all, cyt/o = cell, -penia = deficiency) increase in numbers of granulocytes; seen in allergic conditions eosinophilia (eosin/o - red, dawn, rosy) (-philia = attraction, tendency, increase in cells) symptoms of disease return is called _______? relapse MULTIPLE pinpoint hemorrhages (multiple petechiae formations) purpura (characterized by patches of purplish discoloration resulting from extravasation of blood into the skin and mucous membranes) the separation of blood into it's components is called ? apheresis (-apheresis = removal, carry away), usually termed as plasmapheresis symptoms of disease disappear the patient is in ______? remission A stained blood smear is examined to determine the shape of individual red blood cells, this test/exam is called...? RBC Morphology this test measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood hematocrit this test determines the number of clotting cells per cubic millimeter platelet count (this tests the) Ability of venous blood to clot in a test tube Coagulation Time (this test) Measures the speed at which erythrocytes SETTLE outside of plasma Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (this test) Determines the numbers of different types of WBCs the WBC Differential (this test) Determines the presence of antibodies in infants of Rh-negative women or patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia COOMBS TEST (this procedure employs) Undifferentiated blood cells from a donor, infused into a patient being treated for leukemia or aplastic anemia Hematopoietic stem cell transplant The time it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding is called ? bleeding time test (procedure where a) Needle is introduced into the bone marrow cavity, and a small amount of marrow is aspirated and then examined under the microscope Bone Marrow Biopsy (procedure where) Blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient Autologous Transfusion

Ch 4 Prefixes Question Answer intracostal pertaining to - between the ribs (-al = pertaining to, intra- = between, cost/o = ribs) contralateral pertaining to the opposite side (-al = pertaining to) exophthalamos protrusion of an eyeball syndactyly a congenital anomaly (congenital = present at birth) parasitism is an example of ... ? symbiosis symptoms precede an illness (like a fever, or rash) prodrome before meals ante cibum antibodies protein substances made by leukocytes (anti- = against) symphysis bones grow together, as in the pelvis ultrasonography sound waves and echoes are used to create an image metamorphosis change in shape or form hypertrophy increase in cell size, increased development (-trophy = development) hyperglycemia excessive sugar in the blood retroperitoneal behind the abdomen (retro- = back, behind) (peri = around, surrounding) streptococci is an example of an ...? antigen return of disease symptoms relapse dia- complete, through (as in Diagnosis) abductor muscle Ab ("b" faces away) carries a limb AWAY from the body adductor muscle Ad ("d" faces toward) pulls limb TOWARD the body. dyspnea difficult breathing (pnea = breathing, dys- = difficult) Brady- slow Tachycardia rapid heartbeat (cardia = heartbeat, tachy- = rapid or fast) parathyroid glands located on the dorsal side of an endocrine gland in the neck (the thyroid gland) para = near Recombinant DNA gene from one organism is inserted (recombined) into another organism epithelium Skin cells. Surface cells that line internal organs and found in the skin. percutaneous through the skin anoxia condition of no oxygen antisepsis against infection congenital anomaly irregularity present at birth (such as ... born with webbed toes) antepartum before birth apnea not breathing contralateral pertaining to opposite side metamorphosis condition of change of shape or form malaise vague feeling of bodily discomfort pancytopenia deficiency of ALL blood cells metasasis spread of a cancerous tumor to a secondary organ or tissue exophthalmos eyeballs that bulge outward paralysis loss of movement in muscles prodrome symptoms that appear before an illness (such as a rash or fever) remission symptoms lessen relapse disease or symptoms return webbed fingers or toes syndactyly neoplasm new growth (tumor)

Chpt 14 Lymphatic & Immune Systems Question Answer 1) Formation of lymph lymphopoiesis 2) interstitial fluid (contains, or is...) found in spaces between cells, becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries 3 ) All of the following are part of the immune system except : Lymphocytes, Platelets, Monocytes, Phagocytes, Antibodies Platelets (are not part of the immune system) 4 ) All of the following describe areas of lymph node concentration except: inguinal, axillary, bone marrow, mediastinal, cervical bone marrow (is not an area of lymph node concentration) 5) B cells, plasma cells, and antibodies are part of Humoral immunity 6) Helper or suppressor cells are types of T Cells 7) Examples of immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgE 8) Oropharyngeal lymph tissue tonsils 9) Mediastinal T Cell producer thymus 10) Nasopharyngeal lymph tissue adenoids 11) Abdominal organ that filters erythro-cytes and activates lymphocytes spleen 12) Produces lymphocytes and monocytes - and all other blood cells bone marrow 13) Cytotoxic cells are .. T Cell lymphocytes 14) Interferons and interleukins are antiviral proteins produced by T cell lymphocytes 15) slight increase in numbers of lymphocytes (is called?) lymphocytosis 16) pertaining to poison "toxic" 17) computerized x-ray imaging in the transverse plane CT Scan 18) HIV is ... ? the virus that... the virus that causes AIDS 19) (this disease, characterized by) malignant tumor of lymph nodes Hodgkin disease 20) Viral infection causing blisters on skin of lips, nose, or genitals herpes simplex 21) cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries, producing bluish-red skin nodules Kaposi sarcoma 22) Major lung infection with fever, cough, chest pain and sputum. Treatment is with Bactrim Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 23) Protozoan (parasitic) infection associated with AIDS. Produces pneumonitis, hepatitis, and encephalitis toxoplasmosis 24) fungal infection associated with AIDS. Involves brain and meninges, lungs and skin: cryptococcosis 25) "atopy" is a hypersensitivity or allergic state 26) T cell lymphocytes that inhibit the activity of B cell lymphocytes supressor T cells 27) Antibodies -- IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD immunoglobulins 28) T cell lymphocytes, stimulate antibody productions; T4 cells helper T cells 29) poisons (antigens) toxins 30) T cell lymphocytes; "killer cells", T8 cells cytotoxic cells 31) Anti-viral proteins secreted by T cells interfereons 32) transformed B cells that secret antibodies plasma cells 33) Syndrome marked by enlargement of the spleen and associated with anemia, leukopenia, and anemia hypersplenism 34) An extraordinary hypersensitivity to a foreign protein; marked by hypotension, shock, respiratory distress anaphylaxis 35) an antigen capable of causing allergy (hypersensitivity) allergen 36) (illness)disorder in which the immune system is supressed by exposure to HIV AIDS 37) removal of a mediastinal organ (thymus) thymectomy (surgical excision of the thymus) 38) Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and spleen marked by Reed-Sternberg cell identified in lymph nodes Hodgkin disease 39) tissues that produce lymphocytes -- spleen, thymus, tonsils, and adenoids are the ...? Lymphoid Organs 40) swelling of tissues due to interstitial fluid accumulation lymphedema 41) white blood cells that are destroyed by HIV T4 helper lymphocytes 42) test to separate immunoglobulins immunoelectrophoresis 43) drug used to treat AIDS by blocking the growth of AIDS virus zidovudine 44) test used to detect anti-HIV antibodies ELISA 45) group of infectious diseases associated with AIDS opportunistic infections.

Ch 6 Add'l Suffix & Digestive Terms Question Answer Spitting up blood from the respiratory tract and lungs is called hemoptysis (hemo = blood, -ptysis = spitting) The suffix which means "suture" rrhaphy, as in "herniorrhaphy" (Procedure to create) new opening between two parts of the jejunum jejunojejunostomy (jejunum = pertaining to the jujeno. 2 parts = jejuno to jejuno, -stomy = opening) lymphangiectasis dilation of a lymph vessel (-ectasis = dilation, lymph = lymph, angie = vessel) dyspepsia difficult digestion (pepsia = digestion, dys- = difficult) bursting forth of blood from the spleen is called ... ? splenorrhagia (-rrhagia = bursting forth of blood, splen/o = spleen) note the change from spleen to splen. Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and intestine is called ...? Pyloric stenosis (stenosis = narrowing of a duct or canal, pylorus = distal aperture of the stomach, opening to the duodenum) WHICH TEST would tell the presence of melena? (melena = black tarry stools; feces containing digested blood.) Stool guaiac (hemoccult, -occult = hidden, hem/o = blood) Guaiac is pronounced gwee-ack. An ulcer would most likely be detected by which test? Gastroscopy (-scopy, visual examination w/scope, gastr/o = stomach) congenital lack of continuity of the esophagus is called ... ? esophageal atresia (atresia = congenital absence of a normal body opening, esophageal = pertaining to the esophagus.) what is Lipase? An enzyme that digests fat. (-ase = enzyme, lip/o = fat) A lipase is any enzyme that catalyzes the clevage of a fatty acid anion from a triglyceride or phospholipid. Name the procedure to surgically repair the roof of the mouth. palatoplasty (-plasty = surgical repair, palat/o = palate / roof of mouth.) The following ARE liver function tests. Serum Bilirubin, ALP (alkaline phosphatase), AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT). ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is NOT a liver function test. TEST which would demonstrate choledocolithiasis? (stones in the bile duct) Transhepatic cholangiography (trans- = through, hepatic = pertaining to the liver, chol = gallbladder, angi/o = vessels, graphy = record) X-Ray exam of the biliary system - after injection of contrast into the bile ducts (via needle into liver) OPPOSITE of suffix -ectasis (= stretch, widen, dilate) -stenosis (tighten, stricture, narrowing) Define the suffix -rrhea Flow, discharge Give an example of "Anastomosis" (surgical connection between two parts, vessels, ducts, bowel segments) Cholecystojejunostomy (surgical connection between gallbladder & jejunum) choledoch/o common bile duct (chole = gallbladder, doch/o = duct) Forward protrusion of the eye. Proptosis = forward displacement or bulging, especially of the eye. paracentesis Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen. (para = near, nearby, close to) (-centesis = puncture to drain accumulated fluids - puncture and aspiration of...) twisting of part of the intestine upon itself is called ... ? Cecal volvulus (cecal = pertaining to the cecum / first part of the large intestine) (volvulus = twisted intestine) Gingivectomy PERIDONTAL PROCEDURE to remove gingiva tissue (-ectomy = remove, resect) Menorrhagia bursting forth, HEAVY menses. (men/o = mensruation, menses) (-rrhagia - bursting, heavy, excessive flow) Laparoscopy Visual examination of the abdomen using a scope (-scopy = using scope, lapar/o = abdomen) Sialolithiasis salivary stones (lithiasis = condition of presence of stones) (sial/o = salivary) blepharoplasty surgical repair of the eyelid (-plasty = surgical repair, blephar/o = eyelid) sphincterotomy incision of a ring of muscles (-tomy = incision, sphincter/o = sphincter) cholecystectomy removal of the gallbladder (-ectomy = removal, chole = gallbladder, cyst/o = urinary bladder) herniorrhaphy suture of a weakened muscular wall (rrhaphy = suture, herni/o = hernia) cecostomy new opening of the first part of the colon to the outside of the body (-stomy = new opening, cec/o = cecum, first part of ascending large intestine) gastroduodenal anastomosis pertaining to a new surgical connection between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine. (anastomosis = surgical connection of parts, -al = pertaining to, duoden/o = duodenum (first part of the small intestine), gastr/o = stomach) gingivectomy removal of gum tissue (-ectomy = removal, gingiv/o = gum tissue abdominal ultrasonography sound waves are used to image abdominal organs liver biopsy percutaneous removal of liver tissue followed by microscopic analysis (biopsy is the study of life w/scope) serum bilirubin measure of bile pigment in the blood (bilirubin is byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells) barium enema x-ray examination of the lower gastrointestinal tract (contrast is administered via the anus) percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography contrast material is injected "through the liver" (transhepatic) and x-rays are taken (graphy) of bile vessels (choleangio). stool culture feces are placed in a growth medium for bacterial analysis CT of the abdomen transverse x-ray pictures of abdominal organs (CT = Computed Tomography) nasogastric intubation tube inserted through the nose - into the stomach. stool guaiac (hemoccult) test to reveal hidden blood in feces. Guaiac (gwee-ack), (hem/o = blood, -occult = hidden) Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Contrast is injected through an endoscope, x-rays taken of the pancreas and bile ducts. (-graphy = process of recording), (pancreat/o = pancreas), (angi/o = vessels), (chol/o = gallbladder) upper gastro-intestional series x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after administering barium by mouth. Liver Scan radioactive material is injected and image recorded of uptake in liver cells. Chapter 6 Skin Question Answer A fat cell is a__ lipocyte Structural protein found in skin and connective tissue collagen A black pigment found in the epidermis melanin The deepest region of the epidermis is the __ basal layer The outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized cells, is the stratum corneum An oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands sebum The middle layer of the skin is the dermis A hard protein material found in the epidermis keratin profuse sweating__ diaphoresis Fungal infections of hands and feet __ dermamycosis Burning sensation (pain) in skin causalgia oil-producing organs sebaceous gland Connective tissue protein collagen middle, connective tissue layer of skin dermis contains a dark pigment melanocyte Melan/o black Adip/o fat Squam/o scale-like Ichthy/o scaly, dry Hidr/o sweat Steat/o fat Xer/o dry discolored, flat lesion (freckle) macule Groove or crack-like sore fissure mushroom-like growth extending on a stalk polyp Closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material cyst open sore on the skin or mucous membrane ulcer Solid elevation of the skin (pimple) papule Solid, elevated lesion more than 1 cm in diameter node A type of epitheleal cell in the ephidermis squamous cell Cells that are constantly dividing Stratum Basale discolored, flat lesion (freckle) macule circumscribed collection of pus pustule grove or crack-like sore fissure Larger than 1 cm solid elevation of the skin nodule word means covering Integument Open sore or erosion of skin ulcer Bluish discoloration of the skin cyanosis Build-up of sebum and keratin in pores of the skin leading to papular and pustular eruptions acne necrosis of skin tissue resulting from ischemia gangrene Corium or true skin dermis Chronic or acute inflammatory skin disease with erythematous, pustular, or papular lesions eczema Cancerous tumor composed of melanocytes malignant melanoma Cytoplasm of cells replaced y protein keratin Itching pruritus Pertaining to under a nail subungual

Chpt 15 Musculoskeletal System Question Answer 1) Spongy, porous bone tissue is also called cancellous bone 2) Outward extension of the shoulder bone is the acromion 3) An opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave is a foramen 4) The projection of the temporal bone is the mastoid process 5) Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone is called a condyle 6) Mandible, vomer, maxilla, and zygomatic are all bones of the face 7) Occipital, sphenoid, frontal, temporal, and ethmoid are all bones of the cranium 8) The shaft of a long bone is called a(an) diaphysis 12) lateral curvature of the spinal column scoliosis 13) Vitamin D deficiency leads to softening of bone, which is called...? osteomalacia 14) pertaining to the upper arm bone humeral 15) The shoulder bone is the ...? scapula 17) Inflammation of bone and bone marrow osteomyelitis 18) clubfoot talipes (not tailpipes) 19) A splintered or crushed bone comminuted fracture 20) surgical repair of a joint arthroplasty 21) Condition of stiffening and immobility of a joint ankylosis 22) Chronic inflammation of bones and joints due to degenerative changes in cartilage chondromalacia 23) Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid accumulation gouty arthritis 24) Malignant tumor of smooth muscle leiomyosarcoma 25) Wasting away (no development) of muscle atrophy 26) Name That Bone! -- Forms the forehead Frontal Bone 27) Name That Bone! -- Cheek bone Zygomatic Bone 28) Name That Bone! -- Upper jaw bone Maxilla 29) Name That Bone! -- forms the back and base of the skull Occipital bone 30) Name That Bone! -- Lower jaw bone Mandible 31) Name That Bone! -- forms the roof and upper side of the skull Parietal bone 32) Name That Bone! -- two paired bones at th corner of each eye Lacrimal bone 33) Name That Bone! -- Bone near the ear; connected to the lower jaw Temporal bone 34) Name That Condition! -- Lateral curve of the spine scoliosis 35) Formation of bone marrow myelopoiesis 36) Name That Condition! -- Abnormal anterior curvature of the spine Lordosis 37) Benign tumors arising from the bone surface Exostoses 38) Name That Condition! -- humpback Kyphosis 39) Name That Condition! -- Clubfoot talipes (not tailpipes) 40) Name That Condition! -- subluxation of a vertebra spondylolisthesis 9) Poor formation of bone osteodystrophy 10) slipping or subluxation of a vertebra spondylolisthesis 11) operation performed to relieve the symptoms of a slipped disk laminectomy 16) The smaller of the two lower legs bones is the fibula 41) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- An inherited condition in which bones of the arms and legs fail to grow normally because of a defect in cartliage and bone formation achondroplasia 42) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Cystic mass arising from a tendon in the wrist Ganglion 43) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Inflammation of joints caused by accumulation of Uric Acid Gouty Arthritis 44) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Degenerative joint disease; chronic inflammation of bones and joings Osteoarthritis 45) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, especially of the spine Ankylosing Spondylitis 46) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Compression of the median nerve in the wrist Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 47) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Abnormal swelling of a metatarsophalangeal joint bunion 48) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Tick-borne bacterium causes this type of arthritis Lyme Disease 49) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Chronic joint disease with inflamed and painful joints; marked by swollen and thickened synovial membranes rheumatoid arthritis 50) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Chronic inflammatory disease affecting skin (red rash on face), kidneys, heart, and lungs as well as joints. Systemic LUPUS Erythematosus 51) Name that Abnormal Condition! -- Displacement of a bone from its joint dislocation 52) Bending a limb flexion 53) movement away from the midline abduction 54) movement toward the midline adduction 55) circular movement around an axis rotation 56) straightening out a limb extension 57) Turning the palm backward pronation chapter 15 combining forms Question Answer calc/o , calci/o calcium kyph/o humpback, hunch back (posterior curvature in the thoracic region) lamin/o lamina ( part of the vertebral arch) lord/o curve, swayback ( anterior curvature in the lumbar region) lumb/o loins, lower back myel/o bone marrow orth/o straight oste/o bone scoli/o crooked, bent (lateral curvature) spondyl/o vertebra (used to make words about conditions of the structure) vertebr/o vertebra (used to describe the structure itself) -blast embryonic or immature cell -clast to break -listhesis slipping -malacia softening -physis to grow -porosis pore, passage -tome instrument to cut acetabul/o acetabulum (hip socket) calcane/o calcaneus (heel) carp/o carpals (wrist bones) clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone) cost/o ribs (true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs) crani/o cranium (skull) femor/o femur ( thigh bone) fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone) humer/o humerus (upper arm bone) ili/o ilium ( upper part of pelvic bone) ischi/o ischium (posterior part of pelvic bone) malleol/o malleolus (process on each side of the ankle) mandibul/o mandible (lower jaw bone) fibr/o fiber lei/o smooth leiomyom/o smooth muscle rhabd/o striated rhabdmy/o striated muscle ton/o tone or tension myocardi/o heart muscle synovi/o synovium, tendon sheath burs/o bursa; fluid filled sac tens/o stretch, tension maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw bone) metacarp/o metacarpals (hand bones) metatars/o metatarsals (foot bones) olecran/o olecranon (elbow) patell/o patella (knee cap) pelv/i pelvis (hipbone) perone/o fibula (thin lower leg bone) phalang/o phalanges (finger and toes) pub/o pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone) radi/o radius (lower arm bone-thumb side) scapul/o scapula (shoulder blade) stern/o sternum (breast bone) tars/o tarsals (bones of hind foot) tibi/o tibia (shin bone-"t" for thicker bone) uln/o ulna ( lower arm bone-little finger side) ankyl/o stiff arthr/o joint articul/o joint burs/o bursa; fluid filled sac chondr/o cartilage fasci/o fascia ( forms sheaths enveloping muscles) my/o muscle myocardi/o heart muscle myos/o muscle plant/o sole of the foot rhabdomy/o skeletal (striated muscle connected to bones) -anthenia lack of strength -trophy development, nourishment ab- away from ad- toward dorsi- back poly- many, much

Ch 7 Urinary System Question Answer Trigone portion of the urinary bladder (triangular shaped) Glomerular pertaining to small balls of capillaries in the kidney Meatal stenosis Narrowing of the urethral opening to the outside of the body (an) Electrolyte Sodium (also, potassium and chloride) Creatinine a Nitrogenous waste pyel/o renal pelvis anuria "no urine" a term that means no urine production. perivesical surrounding the urinary bladder (-al = pertaining to, vesic/o = urinary bladder, peri- = surrounding) uremia azotemia (-emia = abnormal blood condition, -azot/o = nitrogen) of excess urea (or other nitrogenous wastes) in the blood name of procedure/record which is an X-Ray of the urinary tract KUB - Kidney, Ureter, Bladder (also known as "plain film") Oliguria scanty urine (-uria = urine, olig/o = scanty) Hernia of the tube connecting the kidney and urinary bladder ureterocele (-cele = hernia, urtere/o = tubes connecting kidney to bladder) Hemodialysis Artificial Kidney Machine (thorough and complete separation of wastes from the blood via mechanical filtration.) nephrolithotomy incision to remove a renal calculus (stone) (-tomy = incision, nephr/o = kidney, lith/o = stone) albuminuria protein in the urine (-uria = urine, albumin/o = protein) pyuria pus in the urine - for example, by renal abscess. (-uria = urine, py/o = pus) Alkaline Basic - pertaining to a base. Alkaline is capable of neutralizing acids. Think: Alka-Seltzer plop plop fizz fizz! (pH greater than 7.0) Nephrotic Syndrome A group of symptoms marked by edema, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia high levels of ketones in the blood can lead to acidosis (accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserves, can be deadly.) Wilms tumor CHILDHOOD renal carcinoma (cancer of the kidney in childhood) Urinary retention urine is retained in the bladder What is the BUN test? (Blood, Urea, Nitrogen) measures urea levels in blood - test for Uremia. Nephrosclerosis Hardening of blood vessels in the kidney (-sclerosis = hardening, nephr/o = kidney) ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy Shock waves crush urinary tract stones (test is performed while patient is immersed in a body of water) glycosuria sugar in the urine; a symptom of diabetes mellitus (-ia = condition, ur/o = urine, glyc/o = sugar) hematuria color of the urine is smoky red owing to presence of blood (-ia = condition, ur/o = urine, hem/o = blood) pyuria urine is turbid (cloudy) owing to presence of WBC's (white blood cells) and pus. (-uria = urination, urine condition, (py/o = pus) sediment abnormal particles are present in urine - cells, bacteria, casts pH (test) Urine test that reflects the acidity or alkalinity of urine. Neutral pH is 7.0. Alkaline is greater than 7.0, Acidic is below 7.0 bilirubinuria Dark pigment accumulates in urine as a result of liver disease (bilirubin is the pigment) ketonuria high levels of acids and acetones accumulate in urine leaky glomeruli can produce this accumulation of albumin in urine proteinuria high blood presure that is idiopathic ESSENTIAL hypertension (idiopathic = cause is unknown) high blood pressure cased by kidney disease SECONDARY hypertension (cause is known) malignant tumor of the kidney Renal Cell Carcinoma (renal cell = kidney) a tube for withdrawing or giving fluid catheter swelling, fluid in tissues edema inadequate secretion of ADH diabetes INSIPIDUS - "inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to the action of AntiDiuretic Hormone - ADH) - With diabetes insipidus, kidneys resist antidiuretics Diabetes Mellitus Inadequate secretion or improper utilization of INSULIN. Major signs are glycosuria, hyperglycemia, plyuria, polydipsia. Mellitus means sweet, reflection the content of the urine. Diabetes Mellitus is commonly known as "Diabetes" stricture narrowed.

Chpt 16 Skin Question Answer 1) A type of epithelial cell in the epidermis is a ...? squamous cell 2) dermis is the ...? middle layer of skin 3) a hard protein material found in the epidermis keratin 4) structural protein found in skin and connective tissues collagen 5) Xer/o dry 6) pertaining to "under a nail" subungual 7) what is the combining form meaning "skin" cutane/o 8) Absence of pigment in skin Albinism 9) Inflammation of the soft tissue around a nail paronychia (for some reason this is not an -itis) but do remember that this inflammation is ParonyCHIA 10) profuse sweating diaphoresis 11) fungal infection trichomycosis (myco = fungus) 12) fatty mass within a sebaceous gland steatoma (steat/o = fatty, -oma = tumor/mass) 13) a wheal is a/an: hive 14) bullae large blisters 15) pustule small abscess 16) itching pruritus - note the spelling "U" at the end. 17) keloid thickened scar 18) inflammatory disease of the joints and collagen of the skin; can affect other organs of the body systemic lupus erythematosus 19) moles that can develop into malignant melanoma dysplastic nevi (oddly shaped moles that morph or change colors) 20) bed sore; break in continuity of skin decubitus ulcer 21) chronic recurrent dermatosis with silvery gray scales covering red patches in skin psoriasis 22) a dermatomycosis tinea (ringworm) fungal infection. myco - fungus. 23) white patches of a nucous membrane of tongue or cheek leukoplakia 24) connective tissue in the skin hardens scleroderma 25) layers of growth are removed and examined microscopically in a procedure called...? Mohs surgery 26) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- circumscribed collection of clear fluid (blister) vesicle 27) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- smooth, slightly elevated edematous area (hive) wheal 28) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- discolored, flat lesion (freckle) macule 29) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- groove or crack-like sore fissure 30) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- mushroom-like growth extending from the surface of a mucous membrane polyp 31) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- circumscribed collection of pus pustule 32) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- closed sac containing fluid or semi-solid material cyst 33) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- open sore or erosion of skin ulcer 34) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- solid elevation of the skin (pimple) papule 35) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- larger than 1 cm solid elevation of the skin nodule 36) Name the Skin Condition! -- build up of sebum and keratin in pores of the skin leading to papular and pustular eruptions acne 37) Name the Skin Condition! -- fungal skin infection tinea (ringworm) is a fungual infection 38) Name the Skin Condition! -- chronic hardening and shrinking of connective tissue scleroderma 39) Name the Skin Condition! -- bedsore decubitis ulcer 40) Name the Skin Condition! -- necrosis of skin tissue resulting from ischemia gangrene 41) Name That Skin Conditon! -- contagious, infectious pyoderma impetigo 42) Name the Skin Condition! -- chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by silvery gray scales covering red patches on the skin psoriasis 43) Name the Skin Condition! -- cancerous tumor composed of melanocytes malignant melanoma 44) Name the Skin Condition! -- widespread inflammatory disease of joints and collagen of the skin with "butterfly" rash on the face Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 45) Name the Skin Condition! -- chronic or acute inflammatory skin disease with erythematous, pustular, or papular lesions eczema

spongy porous bone tissue is also called cancellous bone a generalized defect in bone development is called osteodystrophy chronic inflammation of bones and joints due to degenerative changes in cartilage is called osteoarthritis the ends of a long bone are called the epiphyses red bone marrow is found in spongy or __ bone cancellous the bones of a fetus are mainly composed of cartilage tissue during bone development immature bones cells called ____ produce bony tissue osteoblasts the medical name for the shoulder bone is the scapula the medical name for the upper arm bone is the humerus medical name for the thigh bone is the femur Connective tissue that binds bones to other bones is a ligament Fluid found within the joint is called __________ fluid synovial Adduction means movement toward the midline Supination means turning the palm forward A fracture in which the bone is partially broken and partially bent on the opposite side is called greenstick fracture A splintered or crushed bone is called comminuted fracture Surgical repair of a joint is called arthroplasty A chronic joint disease with inflamed and painful joints; marked by swollen and thickened synovial membranes is _______. rheumatoid arthritis Displacement of a bone from its joint is called dislocation The incision of a joint is called arthrotomy

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