Medical Terminology, Chapter 10: Musculoskeletal (Anatomy & Physiology)

periosteum

dense, white, fibrous membrane, covers remaining surface of bone. contains numerous blood and lymph vessels and nerves. in growing bones, inner layer contains bone-forming cells known as [osteoblasts]. because blood vessels and osteoblasts located here, periosteum provide means for bone repair and bone nutrition. bones that lose periosteum thru injury or disease usually scale or die. periosteum serves as point of attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons.

smooth muscle

also called involuntary or visceral muscles. whose actions are involuntary. found in visceral organs, walls of arteries, respiratory passages, urinary and reproductive ducts. contraction of smooth muscle is controlled by autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.

medullary cavity

also called marrow cavity contains fatty yellow marrow in adults and consists primarily of fat cells and few scattered blood cells.

vertebral column

also called the spine. 26 bones called vertebrae (singular, vertebra). supports body and provides protective bony canal for spinal cord. has 4 curves to make it resilient and maintain balance. cervical & lumbar regions curve forward. thoracic and sacral region curve backward. abnormal curves due to congenital defect, poor posture or bone disease.

skeletal muscles

also called voluntary or striated muscles. muscles whose action is under voluntary control: muscles that move eyeballs, tongue and bones. as muscles contract, tendons and ligaments pull on bones and cause skeletal movement.

spongy bone

also known as: cancellous bone. surrounded by layer of compact bone. within spongy bone is red bone marrow, which is richly supplied with blood and consists of immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development.

fontanel

an infant's skull contains unossified membrane or soft spot (incomplete bone formation) that lies between cranial bones. pulse of blood vessels can be felt under skin in this area. chief function is to allow bones to move as fetus passes thru birth canal during delivery. with age, fontanel begin to fuse together and become immobile in early childhood.

appendage

any body part attached to a main structure

brachi/o

arm

projections that form joints

articulating surfaces. condyle [rounded, articulating knob] "condyle of the humerus". head [prominent, rounded articulating end of a bone] "head of the femur"

sphenoid bone

at middle part of base of skull, forms central wedge that joins all other cranial bones, holding them together.

pelvic girdle or pelvis

basin-shaped structure that attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton. along with assoc. ligaments, supports trunk of body and provides protection for visceral organs of pelvis (organs of digestion, urinary and reproductive structures). consists of ilium, sacrum, coccyx, pubis & ischium.

appendicular skeleton

bones of upper & lower limbs and their girdles [pectoral & pelvic girdles] which attach limbs to axial skeleton. enables body to move. ability to walk, run or catch a ball is because of movable joints of limbs that are the appendicular skeleton.

irregular bones

bones that can't be classified as short or long because of complex shape. [vertebrae & middle ear bones]

skull

bony structure consists of cranial and facial bones. with exception of one facial bone [mandible], all other bones of skull joined by sutures.

carp/o

carpus (wrist bones)

sites for blood vessel, nerve and duct passage

depressions & openings. foramen [rounded opening thru a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves] "foramen of the skull thru which cranial nerves pass". fissure [narrow, slitlike opening] "fissue of the sphenoid bone". meatus [opening or passage into a bone] "external auditory meatus of the temporal bone". sinus [cavity or hollow space in a bone] "cavity of the frontal sinus containing a duct that carries secretions to the upper part of the nasal cavity"

long bones

found in appendages (extremities) of body: legs, arms and fingers. 3 main parts of long bone: diaphysis (staff), epiphysis (ends) and periosteum (cover)

cardiac muscle

found only in the heart. unique for its branched interconnections (intercalated disks), and makes up most of wall of heart. share similarities with skeletal and smooth muscles. it is striated, but produces rhythmic involuntary contractions like smooth muscle.

bones

framework of body, protect internal organs, store calcium & other minerals and produce blood cells in bone marrow. (hematopoiesis). most vital organs enclosed & protected by bones. bones of skull protect brain, rib cage protect heart & lungs. besides support & protection, skeletal system carry out other important functions. movement possible because bones provide points of attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments. as muscles contract, tendons and ligaments pull on bones and cause skeletal movement. bone marrow, found in large bones, responsible for hematopoiesis, producing millions of blood cells to replace ones destroyed. bones serve as storage for minerals (phosphorus & calcium). when body need certain mineral and dietary supply not available, calcium withdrawn from bones.

ate

having the form of; possessing

cruciate ligaments

ligaments that cross each other, forming an [X] within the notch between the femoral condyles. along with other structure, the cruciate ligaments help secure and stabilize the knee, help to prevent anterior-posterior displacement of articular surfaces and secure articulating bones when we stand.

sutures

lines of junction between two bones, especially of skull and are usually immovable.

humerus

long bone of upper arm. sometimes referred to as [funny bone]. humer/o

mandible

lower jaw bone. not joined by sutures and is movable for speaking and chewing (mastication).

plantar flexion

lowers foot (points the toes)

ulna

medial lower arm bone [opposite side of thumb]. uln/o

symphysis pubis

midline cartilaginous joint uniting the left and right pubic bones. bladder is behind this structure. rectum is in curve of [sacrum] and [coccyx].

occipital bone

single bone forms back and base of skull. contains opening in base thru which spinal cord passes [foramen magnum]

vomer

single, thin bone that forms lower part of nasal septum.

rachi/o

spine

spin/o

spine

lower limbs

support complete weight of erect body and subjected to exceptional stresses in running or jumping. to accommodate these forces, lower limb bones are stronger and thicker than comparable bones of upper limbs. difference is lighter bones of upper limbs are adapted for mobility and flexibility; massive bones of lower limbs specialized for stability and weight bearing.

surface features of bones

surfaces of bones rarely smooth, but consists of projections, depressions and openings that provide sites for muscle and ligament attachment. also provide pathways and openings for blood vessels, nerves and ducts. various types of projections serve as points of articulation. surfaces of bones may be rounded, sharp, narrow or contain ridges.

xiph/o

sword

coccyx

tail of vertebral column and consists of 4 or 5 fragmented fused vertebrae. not individually numbered. coccyg/o

tendon

usually connect muscle to bone. when connective tissue fibers form a cord or strap. localizes great deal of force in small area of bone. as muscles contract, tendons and ligaments pull on bones and cause skeletal movement.

ethmoid bone

very light, spongy bone that forms most of bony area between nasal cavity and parts of orbits of eyes.

mastoid process

provides point of attachment for neck muscles.

diaphysis

shaft or long main portion of bone. consists of [compact bone] that forms cylinder and surrounds central canal called [medullary cavity].

ligament

usually connect bone to bone. flexible bands of fibrous tissue highly adapted for resisting strains and one of principal mechanical factors that hold bones close together in synovial joint. an example are cruciate ligaments of knee that help to prevent anterior-posterior displacement of articular surfaces and to secure articulating bones when we stand. as muscles contract, tendons and ligaments pull on bones and cause skeletal movement.

thoracic vertebrae

12 bones under cervical vertebrae that support chest and serve as point of articulation for ribs. T1-T12 located in chest. each thoracic vertebrae joins with one of the 12 ribs of thoracic cage [rib cage].

facial bones

14 bones total. all facial bones except for mandible (lower jaw bone) are joined together by sutures and are immovable.

atlas

1st. cervical vertebra [C1], supports skull.

lacrimal bones

2 paired bones located at corner of each eye. bones unite to form groove for lacrimal sac and canals thru which tear ducts pass into nasal cavity.

axis

2nd cervical vertebra [C2] makes possible rotation of skull on neck. pivot point. allows side to side movement of head.

sacrum

5 bones fused together (in adults) under lumbar vertebrae. not individually numbered except for the first sacral vertebra (S1). joins with hip bones to form lower posterior part of pelvis. sacr/o

lumbar vertebrae

5 bones under thoracic vertebrae, situated in lower back area and carry most of weight of torso. L1-L5. larger than cervical and thoracic vertebrae because they bear weight of head, neck and trunk of body. with help of many back muscles that are attached to them, they support most of the body weight. lumb/o

cervical vertebrae

7 bones [C1-C7] forming skeletal framework of the neck.

bones of foot

7 tarsals (ankle bones) resemble carpals (wrist bones) in structure. largest ankle bone is calcaneus (heel bone). 5 metatarsals (foot bones) (small bones numbered 1 to 5 beginning with great toe on medial side of foot) and 14 phalanges (toes). 26 total.

cranial bones

8 bones, collectively called [cranium-skull] enclose and protect brain and organs of hearing & equilibrium. cranial bones connected to muscles to provide head movements, chewing motions and facial expressions.

nonarticulating surfaces

a projection surface type. trochanter [very large, irregularly shaped process found only on femur] "greater trochanter of the femur"

sites of muscle and ligament attachment

a projection surface type. tubercle [small, rounded process] "tubercule of femur". tuberosity [large, rounded process] "tuberosity of the humerus.

paranasal sinuses

cavities located within cranial and facial bones. frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses are named after bones in which they are located. sinuses open into nasal cavities and are lined with ciliary epithelium, which is continuous with mucosa of nasal cavities. when sinuses unable to drain, feeling of "stuffed up"...occurs during upper respiratory infections (URIs) or with allergies.

cleft palate

congenital birth defect when bones of maxillae don't fuse before birth.

fibrous attachments

connective tissue converges at end of muscle to become continuous and indistinguishable from periosteum. when fibrous attachment span large area of bone, it is called aponeurosis [flat, broad tendon] and found in lumbar region of back. sometimes, this connective tissue penetrates bone itself.

skeletal system

consists of 206 individual bones. human skeleton divided into axial & appendicular skeleton.

cruci

cross

short bones

cube-shaped. consist of core of spongy bone. also known as cancellous bone, enclosed in thin surface layer of compact bone. [ankle, wrist & toes].

clavicle bone (collarbone)

curved bone that articulates with sternum and scapula. clavicul/o

ribs

curved, lateral portion of thoracic cage. encloses and protects heart, lungs and organs of upper abdominal cavity. cost/o

flexion

decreases angle of a joint

male pelves (singular, pelvis)

differ in size & shape but share basic structure. bones of male pelves are larger and heavier and possess larger surface markings than females of comparable age and physical stature. common things between male & female pelves: divided into ilium, ischium and pubis. these 3 bones fused together in adult to form single bone called innominate (hip) bone.

female pelves (singular, pelvis)

differences in male and female pelves attributable to function of female pelvis during childbearing. female pelvis shallower than male pelvis but wider in all directions. female pelvis not only supports enlarged uterus as fetus matures, but also provides large opening to allow infant to pass thru during birth. common things between male & female pelves: divided into ilium, ischium and pubis. these 3 bones fused together in adult to form single bone called innominate (hip) bone. uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and vagina located between bladder and rectum.

axial skeleton

divided into 3 regions: skull, rib cage & vertebral column. contributes to formation of body cavities & provides protection for internal organs like brain, spinal cord and organs enclosed in thorax.

bones of hands

each hand has: 8 carpals (wrist) and 5 radiating metacarpals (palm) and 14 radiating phalanges (fingers). 27 bones total for each hand.

dorsiflexion

elevates foot

true ribs

first 7 pairs attached directly to sternum by strip of costal cartilage.

frontal bone

forms anterior portion of skull (forehead) and roof of bony cavities that contain eyeballs.

acetabulum

ilium travels inferiorly to form part of acetabulum (deep socket of hip joint)--the femur goes into this joint...and medially to join pubis.

innominate (hip) bone

ilium, ischium and pubis. these 3 bones fused together in adult to form single bone called innominate (hip) bone.

upper limbs

includes arm, forearm and hand. arm [brachia, brachi/o] is part of upper limb between shoulder and elbow. each arm has upper arm bone [humerus, humer/o], which articulates with "radius, radi/o" and "ulna, uln/o" of the elbow. radius and ulna form skeleton of forearm [lower arm].

musculoskeletal system

includes muscles, bones, joints and structures like tendons & connective tissue that support, protect, body movement, metabolic functions of hematopoiesis and mineral storage.

extension

increases angle of a joint

synovial joints

joints that allow movement. ends of bones that comprise these joints are encased in a sleevelike extension of periosteum called [joint capsule]. capsule binds articulating bones to each other, providing additional strength to joint capsule. [synovial membrane] surrounds inside of capsule. it secretes lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) within entire joint capsule. ends of bones covered with smooth layer of cartilage that serves as a cushion.

scapula (shoulder blade)

large, flat, triangular bone that forms posterior part of shoulder. scapul/o

floating ribs

last 2 pairs of "false ribs" are attached only posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae. do not have coastal cartilage connecting them to sternum...hence--"floating"

radius

lateral lower arm bone [thumb side]. radi/o

cancellous

latticelike arrangement of bone plates occurring at the end of long bones

intervertebral disks

lie between vertebrae. vertebrae separated by circular disks with two flat surfaces. composed of fibrocartilaginous substance with gelatinous mass in center (nucleus pulposus). cushion to absorb impact during movement.

flat bones

provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs. [skull, shoulder blades & sternum]

abduction

moves away from midline

rotation

moves bone around its own axis

inversion

moves sole of foot inward

eversion

moves sole of foot outward

adduction

moves toward midline

muscle

muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells, or fibers that provide movement of an organ or body part. muscles contribute to body posture, produce body heat and act as protective covering for internal organs. they make up the bulk of the body. have ability to be excited by a stimulus, contract, relax and return to original size & shape. primary responsibility is movement. motions provided are walking and talking. some less apparent motions: include passage and elimination of food thru digestive system, propulsion of blood thru arteries and contraction of bladder to eliminate urine.

fleshy attachments

muscles attach to bones by fleshy or fibrous attachments. fleshy attachments, muscle fibers arise directly from bone. fibers distribute force over wide areas, but are weaker than fibrous attachment.

sternum (breast bone)

narrow, flat bone in median line of thorax that forms thoracic cage. top portion called: manubrium. lower portion called [xyphoid process] stern/o

false ribs

next 5 pairs of ribs don't have costal cartilage attached to sternum.

parietal bone

one parietal bone situated on each side of skull just behind frontal bone. together they form upper sides and roof of cranium. each parietal bone meets frontal bone along coronal suture.

zygomatic bones

paired bones located on side of face below eyes and form higher portion of cheeks below and to sides of eyes. referred as "cheekbone".

maxillae (singular, maxilla)

paired upper jawbones, fused in midline by suture. form upper jaw and hard palate (roof of mouth). if maxillary bones don't fuse before birth, congenital defect called "cleft palate" results. maxillae and mandible contain sockets for roots of teeth.

phalang/o

phalanges (bones of fingers & toes)

articulation

place of union between two or more bones; also called [joint]

hematopoiesis

production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow.

3 parts of lower limb

thigh, leg and foot. femur (thigh bone) is largest, longest and strongest bone in body. leg formed by two parallel bones (tibia-shin bone--medial and fibular--smaller, lateral). small triangular bone (patella) or kneecap, located anterior to knee joint.

thoracic cage (rib cage)

thorax refers to entire chest. internal organs of thorax includes heart & lungs, enclosed & protected by "rib cage" or thoracic cage. consist of 12 pairs of ribs, attached to thoracic spine.

joints of articulation

to allow for body movements, bones must have points where they meet (articulate). these points have various degrees of mobility. some are freely movable (diarthroses), other only slightly movable (amphiarthroses) and some immovable (synarthroses). all three types necessary for smooth, coordinated body movements.

pronation

turns palm down

supination

turns palm up

pectoral (shoulder) girdle

two bones, anterior (clavicle-collar bone, clavicul/o) and posterior (scapula, scapul/o-triangular shoulder blade). primary function of pectoral girdle is to attach bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton and provide attachments for muscles that aid upper limb movements. paired pectoral structures and associated muscles form the shoulders of the body.

temporal bones

two bones, one on each side of skull, form part of lower cranium. each temporal bone has complicated shape that contains various cavities and recesses assoc. with internal ear, essential part of organ of hearing. temporal bone projects downward to form mastoid process.

distal epiphysis & proximal epiphysis (epiphyses-plural)

two ends of long bones that have bulbous shape to provide space for muscle and ligament attachments near joints. epiphyses covered with [articular cartilage].

nasal bones

two thin, nearly rectangular bones, lie side by side and fused medially, forming shape and bridge of nose.

articular cartilage

type of elastic connective tissue that provides smooth surface for movement of joints. also reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints. epiphyses also made up of porous chamber [spongy bone].