Medical Terminology chapter 2

The medical term meaning enclosed in a capsule, as with a benign tumor is encapsulated. cytoid. idiopathic. exacerbation.

encapsulated. To be enclosed in a capsule is to be encapsulated. One reason benign tumors do not spread to surrounding tissue is that they are often encapsulated. Exacerbation is the medical term to describe an increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms. A disease is called idiopathic if its cause is unknown. If something is cytoid, it resembles (-oid) a cell (cyt/o).

The medical term meaning study of causes (of disease) is histology. iatrology. pathology. etiology.

etiology. If you study the causes of disease, you study disease etiology (eti/o means cause [of disease]; -logy means study).

A malignant tumor composed of fiber is called a(n) liposarcoma. epithelioma. fibrosarcoma. fibroma.

fibrosarcoma. A malignant tumor (-sarcoma) composed of fibrous tissue is called a fibrosarcoma. A benign tumor made of fibrous tissue is a fibroma. Epitheli/o means epithelium. Lip/o means fat.

The regions within chromosomes are called DNA. genes. nervous tissue. nucleus.

genes. Genes are the regions within chromosomes. The nucleus contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction. DNA makes up each gene; it is a genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid) that regulates the activities of the cell.

The combining form meaning tissue is kary/o. aden/o. hist/o. epitheli/o.

hist/o. Hist/o is the combining form for tissue. Aden/o means gland. Epitheli/o means epithelium. Kary/o means nucleus.

The prefix meaning above or excessive is hypo-. hyper-. pro-. meta-.

hyper-. Hyper- means above or excessive. The opposite is hypo-, which means below, incomplete, or deficient. (Hypo- and below rhyme.) Hyperplasia is the excessive (hyper-) development (-plasia) of an organ or tissue. Hypoplasia is the medical term that means the incomplete (hypo-) development. Pro- means before, and meta- means after, beyond, or changed.

The correct spelling of the medical term meaning tumor of smooth muscle is leiomyoma. liemyoma. lieomyoma. layomyoma.

leiomyoma. The correct spelling of the term meaning tumor (-oma) of smooth (lei/o) muscle (my/o) is leiomyoma. Although not related etymologically and pronounced differently, it might help to spell the term if you associate the Hawaiian wreath of flowers called a lei with this combining form: remember that life is smooth in tropical Hawaii.

The medical term abbreviated as WBC is leukocyte. erythrocytosis. erythrocyte. leukocytosis.

leukocyte. WBC stands for white blood cell. The medical term for white (leuk/o) blood cell (-cyte) is leukocyte.

identify the pathology definition for the following illustration. Malignant bone tumor Malignant tumor of fat Black tumor Benign tumor of fat Malignant tumor of striated muscle

malignant tumor of fat

Identify the pathology definition for the following illustration. Benign tumor of fat Malignant tumor of fat Black tumor Malignant bone tumor Malignant tumor of striated muscle

malignant tumor of striated muscle

The medical term meaning new growth of abnormal tissue is metastasis. dysplasia. neoplasm. neopathy.

neoplasm. The prefix that means new is neo-. This narrows your choices to neopathy and neoplasm. The correct suffix meaning growth is -plasm. Neoplasm means new growth of abnormal tissue. Neopathy means a new disease.

The meaning of the medical term neoplasm is tumor composed of muscle (benign). new growth (of abnormal tissue or tumor). new disease. tumor of striated muscle (benign).

new growth (of abnormal tissue or tumor). A neoplasm is a new (neo-) growth (-plasm). The term is used to refer to abnormal tissue or tumor growth. A benign tumor composed of muscle is a myoma. A benign tumor composed of striated muscle is rhabdomyoma.

The control center of a cell, a round structure containing chromosomes, is the membrane. cytoplasm. gene. nucleus.

nucleus. The nucleus is the control center of a cell. This small round structure contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction. A gene is a region within a chromosome. Cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside a cell. The cell membrane forms the boundary of the cell.

The medical term meaning causing tumors is neoplasm. oncogenic. carcinogenic. pathogenic.

oncogenic. The suffix -genic means causing, but that doesn't get you very far with this question. The combining form for tumor is onc/o, so oncogenic means causing tumors. Pathogenic means causing or producing disease. Carcinogenic means causing cancer. A neoplasm is a new growth of abnormal tissue or tumor.

The suffix -logist means control, stop, standing. one who studies and treats (specialist, physician). state of. study of.

one who studies and treats (specialist, physician). The suffix -logist denotes a specialist, a physician. A pathologist is someone who specializes in the study of (-logy) disease (path/o). An oncologist is a physician who specializes in the study of (-logy) tumors (onc/o).

A group of two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions is called a(n) cell. organ. system. tissue.

organ. The question defines an organ. Skin is an organ made up of three kinds of specialized tissue: epithelial, connective, and nerve. A group of cells makes tissue. A group of tissues makes an organ. A group of organs working together makes up a system. Cells make up tissues, which working together are called organs.

The space in the body containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the large and small intestines, and the rectum is the pelvic cavity. abdominal cavity. spinal cavity. thoracic cavity.

pelvic cavity. A space in the body is called a cavity, but that does not get you very far with this question. To get the correct answer, you must know that the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, parts of the large and small intestines, and the rectum are found in the pelvic cavity. The spinal cavity holds the spinal column. The stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters are housed in the abdominal cavity. The thoracic cavity contains the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and mediastinal area.

The meaning of the medical term somatic is originating in the body. pertaining to the body. pertaining to a (body) system. pertaining to the internal organs.

pertaining to the body. Somatic means pertaining to (-ic) the body (somat/o). Somatogenic means originating (-genic) in the body. Systemic describes a body system or the body as a whole, as opposed to a localized area or regional part.

In the medical term systemic, the suffix means pertaining to. producing, originating, causing. disease. state of.

pertaining to. The suffix -ic means pertaining to. You'll recognize this common suffix in the terms somatic (pertaining to the body itself), systemic (pertaining to the body as a whole), and xanthochromic (pertaining to yellow color).

The meaning of the medical term lipoid is tumor containing fat. resembling a nerve. resembling fat. causing tumors.

resembling fat. If you know that the suffix -oid means resembling, you can narrow down your choices. The word root lip/ means fat, so the correct answer is that lipoid means resembling fat. The term for resembling a nerve would be neuroid. A lipoma is a benign tumor composed of fat, while a liposarcoma is a malignant tumor composed of fat.

The combining form lei/o means rod-shaped, striated. smooth. white. tumor.

smooth. Lei/o means smooth. The suffix -oma means tumor or mass. A tumor formed in smooth muscle is called a leiomyoma (my/o means muscle). Rhabd/o means striated. Striated muscle is composed of rod-shaped muscle fibers. Leuk/o means white.

The word part that completes the medical term meaning originating in the body, _______/o/genic, is cardi. system. somat. hist.

somat. By breaking the word down, you'll see that the combining vowel o is given; the suffix -genic means producing, originating, or causing. So, the word part you're looking for is a word root that means body. The correct answer is somat. Somatogenic means originating in the body, as opposed to originating in the mind (psychogenic).

Patient A complains of a sharp pain every time she inhales. Her pain is a ____________ of an underlying disorder diagnosis sign pathology symptom

symptom A sign is objective information based on physical examination--such as a change in skin color. A symptom is subjective information--usually something the patient feels but we cannot see--such as pain or nausea. The word diagnosis (Dx) comes from the prefix dia- (meaning through or complete), the combining form gno/o (meaning knowledge), and the suffix -sis (meaning state of). Thus, diagnosis means the state of complete knowledge. The physician makes a diagnosis based on knowledge of pathology, a term that combines path/o, or disease, with -logy, or study of, to refer to the study of body changes caused by disease.

The cell could best be described as regions within the chromosome. two or more like kinds of tissue. the basic unit of all living things. gel-like fluid.

the basic unit of all living things. The cell (cyt/o) is the basic unit of all living things, not just the human body. Human body cells are different shapes and sizes, depending on their functions.

In the TNM staging system of cancer, T refers to the size and kind of tumors. the size and number of tumors. the number and extent of primary tumors. the size and extent of the primary tumor.

the size and extent of the primary tumor. T refers to the size and extent of the primary tumor (T). A numeric scale indicates how large the tumor is. For example, T1 denotes a small tumor, while T4 means a very large tumor.

The chest cavity is also called the abdominal cavity. spinal cavity. thoracic cavity. cranial cavity.

thoracic cavity . The chest cavity is also known as the thoracic cavity. Thorac/o means thorax, chest.

The prefix dia- means before. difficult, labored, painful, abnormal. through, complete. new.

through, complete. Dia- means through or complete. You've seen this prefix in the term diagnosis: dia- (complete) + gno/o (knowledge) + -sis (state of). Diagnosis means the state of complete knowledge. Dys- means difficult, labored, painful, or abnormal. Neo- means new. Pro- means before.

The medical term meaning abnormal condition of yellow (discoloration) is xanthosis. chloroma. xanthochromic. somatopathy.

xanthosis. Knowing the combining form for yellow (xanth/o) narrows down the choices. Xanthochromic is a term that can be used to describe something. For example, you can say that eyes and skin that look yellow are xanthochromic (pertaining to [-ic] a yellow [xanth/o] color [chrom/o]). But the medical term for an abnormal condition would end in the suffix -osis, so the correct answer is xanthosis.

The word part that completes the medical term meaning substance that causes cancer, carcin/o/________, is -plasm. -gen. -stasis. -pathy.

-gen. Look carefully at the clues. The combining vowel o is given, as is the word root carcin/, which means cancer. So, you're looking for a suffix that means a substance that produces or causes, and the correct answer is -gen. A carcinogen is a substance that causes cancer.

The suffix that means tumor, swelling is -oma. -gen. -oid. -sis.

-oma. The suffix -oma means tumor or swelling. The suffix for substance that causes is -gen; the suffix for resembling is -oid; and the suffix that means state of is -sis.

____________ is used in conjunction with conventional medicine. Adjuvant medicine Complementary medicine Integrative medicine Alternative medicine

Complementary medicine Complementary medicine is used in conjunction with conventional medicine; it complements or completes conventional medicine. Alternative medicine is used instead of or in place of conventional medicine; it is an alternative to mainstream treatment. Integrative medicine means that mainstream medicine and evidence-based CAM therapies are consciously applied together; the approaches are integrated.

The abbreviation of the medical term meaning state of complete knowledge (identifying a disease) is Px chemo mets Dx

Dx The literal meaning of the term diagnosis is the state of (-sis) complete (dia-) knowledge (gno/o). Diagnosis is abbreviated Dx. Px stands for prognosis. Mets is the abbreviation for metastasis. Chemo is short for chemotherapy.

____________ is a combination of mainstream medicine and evidence-based CAM therapies. Integrative medicine Neoadjuvant therapy Alternative medicine Complementary medicine

Integrative medicine When mainstream medicine and evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine are consciously combined, or integrated, in a treatment plan, it is called integrative medicine.Objective: 4

The correct spelling of the medical term meaning tending to become progressively worse and to cause death is malegnat. malignent. maligant. malignant.

Malignant is the correct spelling of the term used to describe tumors that are invasive and tend to become progressively worse and cause death. Mal comes from the Latin word root meaning bad

identify the pathology definition for the following illustration. Malignant bone tumor Malignant tumor of fat Black tumor Benign tumor of fat Malignant tumor of striated muscle

Malignant bone tumor

In the TNM staging system of cancer, the label T1N2M0 means a large tumor involving two regional lymph nodes with little metastases. a large tumor involving two regional lymph nodes with no metastases. a small tumor involving at least two regional lymph nodes with very little metastases. a small, primary tumor involving two regional lymph nodes with no metastases.

a small, primary tumor involving two regional lymph nodes with no metastases. T1 indicates a small tumor (T). N2 means that two lymph nodes (N) are involved. M0 means there is no metastases (M).

The suffix -osis means state of. control, stop, standing. resembling. abnormal condition.

abnormal condition. The suffix -osis is one you'll see often in your study of medical terminology, and it means abnormal condition. Cyanosis is literally an abnormal condition of blue, referring to the bluish discoloration caused by lack of oxygen. When it is used with blood cell word roots, it means increase, as in the term leukocytosis, an increase in the number of white blood cells.

Dysplasia is a medical term meaning painful growth. excessive growth of cells. abnormal growth. incomplete development of an organ or tissues.

abnormal growth. Dysplasia means abnormal (dys-) growth (-plasia). Hyperplasia is excessive (hyper-) growth of cells. Hypoplasia is the incomplete (hypo-) development of an organ or tissue.

identify the pathology definition for the following illustration. Malignant bone tumor Malignant tumor of fat Black tumor Benign tumor of fat Malignant tumor of striated muscle

benign tumor of fat

The meaning of the medical term metastasis is excessive development (of cells). not malignant, nonrecurrent, favorable for recovery. improvement or absence of signs of disease. beyond control (transfer of disease from one organ to another).

beyond control (transfer of disease from one organ to another). Metastasis is the term used when disease moves from one organ to another. Meta- means after or beyond; -stasis means control, stop, or standing. Metastasis literally means that the cancer is beyond control because it is spreading (metastasizing) to other parts of the body.

Medical term for cancer in the early stage before it invades surrounding tissue is carcinoma in situ. benign. metastasis. carcinogen.

carcinoma in situ. Benign describes a noncancerous tumor. Carcinogen refers to something that causes cancer. Metastasis occurs when cancer invades surrounding tissue, so by process of elimination, carcinoma in situ denotes the early stage of a cancer before it spreads. The cancer remains situated in the place (in situ) where it began.

The combining form cyt/o means organ. system. nucleus. cell.

cell. Cyt/o means cell. Examples of terms built from this combining form include cytology, which is the study of cells, and cytoplasm, which is the substance that makes up the body of a cell (-plasm means formation). In terms like karyocyte, meaning a cell with a nucleus (kary/o means nucleus), -cyte is a suffix meaning cell.

The combining form meaning color is cyan/o. chlor/o. erythr/o. chrom/o.

chrom/o. Chrom/o means color. You may be familiar with the words monochromatic, meaning one color (mono- means one) or polychromatic, meaning many-colored (poly- means many).

CAM stands for cost-assisted medicine. complimentary and alternative medicine. coordinated alternative medicine. complementary and alternative medicine.

complementary and alternative medicine. CAM stands for complementary (C) and alternative (A) medicine (M). Be sure to spell complementary correctly! The National Institutes of Health defines CAM as "a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine."

Nerve tissue could best be described as -connecting, supporting, penetrating, and encasing various body structures. -composed of cells that have the ability to produce movement. -the major covering of the external surface of the body. -conducting impulses to and from the brain.

conducting impulses to and from the brain. Nerve tissue coordinates body activities by conducting impulses to and from the brain. Epithelial tissue is a layer of cells covering the body and lining most of its cavities. Connective tissue connects, supports, penetrates, and encases body structures. Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can contract to produce movement.

In the medical term sarcoma, the word root means control, stop, standing. tumor. origin, cause. connective tissue.

connective tissue. If you recognize the suffix -oma, meaning tumor, you can determine that the word root is sarc/. Sarc/o is a combining form meaning connective tissue; it can also mean flesh.

_____________ is the use of chemotherapy after or in combination with another form of cancer treatment. Neoadjuvant therapy Adjuvant chemotherapy Radiation therapy Brachytherapy

Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy is correct. Adjuvant describes a therapy used to enhance the primary treatment. Brachytherapy is a treatment that places radiation close to or within the site of cancer to destroy cancer cells. Neoadjuvant therapy is a cancer treatment that precedes other treatment, such as administering chemotherapy or radiation therapy to a patient before surgery. Radiation therapy is the treatment of cancer with a radioactive substance, x-ray, or radiation.

Identify the pathology definition for the following illustration. Black tumor Benign tumor of fat Malignant tumor of fat Malignant tumor of striated muscle Malignant bone tumor

Black tumor

__________ is the use of radiotherapy in which the source of radiation is placed within or close to the area being treated. Direct radiation Neoadjuvant therapy Chemotherapy Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy The question describes brachytherapy. An example of brachytherapy is treating prostate cancer by implanting radiation sources into the prostate gland. Neoadjuvant therapy refers to a cancer treatment that precedes other treatment.

A classification system used to stage certain types of cancer is called AJCC. TNM. TMN. TBM.

TNM. TNM is the name of the classification system used to stage certain types of cancer by describing the size and extent of metastasis of a malignant tumor. T represents the tumor; N represents regional lymph node involvement, and M represents metastases. Numbers, sometimes subscripted, indicate degree. For example, T1N0M0 is a small tumor that has not spread; T2N1M0 is a larger tumor that has extended into regional lymph nodes; and T4N3M3 is a very large tumor involving regional lymph nodes and metastases to distant sites.