Medical terms

osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

liver cirrhosis

A disease characterized by scarring and eventual destruction of the liver.

kyphosis

A forward rounding of the back

hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding

biofilm

A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface.

malaise

A sense of unease; depression

conjugation

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.

endocarditis

An infection of the heart's inner lining, usually involving the heart valves.

croup

An upper airway infection that blocks breathing and has a distinctive barking cough. caused by parainfluenzavirus or diphtheria.

Anaplasmosis

Anaplasia, vector is tick. Granulocytes with morulae.

aspergilliosis

Aspergilus fumigatus, acute angles. cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

Bacillary angiomatosis

Bartonella hensalae, HIV

Cat scratch disease

Bartonella henselae (cat or flea), treat with 5 days of Azithromycin

caseating granuloma

Biopsy result and histologic hallmark of Tuberculosis

blastomyocosis

Blastomyces, Easrtern US

relapsing fever

Borrelia recurrentis

Naegleria fowleri

Brain eating amoeba

Crimean-Congo hemorrhage fever

Bunyavirus. trsnsmitted by ticks.

psittacosis

Chlamydophila psittaci

Q fever

Coxiella burnetti

cryptococcosis

Cryptococcus neoformans, yeast with clear halo. meningitis, enchphalitis.

ototoxicity

Damage to the organs of hearing by a toxic substance

porphyria

Disorders resulting from buildup of certain chemicals related to red blood cell proteins

somnolence

Drowsiness; sleepiness

Ehrlichiosis

Ehrlichia, vector is tick. Monocytes with morulae.

Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica. cause dysentery, liver abscess and right upper quadrant pain (RUQ pain).

wart

Flesh-colored, raised area caused by HPV 1, 2, 6, 11

Tularemia

Francisella tularensis. Transmitted by ticks, rabbits and deer flies.

bacteria vaginosis

Gardnerella vaginalis involved. fishy smell. Clue cell, metronidazole or climdamycin for treatment.

Actinomyces

Gram pos rod shaped. Normal oral flora. Penicillin.

subunit vaccine

HBV, HPV

roseola infantum (exanthem subitum)

HHV-6,7. Fevers then macular rash. can cause seizures.

Kaposi sarcoma

HHV-8, transmitted by sexual contact. neoplasm of endothelial cells seen in HIV.

Tzanck test

HSV-1,2, VZV, CMV

chocolate agar

Haemophilus and Neisseria

histoplasmosis

Histoplasma within macrophages

Nosocomial infection

Hospital acquired infection

polio vaccine

IPV/OPV

trismus

Inability to open the jaw due to pain

dysentery

Inflammation of the intestines accompanied by bloody diarrhea.

endotoxin

LPS from outer cell membrane of most gram negative bacteria. Vaccine not available.

paracoccidiodomyocosis

Latin America, captain's wheel

leishmaniasis

Leishmania donovani. spiking fever. hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia (visceral leishmaniasis/kala-azar). skin ulcers (cutaneous leishmaniasis) transmitted by sandfly.

Weil disease

Leptospira Interrogans. severe jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction, fever, hemorrhage, anemia.

tinea versicolor

Malassezia furfur, hypopigmsnted patches (-alba) / (-nigra)

falciparum malaria

P. falciparum. severe, ireggular fever [patterns. cerebral malaria.

quartan malaria

P. malariae. every 72 hr

tertian malaria

P. vivax/P. ovale. Every 48 hr

stocking-glove pattern

Peripheral neuropathy usually starts in the longest nerves in the body and so first affect the feet and later the hands.

exotoxin

Polypeptide secreted from cell . Seen in Tetanus, botulism, diphtheria.

Reiter's syndrome

Reactive arthritis, is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in response to an infection in another part of the body (cross-reactivity). Chlamydia, Salmonella.

hydrops fetalis

Rh disease, anemia, Parvovirus B19, CMV, Turner syndrome...

Epidemic typhus

Rickettsia prowazekii. transmitted by human body louse.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsia rickettsii

periplasm

Space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram negative bacteria.

sporotrichosis

Sporothrix schenckii. Skin pustule or ulcer and ascending lymphangitis.

miliary tuberculosis

Systemic dissemination of TB from blood vessel invasion of the pathologic process

Pott disease

TB spread to lumbar vertebrae

Gohn complex

TB. regional infection lymph nodes and gohn focus

glycocalyx

The external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-cell communication

African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma brucei (-rhodesiense, -gambiense). enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever and come. transmitted by tsetse fly.

Chagas disease

Trypanosoma cruzi. cause dilated cardiomyopathy, apical atrophy, megacolon, megaesophagus. transmitted by kissing bug.

coccidiomycosis

Valley fever, Coccidioides.

scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency

syphilis

a bacterial STD that can affect many parts of the body caused by Treponema pallidum.

tetanus

a bacterial disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles.

typhoid fever

a bacterial infection due to Salmonella typhi that causes high fever over several days, weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, and headaches. Diarrhea is uncommon and vomiting is not usually severe.

kernicterus

a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction

chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

a hereditary diseases in which immune system have difficulty forming superoxide radical due to defective phagocyte NADPH oxidase used to kill certain ingested pathogens

eosinophilia

a higher than normal level of eosinophils.

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

a rare, life-threatening complication of certain types of bacterial infections. Often Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria, but also group A streptococcus (strep) bacteria.

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

a reaction to endotoxin-like products released by the death of harmful microorganisms within the body during antibiotic treatment. syphilis, borreliosis (Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever) and leptospirosis.

epiglottitis

a serve, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis.

pilus

a short, thick appendage that allows a bacterium to attach to another bacterium

Hutchinson's teeth

a sign of congenital syphilis. Babies with this have teeth that are smaller and more widely spaced than normal and which have notches on their biting surfaces.

spastic paralysis

a state of continual contraction of the muscles; (can't relax muscles)

stupor

a state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility

ochronosis

a syndrome caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid in connective tissues

Adie's pupil

a tonically dilated pupil that reacts slowly to light but shows a more definite response to accommodation

cheilosis

abnormal condition of the lip

fistula

abnormal passage

Nocardia

acid fast. gram pos, rod-shaped. Found in soil. Sulfonamides.

epithelioid cell

activated macrophages resembling epithelial cells

coryza

acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose

cystic fibrosis

affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways.

postprandial

after dinner

dysgeusia

altered taste

microcephaly

an abnormally small head

diphtheria

an acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

hepatic steatosis

an increased buildup in the liver

toxoplasmosis

an infection caused by toxoplasma gondii, transmitted in cat feces. congenital toxoplasmosis (chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus and intracranial calcification)

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system

rheumatic fever

an inflammatory autoimmune response by the heart to an infection by streptococcal bacteria

undulant fever

another name for Brucellosis based on alternating periods of fever and chills

warfarin

anticoagulants

Kuru

aquired prion desease in tribe practicing human cannibalism

echovirus

aseptic meningitis

coxsackievirus

aspetic meningitis, herpangina, hand-food-mouth disease, myocarditis, pericarditis

rod

bacillus

gas gangrene

bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens.

Argyll Robertson pupil

bilateral small pupils that reduce in size on a near object, but do not constrict when exposed to bright light. Seen in typically neurosyphilis.

herpes labialis

blister-like sores on the lips caused by HSV-1

hemarthrosis

blood in a joint

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin

hemolysis

breakdown of the red blood cell membrane

hantavirus

bunyavirus. transmitted by rodents. cause hemorrhagic fever, pnuemonia.

Trichomonas vaginalis

cause vaginitis whose symptoms are greenish discharge, itching and burning and foul-smelling.

Lyme disease

caused by Borrelia burgdorfei transmitted by ixodes.

Listeriosis

caused by Listeria monocytogenes. infections of the central nerve system in those who are immunocompromised pregnant women, and those at the extremes of age (newborns and the elderly), as well as gastroenteritis in healthy persons who have been severely infected

Leprosy

caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Hansen disease. lepromatous or tuberculoid.

anthrax

caused by a spore-forming bacterium like Bacillus anthracis. They can range from a skin ulcer with a dark scab to difficulty breathing.

Lassa fever

caused by arenavirus. transmitted by rodents.

Chandelier sign

cervical motion tenderness

hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

characterized by a triad of hemolytic anemia, acute kidney failure, and a low platelet count. caused by E. coli O157, Shigella, and Campylobacter

atresia

closed ducts or tubes

spherical

coccus

agitation

commotion, excitement; uneasiness

hemochromatosis

condition caused by iron accumulated in the tissue

dwarfism

condition of being abnormally small

gastroschisis

congenital fissure of the abdominal wall

pertussis

contagious infection Bordetella pertussis in respiratory tract. (whooping cough)

outer membrane

contains endotoxin like LPS or LOS in outer leaflet, phospholipids in inner leaflet. OMPs are embedded. Gram negative only.

hemoptysis

coughing up blood

herpangina

coxsackievirus. mouth blister, fever

caput medusae

cutaneous veins radiating from umbilicus

rhabdomyolysis

destruction of muscle to produce myoglobin

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

lymphadenopathy

enlarged lymph nodes

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen

aplasia

failure of some tissue or organ to develop

achalasia

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

pseudoappendicitis

false inflammation of the appendix

photophobia

fear of light

Yellow fever

flavivirus. transmitted by mosquitoes, high fever, black vomitus and juandice.

exudate

fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound

alopecia

hair loss

plaque

has been described as a broad papule, or confluence of papules equal to or greater than 1 cm, or alternatively as an elevated, plateau-like lesion that is greater in its diameter than in its depth.

omphalocele

herniation at the umbilicus

chancroid

highly infectious nonsyphilitic venereal ulcer, Haemophilus ducreyi

ataxia

inability to perform coordinated movements

toxoid

inactivated toxin used in a vaccine

myotonia

increased muscle tension

giardiasis

infection caused by Giardia lamblia, causing vomiting, cramping, and fatty diarrhea.

osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva

gonorrhea

inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with Neisseria gonococci

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

endometritis

inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus

enteritis

inflammation of the intestine

Otitis externa

inflammation of the outer ear

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney

acrodermatitis

inflammation of the skin of the extremities

glossitis

inflammation of the tongue

bacteriostatic

inhibits bacterial growth

convulsion

involuntary muscular spasms

bulla

is a large blister, a rounded or irregularly shaped blister containing serous or seropurulent fluid, equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm

patch

is a large macule equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm across

floppy baby syndrome

is a state of low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to stretch in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength.

Renshaw cell

is inhibitory interneurons found in the gray matter of the spinal cord, and are associated in two ways with an alpha motor neuron.

pruritus

itching

spore

karatin-like coat which can be seen only in Gram positive bacterias

bactericidal

kills bacteria

anosmia

loss of smell

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

genecomastia

males, subareolar breast tissue(tender, unilateral), resolves within 2 yrs

subscute sclerosing panencphalitis (SSPE)

measles, a rare progressieve brain inflamation.

azotemia

medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood

otitis media

middle ear infection

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

mononucleosis (fever, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy), endemic Burkitt lymphoma), nasopharyngeal carcinoma. monospot test positive.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

mononucleosis, AIDS retinitis, congenital CMV, owl eye inclusion

flaccid paralysis

muscle stays relaxed

neuralgia

nerve pain

asterixis

nonrhythmic coarse tremor, flexing of the wrist and fingers

peptic ulcer

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

Marasmus

overall energy deficiency

arthralgia

pain in a joint

diplococci

pairs of cocci

paraplegia

paralysis from the waist down

quadraplegia

paralysis of arms and legs

monoplegia

paralysis of one limb

hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

RS virus

paramyxovirus causing respiratory infection during infancy and childhood or in immunodeficient patients

erythema infectiosum

parvovirus B19

lytic cycle

phage causes lysis and death of host cell

transduction

phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another

MacConkey agar

pink colonies if lactose is fermented. Klebsiella, E coli, Enterobacter and Serratia.

BK virus

polyomavirus, kidney damage, transplant patients.

capsule

polysaccharide layer protecting against phagocytosis

prophylaxis

prevention

Kwashiorkor

protein deficiency

Woolsorter's disease

pulmonary anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

rapidly progressive demetia, typically sporadic

depletion

reduction in the number or quantity of something

lysogenic cycle

replicates the phage genome without destroying the host

epilepsy

seizure disorder

Cryptosporidium

severe diarrhea in AIDS.

pruritus

severe itching

Legionnaires' disease

severe pulmonary pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila

fimbria

short hair like projections that move ovum to fallopian tube

telangiectasia

skin lesion due to permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible, spider veins

Koplik spots

small, blue-white spots with red halo over oral mucosa; early sign of measles

lymphogranuloma venereum

small, painless ulcers on genitals caused by Chlamydia trachomatis Type L.

spiral

spirochetes

flagellum

structure used by protists for movement; produces movement in a wavelike motion

Pontiac fever

summer flu, milder strain of leigionella pneumophila

granuloma

swelling of the granulation tissue in epidermis

hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

vascularization

the process of becoming vascular

babesiosis

tick-born disease in US caused by babesia.

tinea (dermatophytosis)

tinea capitis, corporis, cruris, pedis, ungium

caudal

toward the tail

rostal

towards the nose

uremia

urine in the blood

red man syndrome

vancomycin

erosion

びらん

citrate

クエン酸

gumma

ゴム腫

louse

シラミ. Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis. intense pruritis. can transmit Rickettsia prowazakii (typhus), Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever) and Bartonella quintana (trench fever)

tick

ダニ

Wuchereria bancrofti

バンクロフト糸状虫. transmitted by mosquito, elephantiasis (worms in lymph nodes)

Schistosoma haematobium

ビルハルツ住血吸虫. snails are host, penetrate skin. squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.

pyruvate

ピルビン酸

Schistosoma mansoni

マンソン住血吸虫. snails are host, penetrate skin. liver and spleen enlargement, fibrosis, portal hypertension

mucormycosis

ムコール症

Loa loa

ロア糸状虫. transmiteed by flies, swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva.

chancre

下疳

killed vaccine

不活化ワクチン. rabies, influenza, Salk polio, HAV.

papule

丘疹

erysipelas

丹毒

molluscum contagiosum

伝染性軟属腫. papule with entra umblication. caused by molluscipoxvirus.

flank pain

側腹部痛

purulent

化膿した

Echinococcus granulosus

単包条虫. eggs from dog feces. hydatid cysts in liver, anaphylaxis.

salpingitis

卵管炎、耳管炎

protozoa

原虫

tramatodes (fluke)

吸虫

dyspnea

呼吸困難

sputum

喀痰

cyst

嚢胞

cystic fibrosis (CF)

嚢胞性繊維症. Genetic disorder due to CFTR abnormality causing bronchiectasis, airway obstruction. White people, autosomal recessive

Onchocerca volvulus

回旋糸状虫. transmitted by blackfly, skin cahnges blindness.

Ascaris lumbricoides (gaint roundworm)

回虫. fecal-oral, intestinal,

ecthyma gangrenosum

壊疽性膿瘡 an infection of the skin typically caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Echinococcus multilocularis

多包条虫. eggs from dog feces.

vesicle

小水泡

nodule

小結節

condyloma acuminatum

尖圭コンジローマ

singles

帯状疱疹

Diphyllobothrium latum

広節裂頭条虫. larvae from raw freshwater fish. Vitamin B 12 deficiency.

live attenuated vaccine

弱毒生ワクチン. smallpox, yellow fever, rotavirus, VZV, Sabin polio virus, MMR(measles, mumps, rubella)

condyloma lata

扁平コンジローマ

disseminated

播種性の

macule

斑

Trichinella spiralis

旋毛虫. fecal-oral, pork, intestinal, cyst in striated muscle cells. trichinosis (fever, vomitting, nausea periorbital edema, myalgia)

Schistosoma japonicum

日本住血吸虫. snails are host, penetrate skin. liver and spleen enlargement, fibrosis, portal hypertension

acanthocyte

有棘赤血球

Taenia solium

有鉤条虫. intestinal (larvae encysted in pork)/cysticercosis, neurocysticerosis (eggs in feces)

peripheral

末梢の

cestode (tapeworm)

条虫

chickenpox

水疱

ulcer

潰瘍

follicle

濾胞、卵胞

Taenia saginata

無鉤条虫. intestinal (larvae encysted in beef)

Toxocara canis

犬回虫. fecal-oral, visceral larva migrans (heart, liver, CNS)

scarlet fever

猩紅熱

Scabies

疥癬. Sarcoptes scabiei. mties in stratum corneum which causes pruritis.

crust

痂皮

risus sardonicus

痙笑

Leukoplakia

白板症

orchitis

睾丸炎

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)

糞線虫. larvae in soil penetrate the skin, intestinal.

recombination

組み換え

nematode

線虫, roundworm

amnionitis

羊膜炎

paroritis

耳下腺炎

Clonorchis sinensis

肝吸虫. undercooked fish, biliary tract inflammation, cholangiocarcinoma.

cholangiocarcinoma

胆管癌

nephrolithiasis

腎結石症

vesicoureteral reflux

膀胱尿管逆流

wheal

膨疹

pustule

膿疱

impertigo

膿痂疹

mold

菌糸

folate

葉酸

cellulitis

蜂窩織炎

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

蟯虫. fecap-oral, intestinal.

erythrocyte as dimentation rate (ESR)

血沈

fissure

裂溝

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

進行性多巣性白質脳症. JC virus (polyomavirus). seen in HIV.

erythema migrans

遊走性紅斑 Lyme disease

reassortment

遺伝子再集合

yeast

酵母

sideroblast

鉄芽球

Ancylostoma duodenale. Necator ameircanus (hookworm)

鉤虫. Larvae penetrate skin, intestinal, cutaneous larva migrans, microcytic anemia

ichthyosis

魚鱗癬

thrush

鵞口瘡