MEGA 062 Practice Questions

When a student must remember something (e.g., on a test), which cognitive memory process is the most challenging? A. Recall B. Retrieval C. Rehearsal D. Recognition

A: Recall accesses information from long-term memory, and is more challenging

What is a characteristic of indirect instruction? A. It is teacher facilitated rather than teacher-directed B. It is teacher-centered rather than student-centered C. It is teacher-directed rather than teacher facilitated D. It is receptive rather than active knowledge building

A Indirect instruction is facilitated by the teacher, who assigns students to select activities and guide them in doing so and supervises and supports their work, rather than more controlled and directed by the teacher

To make a classroom emotionally safe, what can teachers include among rules for both their students and themselves to follow? A. It is never okay for any of us to insult any others B. It is okay to laugh at others if it is in a friendly way C. It is okay to tell others to shut up if they are being rude D. It is only okay to put down people who really deserve it

A: A good rule for teachers to establish for both their students and themselves to make the classroom emotionally safe is never to insult others

Which of the following describes a student who is a tactile-kinesthetic learner? A. Enjoys building models B. Perceives patterns and relationships C. Listens and responds to the spoken word D. Interested in writing

A: A student who enjoys building models is most likely a tactile-kinesthetic learner who enjoys hands-on activities; that is, activities that allow the student to create and learn while touching related materials

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which ability do adolescents develop that they did not have in earlier stages? A. Abstraction and hypothesis testing B. Intention and object permanence C. Conservation and logical thinking D. Centration and intuitive thinking

A: Adolescents in Piaget's formal operations stage think logically, understand abstract ideas, perform mental operations without concrete support, and systematically test hypotheses

Some students find their successes due to their talent and/or hard work and their failures due to their lack of ability and/or not studying; others find their successes due to good luck or help from others and their failures due to bad luck or interference from others. What is Motivation Theory's term for this? A. Attribution B. Affirmation C. Assignment D. Ascription

A: Attribution is the term in motivation theory for the way people assign causes or reasons for their successes and failure. Affirmation (B) = stating something true; Assignment (C) and Ascription (D) are synonyms for Attribution, but not terms used in Motivation Theory

Which term refers to the process of training a reflexive response to occur upon receiving and originally unrelated stimulus? A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Zone of proximal development D. Self-regulation

A: Classical conditioning, discovered and proven by Ivan Pavlov, pairs two unrelated stimuli (bell and dog food), one evoking a reflexive response (dog food = salivate) repeatedly until the subject associates both with the same response, so the originally unrelated stimulus (bell) eventually evokes the response (salivate) without the unconditioned stimulus. Once it does this, it becomes a conditioned stimulus.

What kind of validity indicates how representative a test is of every part or detail of a construct? A. Content validity B. Criterion validity C. Construct validity D. Concurrent validity

A: Content validity is how representative a test is of every single component of the construct it measures. Criterion validity (B) is how representative a test is of a certain skill set. Construct validity (C) is how representative a test is of a certain construct it is designed to measure (e.g., if it is meant to measure depression, it should not measure anxiety). Concurrent validity (D) is a subtype of Criterion validity and indicates how well a test correlates with an established benchmark test

Which of these is a benefit students receive from continuous student performance monitoring and charting? A. Students receive visual illustrations of what they learn B. Students receive delayed feedback from the teachers C. Students receive graphs and goals only from a teacher D. Students receive practice their independent study

A: Continuous monitoring and charting not only inform teachers of student progress with individual short-term objectives, enabling them to adjust instruction timely as needed; they also give students visual illustrations of their own learning and immediate teacher feedback, not delayed.

Which of the following represents effective curriculum design in terms of sequence? A. Reading before writing B. Writing before reading C. Speaking before listening D. Listening following writing

A: Curriculum design should sequence instruction logically to match developmental sequences. Receptive language develops before expressive language, so reading should be taught before writing

To communicate effectively with all students in diverse classrooms, which of these is NOT a recommended teacher technique for transitions between topics? A. Implicit transitions requiring student inferences B. Verbal signals to the students about transitions C. Making mini summaries of the preceding topics D. Establishing some connections between topics

A: Experts do not recommend leaving transitions between topics implicit for students to infer

What is one valid guideline for teachers to avoid problems with classroom diversity? A. Avoid using idioms; translate or explain any they do use B. Avoid linguistic redundancy to prevent student boredom C. Avoid using any examples not familiar to all the students D. Avoid confusing students by presenting in multiple forms

A: Idiomatic expressions do not have literal meanings, so they confuse ELL students. Teachers should avoid using idioms, and if/when they do, translate and/or explain them

In curriculum design, what is/are included in the definition of scope? A. All these plus teacher expectations of student performance B. Breadth and depth of subject content covered in instruction C. Curricular coherence through longitudinal instruction in content D. Learning objectives reflecting national, state, and local standards

A: In curriculum design, the scope of curriculum is defined as all of these plus teacher expectations of student accomplishment

Having a print-rich environment includes all of the following except: A. Writing classroom labels in only one language to avoid confusion. B. Making sure print is at the children's eye level. C. Displaying the students' work around the classroom. D. Having the teacher prepare materials in front of the students to model writing.

A: Making labels in more than one language is not confusing to children. Rather, it is supportive of their home language (if it is not English), and bilingual or multilingual labels send the message that writing comes in a variety of shapes and languages.

Which of the following is a common way for library media specialist to help classroom teachers and students? A. Providing access to information B. Providing accelerated activities C. Providing enrichment activities D. Providing compressed curricula

A: Providing help to teachers and students in finding, accessing, and evaluating information is a common way for library media specialists to assist them

Relative to assessment, what is the definition of statistical reliability? A. Consistency in a test's results across repeated administrations B. Veracity in a test's measuring what it is purported to measure C. Dependability of administering a test the same way each time D. Consistency between two tests when comparing their results

A: Relative to assessment, statistical reliability is how consistent a test's results are across repeated administrations. B is a definition of statistical validity. C describes being able to replicate the test administration itself, not results across administrations. D describes consistency between two test, not consistency within 1 test across administrations

To recruit parents as allies to reinforce school expectations at home, teachers should establish and communicate high standards and expectations at the beginning of the school year. Why? A. Because research finds parental expectations strongly predicts student achievement B. Because research finds teachers' expectations more influential than those of parents C. Because communications later in the year will get more subjective parent responses D. Because communications later in the year will be less supportive but more objective

A: Research studies identify parental expectations as among the strongest predictors of student achievement

According to Cognitive Information Processing Theory, in which of these do people receive input from the environment? A. Sensory memory B. Working memory C. Short-term memory D. Long-term memory

A: Sensory memory, also known as sensory register, is Cognitive Information Processing Theory's term for the capacity wherein we receive sensory input from the environment (i.e., anything we see, hear, feel, smell, and/or taste).

Which of these do standardized ability tests measure in students? A. Student competence B. Student performance C. Student school grades D. Student Mental Health

A: Standardized tests of ability, like IQ, creativity, verbal, numerical, spatial, memory, and other abilities measure student competence, i.e., their capacity rather than what they can actually do, which is performance (B).

What is the first way in which teachers can apply processes of acquiring and integrating new knowledge to help ELL students access meaningful learning? A. Activate prior knowledge B. Activate accommodation C. Activate assimilation D. Activate all at once

A: The first learning process ELL high school students engage in when encountering new information/experiences is activating prior knowledge. Relating new to existing knowledge makes new information meaningful.

Which of the following is a right of teachers under the First Amendment? A. The right to academic freedom of expression B. The right to protection against discrimination C. The right to due process and termination notice D. The right to establish student behavioral rules

A: The right to academic freedom of expression is a right of teachers under the First Amendment; the others are all rights under the Fourteenth Amendment

Among speech/language disorders, which category most often includes remediation via surgical procedures? A. Voice disorders B. Language disorders C. Articulation disorders D. Rate and Rhythm disorders

A: Voice disorders include, among others, impaired voice quality secondary to cleft palate, vocal nodules, or vocal polyps, all three of which can be remediated via surgical procedures to repair clefts, strip nodules, or remove polyps

An educational researcher gives the same test to two groups of students, then delivers an instructional intervention to one group, and then give both groups the same test again. The intervention/treatment group scores much higher this time; the control (non-treatment) group scores essentially the same as the first time. The researcher concludes that barring other factors, the intervention was what raised 1 groups scores. What type of validity does this illustrate? A. Internal validity B. External validity C. Ecological validity D. Population validity

A: When a test (or an experimental research design) shows cause-and-effect, it has internal validity

Among the developmental stages Freud identified in his theory of psychosexual development, which ones occur during infancy and early childhood through elementary ages? A. Oral, Anal, and Phallic B. Anal, Phallic, and Genital C. Phallic, Genital, and Latency D. Phallic, Latency, and Genital

A: the Oral stage is associated with infancy; the Anal stage with toddlerhood; and the Phallic stage with preschool ages. The Latency stage is associated with Elementary School ages, and the Genital stage is associated with adolescence

Ms. Brown has a diverse set of family situations and cultures in her classroom. Which of the following actions would not be sensitive to these families? A. On the class Information Form, ask "What is the primary language in the family?" B. On the class Information Form, ask for information using the labels "mother," "father," and "siblings." C. Write materials to be sent home in the language of the home D. On the class Information Form, ask for information using the labels "adults in the home," and "children in the home."

B: A home that has stepparents or relatives other than the mother and father might feel ill at ease with a form that asks for only those identifications.

Which of these takes place first in the process of producing national or state standardized achievement tests? A. Publication and public marketing of the tests B. Administering the tests to student samples C. Publishing statistical analysis of test scores D. Proof of the validity and reliability of tests

B: After designing a standardized test like a national or state achievement test, the author must first administer it to groups of students they have selected as representative samples of the larger target population

Which of the following does puberty involve? A. Physical maturation B. All of these things C. Hormonal changes D. Sexual maturation

B: All of theses

Which of the following is an advantage of instructional objectives? A. Since an objective must have a measurable outcome, it is easier to have low-level, and thereby easily-measured, objectives. B. Writing objectives forces the teacher to think about what students should be working on. C. Once a teacher has established a pattern for writing objectives, they all tend to be the same. D. Objectives tends to focus on parts of the whole picture rather than complete knowledge.

B: An advantage of doing objectives is that, if done properly, the exercise will cause the teacher to think about skills that the students need to learn. Answer a States an obvious problem: Teachers are not supposed to be aiming for low-level skills in an objective, even if such skills are easily measurable

Which of the following reflects the general principle for teachers to apply in responding to student diversity in their classrooms? A. Ask students to speak for their minorities B. Ask students more open-ended questions C. Ask students questions with shorter wait time D. Ask students to follow differing rules and norms

B: Asking more open-ended questions invites diverse students to share their experiences and observations.

According to teachers and administrators, which is accurate about strategies for parent-teacher conferences they recommend? A. Parents usually resent ideas for home use from teachers B. Thanking parents for attending conferences is important C. Parents will not want specific suggestions on how to help D. Needed improvements discussed require no follow-ups

B: Because parents often want their home interactions to support their children's learning, some teachers design games and other ideas for home use, which many parents welcome.

Which of these do standardized ability tests and standardized aptitude tests both do? A. Both measure execution, not potential B. Both measure potential, not execution C. Both measure potential plus execution D. Both measurability and also interests

B: Both standardized ability tests (IQ, creativity tests, etc) and standardized aptitude tests (interests, careers tests) measure student potential rather than execution - i.e., capability rather than ability

Which type of behaviorist conditioning changes voluntary behaviors through manipulating environmental variables? A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. No type of conditioning D. Respondent conditioning

B: Classical Conditioning (A) changes involuntary behaviors through manipulating environmental variables. Operant Conditioning (B) changes voluntary behaviors through manipulating environmental variables. Respondent Conditioning (D) is another name, coined by operant conditioning pioneer B.F. Skinner, for Classical conditioning (A). Since B is correct, C is incorrect

Which of these teaching/learning strategies associated with indirect instruction most promotes student visualization, organization, and application of ideas they have learned? A. Reading for meaning B. Concept mapping C. Cloze procedures D. Case studies

B: Concept mapping helps students to visualize, organize, and apply the concepts they have learned.

Among the following stages designated by Erikson in his theory of psychosocial development, which are most associated with the life stage of adolescence? A. Intimacy vs Isolation and Generativity vs Stagnation B. Identity vs Role Confusion and Intimacy vs Isolation C. Industry vs Inferiority and Identity vs Role Confusion D. Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, and Identity

B: Erikson designated Identity vs. Role Confusion as the stage when adolescents are developing their personal identities; and Intimacy vs. Isolation as the stage when young adults (which can include those in their late teens) are developing the capacity to form intimate relationships. Generativity vs. Stagnation (A) is the stage Erikson designated as occurring during middle adulthood. Industry vs. Inferiority (C), (D) is the stage Erikson designated as characterizing Elementary School years. Initiative vs. Guilt (D) is the stage Erikson said accompanies preschool ages.

Which of the following do experts advise for managing productive learning environment in the classroom? A. For independence, do not arrange signals to start work B. Sequence tasks on a continuum from easiest to hardest C. Avoid informing students about upcoming tasks challenges D. Keep tasks simple and uncomplicated for students to excel

B: Experts advise teachers to present tasks in a sequence from easiest to most challenging.

Under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), what rights do students and their parents have? A. To inspect but not request correction of schools' student education records B. To reviews, correction request, formal hearings, and contesting statements C. To request correction of wrong records, but to no recourse if schools refuse D. To formal hearings if schools refuse to correct records, but no further action

B: FERPA provide parents and eligible students with the right to inspect school student education records (A), to request correction of records that are incorrect or misleading (C), to formal hearings if schools refuse such correction requests (D), and, if schools still refuse, to file statements contesting the information (B) in the records

One factor necessary to enable ELL students to succeed in middle and high school is effective instruction by their teachers. What is accurate about additional required factors? A. Educators need to disregard students' native languages to achieve any progress. B. Educators need shared knowledge bases of effective methods for ELLs C. Educators need to know school-community relationships will not have any effect D. Educators need to focus only on higher cognitive skills plus academics - in English

B: Factors that have been identified as necessary to enable ELL Student Success in middle and high school include realizing and acknowledging the importance of students' L1s, not disregarding them (A); having knowledge bases shared among educators of teaching methods they have found effective (B); school-community relationships involving collaboration (C); and educational programs in schools that are rich academically and include basic AND higher skills (D).

Which statement is most accurate in describing formal assessments? A. They are best for formative assessment B. They are frequently standardized tests C. They are more individualized measures D. They are typically criterion-referenced

B: Formal assessments are frequently standardized tests, which have been given to large numbers of students, data from their results mathematically calculated and summarized, and standardized scores, percentiles, or stanines given.

What is an accurate finding about how gender and race differences can influence teacher and student communication? A. Gender and race can influence teacher expectations, but not perceptions of behaviors B. Gender and race can influence teacher perceptions of behaviors by different students C. Gender and race can influence teacher communication but not student communication D. Gender and race can influence teachers, but neither their communication nor students'

B: Gender and race are found to influence how teachers perceive identical behaviors from different students.

If a high school student is interested in a subject but the school does not offer any classes in it, what is true about other ways the student can acquire skills in this subject? A. Independently reading books about the subject will not enable the student to acquire desired skills B. An internship or apprenticeship will provide instruction, modeling, and hands-on learning by doing C. Internet searches can find YouTube videos teaching the skills but not further reading/study matter D. Since the student is already enrolled in high school, s/he cannot enroll in an outside course to learn

B: High School students have multiple options for acquiring skills in subjects not taught by their schools

Standardized aptitude tests measure all EXCEPT which of the following? A. Student inclinations for certain jobs B. Student cognitive functioning levels C. Student verbal/numerical proclivity D. Student interest in certain activities

B: IQ/Ability tests measure cognitive functioning levels

When teaching children from non-english-speaking families, it is correct to assume that: A. Children will give up their previous language/culture in order to adopt that of the American majority B. Proficiency in one language can help in learning a second, so language skills will improve if children are encouraged to be bilingual C. Nothing is lost when the child's language and culture are not reinforced at school because they will be maintained at home D. Linguistically different children are educationally delayed

B: It has been shown that knowledge about the structure of one language makes it easier to pick up the structure of another

Pervasive labeling has the effect of all of the following except: A. Helping children learn how to organize and store materials B. Helping children to feel successful by limiting responsibility C. Helping children to associate words with things D. Enhancing the print-rich environment

B: Labels make it easier for children to find things on their own and put them away correctly; that is, children are more independent and responsible when they can follow the labels by themselves. Labels are not a crutch that relieves children of responsibility; reading a label or icon is empowering and asks the children to follow instructions

Higher-level objectives include all of the following except: A. Making predictions B. Suggesting courses of action C. Memorizing important dates D. Providing solutions to problems

C: Memorizing dates is a low-level skill that does not require any analysis or comprehension; thus the task in answer C is not a higher-level objective

Research finds which of these is true regarding classroom conflicts? A. Violent actions reflect a lack of values B. Violent actions share retribution goals C. Violent actions begin as major incidents D. Violent actions are from slow escalation

B: Research finds that violent actions in classrooms do not reflect the lack of values (A), but rather reflect value systems that condone violence; that they commonly shared goals of Retribution against others; that most begin his minor, not major incidents (C); and that despite interactions nothing initially predatory, conflicts escalate rapidly, not slowly (D).

According to research into achievement motivation, what is the role of student self-determination? A. It weakens student motivation by lowering student compliance B. It strengthens student motivation for learning and performance C. It causes qualitative but not quantitative differences in learning D. Created with student performance for external motives

B: Research into achievement motivation find student self-determination strengthens motivation. Self-determination involves independently initiating activities rather than only complying with teacher direction; this does not weaken motivation (A). Stronger motivation to learn produces greater learning, not just learning in different ways (C). Self-determination is associated with student performance for internal, not external motives (D).

To address diversity among students within classrooms, which of these is a recommended teacher practice? A. Substituting American nicknames for more difficult foreign names B. Varying instructional methods for different student learning styles C. Establishing boundaries by not talking to students except in class D. Not challenging dominant students/putting quiet ones on the spot

B: Since students have different learning styles, teachers are advised to address diversity by varying their instructional methods to accommodate more variation.

Strategies for establishing a tactile-kinesthetic learning environment include all except which one of the following? A. Large floor games B. Syllogisms C. Dance warm-ups D. Role playing

B: Syllogisms are a method of diagramming logical thought, a strategy that would work best with a logical-mathematical learner

When should teachers write lesson plans for effective organization and implementation? A. After creating the plan of study, before the lesson plan calendar B. After a plan of study, units, timelines, and lesson plan calendar C. After planning instructional units, but before planning timeline D. After making a lesson plan calendar, before planning the unit

B: Teachers should first review National and state standards, course textbooks, additional materials, and required test preparation material; create a plan of study; plan instruction unit sometime line; make a personal lesson plan calendar; and then write detailed lesson plans within each unit.

What defines validity in terms of assessment? A. Whether a test is consistent over repeated measures B. Whether a test measures what it is meant to measure C. Whether a test measures a construct using objectivity D. Whether a test is scored the same by different people

B: The definition of statistical validity regarding assessment is whether a test measures what it is meant to measure

FERPA regulations allow Student Records disclosure without consent under which conditions? A. To any school officials, who need not have specific reasons B. To schools where students transfer so records are needed C. To school Personnel excepting those related to financial aid D. To any auditing or evaluating officials with no specifications

B: When students transfer schools, FERPA regulations permit the previous school to provide the new school with Student Records without consent, since the new school will need the student's records from past schools.

Which of these is true about effective nonverbal communication by teachers? A. Unusual or flashy apparel and exaggerated gestures are effective. B. Appropriate movements expressing energy and enthusiasm work. C. Students will not take teachers who smile while teaching seriously. D. Relaxed posture and avoiding eye contact will put students at ease.

B: While teachers are advised against wearing distracting apparel or making exaggerating gestures (A), appropriate physical movements expressing energy, enthusiasm, and excitement about content and learning are effective (B). Rather than losing student respect, teachers communicate that they value their own utterances when they smile (C). Teachers should stand up straight and maintain eye contact to project confidence; slouching and looking away do not put students at ease (D).

In acquiring and integrating new knowledge, what is the key difference of younger children as opposed to high school students? A. Fewer schemata B. Fewer of all of these C. Fewer assimilations D. Fewer accommodations

B: Younger children have had fewer life experiences and less time to form schemata (A), assimilate new information into new schemes and existing knowledge (C), and change existing schemata or form new ones to accommodate (D) to new information differing from existing knowledge

Part of the emotional environment of a classroom is the relationships between the teacher and the children. Children learn and develop while in a nurturing relationship that includes all the following except: A. Remains consistent in the teachers interactions with and expectations of the children B. Firmly ensures compliance with rules and routines C. Empowers children with choices D. Provides feedback in a positive manner

B: while setting rules and establishing routines is important to classroom management, the teacher should not be so firm that there is no room for flexibility and adjustments. A teacher's relationship with a child must remain consistent in terms of the teacher's interactions with the child and the expectations set for the child. A moody and fickle teacher will frustrate and anger the children.

Mapping curriculum scope is a way for teachers to do which of the following? A. Ensure curriculum progresses in complexity and abstraction B. Respond to relative student interest through the curriculum C. Integrate state and district learning standards into curriculum D. Assure prerequisite knowledge and logical delivery of content

C: Mapping curriculum scope is a way for teachers to integrate state and school district learning standards.

Activity planning and lesson planning the same in which of the following: A.The plans include an opening that motivates students B. The plans provide students a chance to apply previously-learned skills C. The plans can be designed for the whole unit D. The plans ask for skills from different subject areas

C: A lesson is only one component of a unit, so the lesson plan cannot cover the whole unit. An activity plan, however, can be for an activity that incorporates several components of a unit or is a good summary activity for a unit.

Which of the following describes a logical-mathematical learner? A. Sensitive to physical environments and systems B. Interested in career as a builder C. Interested in a career as an engineer D. Reads, speaks, and writes effectively

C: A logical mathematical learner is most likely to be interested in a career in engineering, which involves mathematics and logical problem-solving

All of the following describe a visual-spatial learner except: A. Uses clustering as a brainstorming tool B. Highlights with color C. Enjoys playing with sound D. Uses visual memory techniques

C: A student who enjoys playing with sound is most likely a musical learner who learns best when the material has Rhythm and Melody

Based on Research findings, how does role-playing contribute to effective conflict resolution in the classroom? A. Role-playing makes conflicts appear less humorous B. Role-playing focused his students on their own feelings C. Role-playing teaches perspective-taking and empathy D. Role-playing promotes objective reactions to conflict

C: Based on findings of research into conflict resolution in schools, experts recommend role playing as an effective strategy because it can introduce humor into the conflict resolution process (A); help students consider the feelings of others (B); teaches them to view behaviors from others perspectives and empathize with others (C); and promotes more objective examination of conflicts (D) to gain insights about their origins

In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which stage(s) and nuclear conflict(s) is/are typically encountered during the teenage years? A. Identity vs Role Confusion B. Intimacy vs Isolation C. Both of these D. Neither one

C: Both of these

What accurately reflects Effective Teacher verbal communication strategies with all students? A. Teachers to keep vocal speeds and tones uniform for student comprehension B. Teachers who project their voices only intimidate students and do not help hearing C. Teachers get attention, show Transitions, and enable processing via strategic pauses D. Teachers should accord the same wait times for ELL and disabled students as others

C: By pausing strategically during their speech, teachers get the attention of students, indicate transitions between topics, and allowed time for students to process spoken information teachers should vary their vocal speeds and tones to keep students interested in their speech rather than speaking monotonously which does not aid comprehension (A) but hinders it. Vocal projection communicates teacher confidence in what they are saying rather than intimidating, and does help students to hear speech (B). Teachers should accord longer waiting times for ELL and disabled students (D) to allow longer times for translation and processing

For classroom teachers, awareness of issues in the family situations of their students is important. Which of the following is not true about Children of Divorce? A. Children are almost always more traumatized than their parents B. A children from divorced parents, 75 - 80% do not have serious problems C. Children from non divorced parents have no fewer problems than children from divorced parents D. Preschool children are usually the most afraid and symptomatic of trauma when divorce occurs in their families

C: Children from non-divorced families do have fewer problems than children from families of divorce

Which of the following defines Discriminant Validity in assessment? A. Constructs are not combined or confounded in what a test measures B. Constructs expected to be related when tested are found to be related C. Constructs expected to be unrelated are tested and are found unrelated D. Constructs measured by tests can be generalized to the larger population

C: Discriminant Validity, also called Divergent Validity, confirms that constructs we expect to be unrelated are in fact unrelated. When constructs are not combined or confused in a test measurement (A) as they should not be, this indicates the test has Construct Validity. When constructs we expect to be related are confirmed to be related (B), this indicates Convergent Validity. When a construct measured by a test given to a sample group can be generalized to a larger population (D), it has External Validity

Which teacher practice is an element of logically structuring classes for effective communication and interaction with classes of individually differing students? A. Presenting problems to students without developing solutions B. Recounting processes or events out of chronological sequence C. Showing students how connected ideas relate to main themes D. Clarifying topics with literal presentations rather than as stories

C: Elements of structuring classes logically to enhance communication with all students include presenting them with problems and then developing Solutions

Which one of the following statements about objectives is not true? A. An objective describes a learning outcome B. An objective describes where we want students to go C. An objective describes how to get to the outcome D. An objective describes the lesson focus and direction

C: In writing an objective, the teacher is trying to communicate to the students what the learning outcome is, not how to get there

Jean Piaget described which of his cognitive developmental stages as including characteristics of egocentrism, intuitive thinking, centration, animism, and magical thinking? A. Concrete Operations B. Formal Operations C. Preoperational D. Sensorimotor

C: Piaget's Preoperational stage occurs during early childhood and includes the characteristics named in question. Concrete Operations (A) is associated with Elementary School ages, Formal Operations (B) is developed during pre-adolescence, and Sensorimotor (D) Stage is developed during infancy.

Which of the following is a correct way for classroom teachers to give understanding and support to a child whose family is in turmoil? A. Excuse a sad child from classroom chores, knowing that the child doesn't feel like doing much. B. Discreetly avoid any discussions with the child that might open up painful feelings. C. Provide classroom activities and materials, such as clay and paint, that might enable the child to work through feelings. D. Keep the child from being alone and having time to brood. My neck popped on that that was nice

C: Providing an outlet for the child to express feelings includes providing classroom activities and materials that would allow the child to draw or build something that is representative of that child's feelings.

Which statement is most accurate about the instructional approach of using scaffolding? A. It's ultimately moves student roles in learning from active to passive B. It ultimately requires students to maintain their current knowledge C. It ultimately moves learning responsibility from teacher to student D. It ultimately moves teacher roles from expert to facilitator/mentor

C: Scaffolding is temporary support that teachers provide to students to enable them to accomplish tasks they cannot yet achieve alone, and which teachers gradually withdraw as students progress towards task/skill mastery

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stages can adolescents typically achieve that they typically did not during early and middle childhood? A. Obedience and Punishment, plus Individualism and Exchange B. Interpersonal Relationships, plus Maintaining the Social Order C. Social Contract and Individual Rights, Universal Ethical Principle D. These are all stages within the level many adolescents achieve

C: Stage 5, Social Contract and Individual Rights, and Stage 6, Universal Ethical Principle are part of Level 3, Postconventional Morality, where individuals can develop moral standards transcending laws, typically during adolescence

What do standardized achievement test results enable Educators to do? A. They enable Educators to compare students in one grade to those in other grades B. They enable Educators to assess student fulfillment of classroom learning criteria C. They enable Educators to compare an individual student's progress over the years D. They enable Educators to compare achievement among students but not schools

C: Standardized achievement test results enable Educators to compare an individual student's scores among different school years to assess the students progress in school.

How do teachers help students by making classrooms intellectually safe? A. They enable students to take risks B. They enable students to collaborate C. They enable every student to participate D. They enable effective, challenging activity

C: Teachers enable every individual student to participate by making classrooms intellectually safe. They enable students to take risks (A), to collaborate (B), and to engage effectively in challenging activities (D) by making classrooms emotionally safe

Regarding parent-teacher conferences, what reflects teacher reports of effective strategies? A. Blunt phrasing is the only way to get students and parents to see reality B. Teachers should never include students in conferences with the parents C. Some teachers let students lead conferences on report cards, portfolios D. Teachers should avoid setting goals with students and parents too early

C: Teachers report based on their experience that they can avoid antagonizing parents and students by using tactful phrasing, and having students lead their own meetings.

Which of the following is an example of experiential learning? A. Watching a video, taking notes B. Reading a textbook, taking notes C. Testing a hypothesis, taking notes D. Listening to a lecture, taking notes

C: Testing a hypothesis requires conducting research, e.g., doing an experiment, making field observations, or administering a survey and analyzing the results. Watching videos (A), reading textbooks (B), and listening to lectures (D) - even while taking notes - are not experiential learning activities because they do not involve hands-on activities

If a classroom looks messy and disorganized, the effects might be all of the following except: A. Children displaying destructive Behavior. B. Children having difficulty choosing activities from amidst the chaos. C. Children worrying less about being neat and more about the task at hand. D. Children having difficulty doing clean-up chores.

C: The message will not be that the work is more important than rules and tidiness, but will be that anything goes, or that neither the teacher nor the students need care about order and cleanliness.

When children play, they learn and develop concepts through interacting with the environment. What kinds of concepts do they learn through their senses? A. Serial concepts B. Spatial concepts C. Physical concepts D. Temporal concepts

C: When they play, children learn physical concepts through their senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

How can teachers interact with diverse students to clarify class goals and purposes for attaining communication goals? A. Cover all details thoroughly rather than only emphasizing major points. B. Avoid confusing students by comparing and contrasting main Concepts. C. Support student comprehension by providing analogies and metaphors. D. Connect content topics to students' prior knowledge, interests, and values.

C; For attaining communication goals, teachers can interact with diverse students for clarifying class goals and purposes by concentrating on major points and letting students find additional details do other activities (A); they can also achieve these goals by comparing and contrasting concepts, which clarifies them rather than confusing students (B). Connecting content topics to students prior knowledge, interest, and values (D) as well as to student experience and the topics' utility for students is a way teachers can interact with students to stimulate their curiosity and interest rather than to clarify class goals and purposes.

According to Piaget's cognitive theory, how are schemata best defined? A. Mental Maps B. Mental plans C. Mental processes D. Mental constructs

D. According to Piaget, schemata are his term for mental constructs people use to construct knowledge and understand the environment. (ex: babies' schema = "things that taste good/bad")

All of the following describe a musical learner except: A. Listens and responds with interest to a variety of sounds B. Wants to learn to sing or play an instrument C. Wants to be a sound engineer D. Responds well to materials of varying shapes

D: A student who responds well to materials of varying shapes is a visual-spatial learner who remembers items according to their shapes, who learns by seeing and observing, not listening to music. Teachers discern the learning styles of students through testing or observation. A student who listens and responds with interest to a variety of sounds, wants to learn to sing or play an instrument, or wants to be a sound engineer is most likely a musical learner who responds to rhythm and melody

When children construct meaning, they may address new information that does not fit into their existing concepts or schemes by either forming a new scheme or changing an existing one. What is this process called? A. Adaptation B. Assimilation C. Equilibration D. Accommodation

D: Accommodation is forming a new schema or changing an existing one to fit anyone related but very different information.

When ELL students with limited English proficiency (LEP) also have learning disabilities (LDs), which of these statements is most accurate about their learning? A. School difficulties are entirely because they have two strikes against them B. Teachers can help them succeed without specialized instructional methods C. More ELL's are in special education classes because they have higher LD rates D. Many teachers cannot tell LEP apart from real LDs as factors in school failure

D: According to educational experts, many teachers and other Educators have not acquired the expertise for distinguishing between LEP and LDs. This confounds the process of analyzing sources of school failure.

How do experts advocate that teachers communicate with their students' parents? A. Always using electronic communications, which takes less time and parents prefer B. Applying the same method universally with all parents to be the most consistent C. Utilizing multiple methods, hoping some will be affected for some of the parents D. Asking each student's parents which forms of communication work best for them

D: Although electronic communications take less time and many parents prefer them, some still want phone calls or traditional handwritten notes.

Relative to adolescent cognitive development, what is true of structural changes in the brain? A. The amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, both related to emotions, mature before age 18. B. The prefrontal cortex and the amygdala both do not mature until one is in the middle 20s. C. The amygdala, associated with strong emotions, matures later than the prefrontal cortex. D. The prefrontal cortex, which controls emotion, does not mature until the age of 18-25 years.

D: Although structural growth during adolescence improve self-control, reasoning, decision-making, and information processing beyond childhood levels, and the amygdala, associated with processing emotions, forming and retaining emotional memories, aggressive behavior, and stress response, is also mature at birth, the prefrontal cortex does not mature until young adulthood

Which of these most accurately reflects expert recommendations of effective strategies for resolving classroom conflicts? A. De-emphasize conflict by not letting students record them B. Have students record observations, identifying participants C. Discuss student reactions without judging them good or bad D. Have students track conflicts over time and discuss reactions

D: Among strategies for effective classroom conflict resolution, experts recommend that teachers have students track conflicts they partake of and/or witness overtime; record their observations in journals, but keep the identities of participants anonymous; and then discuss various student reactions to these conflicts that they have observed, including the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Which of the following accurately describes rubrics as assessment tools? A. They typically define specific tasks, skills, or behaviors about performance B. They typically guide task performance but do not give criteria for success. C. They typically should be explained to students by teachers after assessing. D. They typically Define and describe general ranges or levels of performance.

D: As assessment tools, rubrics typically define general ranges or levels of performance (e.g., excellent, satisfactory, or unsatisfactory) and briefly describe characteristics of each.

Of the following, which do Cloze procedures involve on the part of the student? A. Changing closed sentences into open-ended sentences B. Changing open-ended sentences into closed sentences C. Connecting phrases or clauses into complete sentences D. Changing incomplete sentences to complete sentences

D: Cloze procedures Supply students with incomplete sentences where in blanks are substituted for some keywords; they must fill in these blanks with the correct words to make complete sentences. This teaches syntax, sequence, searching, prediction, reconstruction, linguistic relationships, and ascertaining meaning from context

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which stage is typical of adolescence? A. Oral B. Anal C. Phallic D. Genital

D: Freud Associated his Oral (A) stage with infancy; the stage he named Anal (B) with toddlerhood; the Phallic (C) stage with preschool ages; the Latency stage with Elementary school ages; and the Genital (D) stage with adolescence.

What is the correct behaviorist term for strengthening a behavior by taking away something? A. Positive punishment B. Negative punishment C. Positive reinforcement D. Negative reinforcement

D: In behaviorism, reinforcement is anything strengthening the probability of repeating a behavior. Punishment is anything weakening the probability. "Positive" means presenting a stimulus whereas "negative" means removing one.

Of the following, which most correctly represents informal assessments? A. These are supported with statistics B. These are best for generalized data C. These are best to compare students D. These are often performance-based

D: Informal assessments are often performance-based and/or criterion-referenced tests. They are often not supported by statistics

Interactive learning activities can overlap with which other instructional methods? A. Indirect instruction activities B. Independent study activities C. Experiential learning activities D. With any, for certain activities

D: Interactive learning activities emphasize the sharing, exchange, and discussion of ideas, questions, activities, taks, and learning among students.

Which type of reliability indicates whether an assessment gets reliable results across its individual terms? A. Inter-rater reliability B. Test-retest reliability C. Parallel-forms reliability D. Internal consistency reliability

D: Internal consistency reliability measures how consistent individual items within the same tests are with each other in assessing the same construct

Which of these represents a caveat concerning independent instruction? A. Students can pursue individual interests with their own cases and styles B. Students develop autonomy, initiative, self-confidence, and self-esteem C. Students benefit from the high flexibility and adaptability of applications D. Students must first have developed skills needed to work independently

D: One caveat concerning independent instruction is that for students to participate, they must first have developed the skills required for working independently.

What is correct in describing standardized achievement tests? A. They measure convergent and divergent thinking and domain-specific skills B. They measure what students are capable of as well as what they actually do. C. They are formative evaluations, frequently made during ongoing instruction D. They are summative evaluations, usually given at the end of the school year

D: Standardized achievement tests are summative evaluations usually administered at the end of the school year to assess what students have learned and achieved

What is an effective interaction technique related to individual student age differences for teachers to accomplish communication goals? A. Give students equally abstract Concepts, examples, and materials at every age level. B. Give students when younger more abstract contents; when older, add the concrete. C. Give students content slightly below their current levels so they experience success. D. Give students Concepts and vocabulary slightly above their current levels at all ages.

D: Teachers should give concepts and vocabulary slightly above students' current levels at every age to provide challenge and stimulate growth rather than material slightly below current levels, which will not do these things and ultimately will make them experience more boredom than success.

The IDEA guarantees due process rights to parents for which of the following? A. To advance notice, but not refusal, of special education placement B. To refuse special education services but not to get advance notice C. To advance notice and refusal of identification and evaluation only D. To advance notice and refusal of all these special education stages

D: The IDEA legislation guarantees parents due process rights to advance notice (A), and also to refuse (B), not only identification and evaluation (C) of their children for, but also placement of their children in, special education and related services

Which psychosocial stages did Erik Erikson say in his developmental theory are all experienced by children from birth through the elementary school years? A. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation B. Trust vs Mistrust, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion C. Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation D. Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority

D: Trust vs Mistrust = Infancy; Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt = Toddlerhood; Initiative vs Guilt = Preschool; Industry vs Inferiority = Elementary school

Of the following, which is often the resolution to parent/teacher cultural conflicts? A. The conflict is resolved through compromise; i.e.; both teacher and parents making accommodations B. The conflict is resolved when the teacher changes her actions to address the parents' concerns C. The conflict is resolved through parent education about American cultural practices D. The conflict is not resolved and parents/teacher continue their own practices

D: Unfortunately, it is fairly common that no one tries to resolve the problem. Through fear of speaking up or ignorance of the problem, the situation continues and irritates all concerned.

What do research findings show about ELL/LEP student communications in classrooms? A.When ELL/LEP students avoid answering questions, it is always because they do not know the material B. When ELL/LEP students avoid answering questions, they always know the answers but lack the English C. When ELL/LEP students avoid answering questions, they know the content and English but feel discomfort D.When ELL/LEP students avoid answering questions, it may be because of any one, several, or all of these reasons

D: When ELL/LEP students are reticent to respond to teacher questions, some of them may sometimes not know the content, but this is not always the reason

Which of the following learning processes produce the result of reconstructing or repositioning a belief system or value system? A. Queuing and/or retrieving previously acquired knowledge. B. Integrating new learning into currently existing systems. C. Self-regulated learning for testing instructional efficacy. D. Creating cognitive dissonance with an existing position.

D: While all four are learning processes related to constructing knowledge, answer D produces the result of reconstructing or repositioning the current belief or value system.

Of the following terms, which one means thinking and learning about one's own thought and learning processes? A. Schema B. Transfer C. Self-efficacy D. Metacognition

D: metacognition means thinking about one's own thinking processes and/or learning about one's own learning processes. An example of metacognition is knowing that one learns better by seeing pictures, diagrams, or other visual images than by hearing or reading verbal information.

What is true about teacher participation in school/district committees and activities? A. Teachers may only serve on committees during school days B. Committee work enables problem solving for teachers only C. Teachers communicate with parents, not involving students D. Teacher support often determines extracurricular activities

D: whether or not extracurricular activities are available for students often depends on teacher support. Teachers may serve on committees both during school days and also during extracurricular events and activities (A), e.g., PTA/PTO nights and school open houses. Participating in committees enables problem solving for both teachers and students (B). By participating in events and committees, teachers communicate with parents and also show students their interest and support beyond academics (C).