Memory and Cognition Exam 3C Implicit and Explicit Memory

Experimental dissociation examples

Time, read vs. generated answers

Examples of procedural memory of people with anterograde amnesia

Tower of Hanoi and mirror tracing

Transfer appropriate processing

memory performance depends on the match between processes engaged at study and processes required by the test; you are able to TRANSFER the PROCESSING used from the study to the test when the test form is APPROPRIATE.

Woman with Korsakoff syndrome

met her doctor who pricked her hand when he shook it; she later met him again and while she couldn't remember meeting him before she refused to shake his hand; she had learned but there was no conscious memory of that learning; explicit memory is failing while implicit memory is working

Anterograde amnesia

occurs when people cannot form new LTM; STM is intact and so is LTM that was formed prior to the trauma

Time study

participants incidentally learned 96 words. First tested immediately on 48 of the words using either an explicit (recognition) test or implicit (word fragment completion) test. Then tested one week later on the other 48 words using an explicit and implicit test. Results: performance on the explicit (recognition) test declined over time, but performance on the implicit (word completion) test stayed the same

Picture naming study

participants ranging in age from 20s to 70s had to name b&w line drawings as quickly as possible. An explicit test (simple recognition) showed better performance for the younger age, while and implicit test (repetition priming then recognition - how much faster second time around) showed equal performance across ages; *could improve implicitly

Priming study using subjects with amnesia

people are given a list of words to read and learn incidentally

How does AA affect implicit and explicit memory

perform better on implicit memory tasks since they cannot consciously retrieve new info from LTM (explicit memory)

Implicit memory

recollection of information without awareness; indirect test of memory (you aren't necessarily being tested or you don't know you're being tested)

Perceptual priming

related to the form of the stimulus more than the meaning (visual or auditory form)

Conceptually driven processes

rely on meaning, prompted by word generation or semantic priming, tested by recall (tied to meaning)

Perceptual identification

requires you to read a word presented barely above the threshold of perception so it's very hard to see

Examples of implicit memory in every day life

subliminal scents and instructions while under anesthesia

Experimental dissociations

when variables of experiments affect implicit and explicit memory differently

Explicit test results

(recall or recognition test) control subjects remember more; amnesia patients don't remember being given a list of words

Implicit test results

(word stem completion or word fragment completion) amnesia patients performed better here than on the explicit test... but they didn't know why

Two types of retrieval

Explicit and implicit memory

Results of transfer appropriate processing study

-On both conceptual tests, the participants who had studied using generation (conceptual) performed better -On both perceptual tests, the participants who had studies using reading (perceptual) performed better

Four test conditions on the big transfer appropriate processing study

Conceptual/explicit = free recall Conceptual/implicit = general knowledge Perceptual/explicit = graphemic cue ("bushel") Perceptual/implicit = word stem completion (bas___)

You would perform better on a recall test with what kind of studying?

Generating (conceptual)

Recall the 2 types of encoding

Intentional and incidental

How does reading vs. generating affect explicit vs. implicit memory?

On explicit tests (recall) generating tends to produce better results On implicit tests (perceptual identification) reading tends to produce better results

Overall takeaway about AA

Patients use more implicit memory than explicit. They improve on procedural tasks like the tower of hanoi and mirror tracing, but they do not remember practicing them

Two study conditions on the big transfer appropriate processing study

Read (perceptual) = shy-bashful Generate (conceptual) = shy-b____

Example of read vs. generate

Read: hot-cold Generate: hot-c___

You would perform better on a perceptual identification test with what kind of studying?

Reading (perceptual)

You would perform better on a word fragmentation test with what kind of studying?

Reading (perceptual)

Mirror tracing

a block-stacking puzzle; H.M. was given this test; while he believed he had never seen it, his procedural memory showed through his behavior as he improved each time (implicit prevailing over explicit again)

Tower of hanoi

a block-stacking puzzle; H.M. was given this test; while he believed he had never seen it, his procedural memory showed through his behavior as he improved each time (implicit prevailing over explicit again)

Population dissociations

a dissociation (difference) between two populations that occurs any time a variable affects implicit and explicit memory differently

Population dissociation examples

amnesia and age

Explicit memory

conscious recollection of information; direct test of memory (you know you're being tested)

Perceptually driven processes

data driven/sounds like/looks like, prompted by reading, tested by perceptual identification or word fragment completion

How does age affect explicit vs implicit memory

explicit memory starts to fail over time while implicit does not

How does time affect explicit vs. implicit memory

explicit memory tends to decrease more than implicit memory over time

H.M.

had hippocampus removed to stop epileptic seizures, which resulted in anterograde amnesia; performed well on implicit memory tests but poorly on explicit memory tests (Tower of Hanoi and mirror tracing tasks)