Memory exam pt 3
B
Preparing for an exam, Ian reviews the easiest material to be sure he can answer at least some of the questions. All he wants is a passing grade. This is an example of a) metacognitive control b) agenda based regulation c) metacognitive optimism d) optimistic bias
B
Repeated seizure activity from temporal lobe epilepsy a) damages the thalamus b) may cause memory impairment c) may impair daily functioning but is not harmful to the brain d) always requires neurosurgery for successful treatment
C
Repetition priming for word memory means that a) if an item repeated enough times it will be encoded even in anterograde amnesiacs b) retrograde amnesia usually precedes anterograde amnesia c) presentation of a word at an earlier time can affect word completion performance even if the word could not be recalled d) priming occurs before presentation of words to amnesiacs
B
Researchers investigated the suggestibility of child witnesses by conducting an experiment in which some children were exposed to pre-event biasing information, some were exposed to suggestive post-event information, and a control group was exposed to neither. The event was a classroom visit by "Sam Stone". Researchers found that a) older children were as affected by misinformation as were younger children b) younger children were more influenced by biasing information than older children c) no children in the control group reported accurate memory d) none of the children in experimental groups reported false memory
B
Researchers studying memory of fetuses in the last weeks of pregnancy have used ___ as their dependent variable. a) all of the alternatives are correct b) changes in heart rate c) changes in sucking rate d) changes in brain waves
C
Robin suffered a head injury that affected the perirhinal cortex and amygdala bilaterally. She is likely to have impairments in a) all of the alternatives are correct b) problem solving, particularly spatial problems c) visual recognition of people and objects d) problem solving, particularly mathematical problems
B
Rovee-Collier and DeCasper and Spence had ___ in common. a) nothing b) demonstration of acquisition of operant responding in young infants c) acceptance of repression as the mechanism of infantile amnesia d) acceptance of brain immaturity as the mechanism of infantile amnesia
B
Rovee-Collier studied memory in the first few months of life using kicking as an operant response reinforced by ___ a) the opportunity to sip sugar water b) the bouncing of a mobile attached by a ribbon to the infants' foot c) seeing a picture of the mother's face d) hearing the mother read a familiar story
C
Semantic memory in retrograde amnesia is a) always as impaired as episodic memory b) usually as impaired as episodic memory c) often unaffected d) seriously impaired
B
The "sporadic" form of Alzheimer's Disease a) is not influence by genes b) typically becomes symptomatic after age 60 or later c) is caused by specific dominant alleles d) is not influenced by life style factors
C
The "use it or lose it" hypothesis suggests that a) older adults must constantly re-study vocabulary to retain lexical memory b) older adults should play memory training games c) education and life-long learning are buffers against age related memory decline d) all of the alternatives are correct
C
The accuracy of judgments of learning in young students (kindergarten and first grade) a) is much worse than that of older students b) has never been studied by memory researchers c) is as good as that of older students d) is more accurate than that of older students
A
The cognitive interview is not effective with witnesses a) who have mental disabilities or are also suspects in the crime b) who are children c) who are elderly d) who are cooperative
B
The cognitive interview, compared to routine police interviews of witnesses, a) takes longer to conduct b) all of the alternatives are correct c) produces recall of fewer inaccurate details d) produces recall of a larger number of accurate details
B
The earliest point in development at which researchers have found evidence for the existence of memory in young humans is a) the day of birth, for full-term infants b) 32 weeks gestation c) two months after full-term birth d) 2- weeks gestation
A
The first appointment you could get with a dermatologist is three months from now. Which factor will be most helpful in getting you there? a) the severity and discomfort of the skin problem b) a note on the refrigerator c) the practice's texted and phoned reminder two days before your appointment
A
The fundamental causes of psychogenic amnesias are a) psychological problems and a history of brain injury b) personality disorders c) low intelligence d) low conscientiousness
C
The growth of semantic memory in children is strongly influence by a) experience interacting with people, animals, and the environment b) the literacy environment of the home c) all of the alternatives are correct d) language development
B
The importance of asking only open-ended questions when a witness to a crime is initially interviewed is that a) it provides retrieval cues b) no misinformation will be introduced c) it establishes a trusting relationship between the witnesses and the investigator d) it is less confrontational than asking direct questions
A
The mammillary bodies are important in formation of new memories and a) all of the alternatives are correct b) project to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus c) receive input from the hippocampus and the amygdala d) are at the anterior end of the fornix
C
The position of our text's author on sequential versus simultaneous lineups is that a) they are equivalent in accuracy b) performance depends on whether the actual criminal is in the lineup c) simultaneous lineups are more accurate in terms of hits and false alarms
A
The retrosplenal cortex is a) all of the alternatives are correct b) critical for semantic and episodic memory c) involved in encoding and retrieval of contextual features of memories for events d) located behind the corpus collosum
B
The term psychogenic amnesia refers to a) amnesia that is faked to escape consequences of criminal or immoral behavior b) amnesia that is not directly caused by injury to the brain from trauma, stroke, disease c) amnesias that result from unconscious conflicts overwhelming working memory d) amnesias caused by genetic defects
D
The three principles of the cognitive interview are a) return to the crime scene, recall the what was seen from the witness' location, recall what was heard from the witness' location b) recall the physical event, imagine the social causes of the event, imagine the social consequences of the event c) use visual cues, use verbal cues, use emotional cues d) have the witness reinstate the context, recall the event from beginning to end and end to beginning, visualize the events from different physical perspectives
B
Time based prospective memory tasks are most difficult when a) clocks are available b) the interval between encoding the task and performing the task is supposed to be longer c) calendars are available d) people are older
A
Training in the cognitive interview trains detectives to a) all of the alternatives are correct b) encourage reporting the events in different orders c) encourage reporting the events from different physical perspectives d) encourage reporting of all details, even if the details seem unimportant or irrelevant e) help the witness mentally reinstate the physical environment of the crime f) establish rapport with the witness
C
Transient Global Amnesia a) is probably associated with psychiatric disorders b) is usually followed by stroke c) is rare, poorly understood, and seldom recurs d) occurs with increased frequency in the very elderly (80+ years)
A
Treatment of psychogenic amnesia focuses on a) alleviating depression and reactivating "lost" memory b) hypnosis c) processing the triggering trauma d) treating the brain injury
D
Typically the earliest cognitive function to show age related declines is a) language comprehension b) language production c) word finding d) working memory
C
Unlike H.M., Clive Wearing showed severe a) loss of semantic memory b) confabulation c) retrograde amnesia d) loss of procedural memory
B
Very young children are particularly likely to be unreliable witnesses a) if questioned very shortly after an event, when cortisol levels are likely to still be elevated b) if questioned in a leading way with approving and disapproving responses to their answers c) if they have witnessed family violence d) under all circumstances
A
When a child has witnessed a very stressful event a) the risk of false memory and loss of detail is greater b) memory is enhanced c) amount of detail correctly recalled is not affected, but confabulation of false information is likely d) amount of detail recalled is reduced, but accuracy is not
B
When human infants are born, the movements under voluntary control are a) leg extension and kicking b) eye movements and sucking movements c) arm waving and hand clasping d) all of the alternatives are correct
B
When suggestive questioning techniques are used, the individuals most susceptible to misinformation effects are a) males b) younger children and older adults c) college students participating in research for course credit d) females
C
Which areas of the brain are associated with anterograde amnesia? a) the hippocampus b) the anterior nucleus of the thalmaus c) all of the alternatives are correct d) the mammillary bodies and fornix
B
Which of the following involves prospective memory? a) stopping at a gas station to fill up before gas prices rise again b) intending to take your suit to the dry cleaner's tomorrow c) thinking about how to pay your Visa bill off to avoid more interest charges d) remembering that you forgot to eat supper last night
C
Which statement is most accurate about metacognition in young children? a) young children cannot make accurate judgements of learning b) young children fail false belief tasks until about age six c) young children are overconfident about their memory performance d) young children cannot exercise metacognitive control
B
While she is studying, Sue assesses the items she has been studying to determine if she has, in fact, learned them. This process of assessment is called a) lexical monitoring b) metacognitive monitoring c) implicit memory d) metacognitive control
D
You are sure you can recall the name of your high school physics teacher. You remember what she looked like, that her name started with "R" and that she called on students every time one fell asleep - but you can't quite find her name. This describes a) metacognitive ambivalence b) the region of proximal knowledge c) an ease of recall judgment d) a tip-of-the-tongue state
A
Your mother tells you, "When you go to the dentist, be sure to tell her you now have your own insurance and give her the new card." This is an example of a) an event based prospective memory task b) a time based prospective memory task c) an activity based prospective memory task d) a generic prospective memory task
A
Your roommate tells you to take the bread out of the oven in 35 minutes. This is a) a time based prospective memory task b) an activity based prospective memory task c) a salient prospective memory task d) an event based prospective memory task
C
In some domains, older adults tend to have better memory skills than young adults. Which domains are these? a) implicit memory b) working memory c) semantic and lexical memory d) autobiographical memory
D
Which one of these memory domains typically shows age related declines in healthy aging? a) metamemory b) semantic memory c) lexical memory d) prospective memory
D
"Tangles" that occur in Alzheimer's disease and other brain states a) are accumulations of proteins in extracellular space in the brain b) cause neurons to fire excessively c) continue to function inside neurons d) are abnormally twisted proteins inside neurons
B
A common complaint of older adults, verified in laboratory tasks, is a) difficulty recognizing faces b) difficulty finding words c) incorrect object naming d) confusing family members' names
B
A memory researcher has research participants skim a series of passages of academic material and rate the likelihood that they will remember the material from each, before they actually study the material. The researcher is asking the participants to a) indicate feelings of knowing b) make ease of learning judgments c) exert metacognitive control d) find the region of proximal learning
D
A problem with the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease is a) accumulation of plaques and tangles begins decades before symptoms appear b) all of the alternatives are correct c) it has generated no effective treatments d) plaques and tangles are found in the brains of the most elderly people, not just those with Alzheimer's disease
D
A simple technique to help witnesses remember more details of a crime is to a) hypnotize the witness b) instruct them to revisit the crime scene c) administer truth serum to the witness d) ask them to close their eyes and imagine the scene
D
All of the following are accurate EXCEPT a) tip-of-the-tongue states occur more often in older adults b) tip-of-the-tongue states are often accompanied by partial retrieval of the target word c) tip-of-the-tongue states predict later recall of the missing word d) tip-of-the-tongue states never occur in bilingual individuals
C
Anosognosia refers to a) inability recognize places b) inability to remember the source of information c) a cognitively impaired individual's lack of awareness of the impairment d) inability to recognize faces
A
Anoxia (reduced oxygen to the brain) often leads to some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia because a) the hippocampi are the first brain structures to be affected b) the frontal lobes are the first brain structures to be affected c) the cerebellum is the first brain structure to be affected d) the amygdalae are the first brain structures to be affected
B
Anxious elderly individuals are often chronically medicated with drugs such as Xanax, Valium, Librium, Ativan, of Klonopin. This treatment a) is supported by the Association of Geriatric Medicine b) greatly increases the risk for memory impairment and dementia c) improves their quality of life by calming them down d) makes them easier for caretakers to manage
C
Clive Wearing became amnesic because a) he had a thiamine deficiency b) he had a motorcycle accident c) he had viral encephalitis d) he had a stroke
D
Compared to younger adults, older adults a) are more accurate in melody recognition at slower tempos b) are more accurate in melody recognition at normal tempo c) are as accurate in melody recognition d) are less accurate in melody recognition at faster tempos
C
Confabulation is a characteristic symptom of a) TGA b) Alzheimer's Disease c) frontal lobe amnesia d) reduplicative paramnesia
D
Confabulation results from a) normal aging b) all of the alternatives are correct c) Alzheimer's disease d) failures of source memory and reality monitoring
B
Damage to ___ may cause ___ a) cerebellum; retrograde amnesia b) fornix, mammillary bodies, anterior nucleus of thalamus; symptoms of Wernicke's encephalopathy c) amygdala; prosopagnosia d) the orbitofrontal cortex; Korsakoff syndrome
D
Damage to the mammillary bodies seems to a) be unrelated to Korsakoff's syndrome b) be necessary for Korsakoff's syndrome, but perhaps not sufficient c) occur only in Korsakoff's syndrome d) be sufficient to cause Korsakoff's syndrome
A
DeCasper & Spence used ___ as an operant response in neonates, reinforced by hearing their mother reading a familiar story to demonstrate that learning had occurred ___. a) sucking; during late pregnancy b) eye movements; the hour after birth c) none of the alternatives is correct d) kicking; during the late pregnancy
D
DeCasper and Spence contributed to understanding of infant memory by demonstrating a) repression of fear of loud noises and strange faces b) habituation of fetal movement in response to repeated sounds c) habituation of fetal heart deceleration in response to repeated sounds d) demonstrating the existence of auditory pattern learning in fetuses by testing neonates
A
Dissociative fugue involves loss of a) personal identity and access autobiographical memory b) semantic memory c) procedural memory d) recognition of family members
A
Drugs that have anticholinergic effects a) decrease the availability of the acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter critical for memory b) cannot be included in non-prescription drugs c) are safe for long-term use d) are only found in some prescription drugs
A
Early onset familial Alzheimer's Disease a) has identified genetic uses b) can be prevented by a healthy lifestyle c) is very common d) can be treated by adopting protective behaviors
C
Event based prospective memory tasks are difficult because a) the duration of the cueing event may be brief b) the definition of the cueing event may be unclear c) they require recognition of the cueing event, recall of the PM task, and inhibition of the ongoing activity d) the timing of the cue event is unpredictable
B
Evidence for semantic memory in infants comes from studies in which infants a) habituate to repeated presentation of members of one category, such as dogs b) both alternatives are correct c) dishabituate (after habituation) to presentation of an example of a novel category, such as cats
B
Explanations for increased word finding difficulty in normal aging include a) slowed cortical transmission speed b) all of the alternatives are correct c) infrequent retrieval of difficult to find words d) decreased myelination
A
Explicit false belief tasks, such as "Sally-Ann" task a) all of the alternatives are correct b) are at least somewhat language dependent c) assess an aspect of metacognition d) assess theory of mind
C
Identical twins separated at birth are adopted into two very different families. One twin graduates from college, obtains a graduate degree, and pursues a demanding professional career. The other twin drops out of high school and works as a manual laborer. Who is at greater risk for serious memory decline in old age? a) risk is equal since they are identical b) risk is higher for the more educated twin because he is more likely to get insufficient sleep c) risk is higher for the less educated twin, who will have less cognitive reserve d) risk is higher for the more educated twin, because of the greater stress encountered in professional work
B
If parents primarily use a directive or practical conversational style with children a) they are frequently telling children what to do b) all of the alternatives are correct c) they are not often asking children to answer questions or remember past events d) communication is largely unidirectional, parent to child
D
In a time based prospective memory task, a specified task is to be performed a) when all steps of a task have been completed b) eventually c) when one step in a multistep process has been completed d) after a specific interval of time has elapsed
C
In an event based prospective memory task, an individual encodes doing the task a) when an activity is completed b) when reminded to do so c) when a specific event occurs d) when a specific amount of time has elapsed
B
In dissociative amnesia, individuals a) lose their personal identity, forgetting their name and life history b) have memory impairment only for a traumatic event c) have anterograde amnesia for everything after a traumatic event d) have retrograde amnesia for life before the traumatic event
B
In dissociative amnesia, individuals may have ___ memory of a trauma, without having ___ a) emotional; semantic memory of the events b) semantic; episodic memory for the events c) visual; declarative memory for the events d) recognition; visual memory for the events
A
In laboratory tasks, younger subjects demonstrate superior prospective memory compared to older subjects. In the context of daily living. a) younger subjects are more likely to forget to do things b) there are no age differences in prospective memory in daily living c) older subjects are more likely to forget to do things d) younger subjects are less likely to forget to do things
D
In lexical decision tasks, healthy older adults a) respond more slowly and less accurately than younger adults b) respond more slowly and more accurately than younger adults c) respond more rapidly and less accurately than younger adults d) respond more slowly and as accurately as younger adults
C
In studies of prospective memory, activity based prospective memory tasks may be performed more accurately because a) these tasks do not require working emmory b) these tasks only involve the phonological loop c) task performance does not depend on interrupting an ongoing activity and switching to another task d) these tasks don't involve encoding intention
A
Individuals with psychogenic amnesia often also suffer from ___. a) depression b) high blood pressure c) anterograde amnesia d) procedural amnesia
A
Individuals with schizophrenia have difficulties with ___ which contribute to memory difficulties a) attentional control b) visual perception c) auditory perception d) somatosensory perception
D
Infantile amnesia refers to the widespread observation that a) infants have limited capacity to remember their experiences b) infants have essentially no capacity to remember their experiences c) infants remember people and routines in daily life but not specific episodes d) people have essentially no reliable memories before the age of three
C
Inhibition theory argues that many memory problems in older adults arise because a) none of the alternatives is correct b) older adults have less impulse control c) older adults have difficulty inhibiting attention to irrelevant stimulation or information d) older adults are inhibited in answering questions because of a fear of making mistakes
B
Korsakoff's Syndrome and Wernicke's encephalopathy a) are both caused by thiamine deficiency b) all of the alternatives are correct c) cannot be treated effectively d) cause more serious motor problems than memory problems
A
Laboratory studies comparing memory performance of individuals with schizophrenia and normal controls find that unmedicated individuals with schizophrenia a) have problems with working memory, episodic encoding and retrieval strategies b) have problems limited to working memory c) have problems only with encoding strategies d) have problems only with retrieval strategies
D
Loftus's studies involving the false memory induction procedure a) demonstrated that about 50% of normal college students could be induced to believe in false memories, through use of repeated questioning and evidence from photographs or family testimony b) found that false memories could not be created in young adults c) demonstrated that most normal college students could be induced to believe in false memories, through use of repeated questioning and evidence from photographs or family testimony d) demonstrated that 25% of normal college students could be induced to believe in false memories, through use of repeated questioning and evidence from photographs or family testimony
B
Many patients with psychogenic amnesia also exhibit what is called "la belle indifference" which means a) indifference to women b) lack of concern about their condiiton c) indifference to beauty d) lack of awareness of memory impairment
B
McCloskey and Zarogoza tested Loftus' explanation of the misleading information effect in an experiment, They showed participants a slide show of a crime. Then subjects read misleading information or a control description. At test, some subjects were asked to recognize critical items that they had received misleading information about. a) the researchers conclude misleading information does not impair memory for a prior event b) all of the alternatives are correct c) the researchers replicated Loftus' findings in one condiiton d) the researchers found evidence supporting the co-existence hypothesis
A
Nelson and Hudson studied the relationship between language and autobiographical memory by a) all of the alternatives are correct b) recording their daughter's "crib talk" for extended periods c) assessing their daughters' memories for events discussed between mother and child d) assessing their daughters' memories for events described in "crib talk"
D
Nelson recorded conversations between mothers and young children as they visited a natural history museum. She tested the children's memory for the visit a week later and found a) none of the alternatives is correct b) maternal conversation style had no impact on accuracy of children's memories c) children of elaborative mothers remembered most of the details of the visit d) children of elaborative mothers remembered more of the details of the visit than did children of directive mothers
A
One individual difference that increases the likelihood of developing PTSD after experiencing a trauma is a) having a vivid visual imagery system b) having an active imagination c) watching more movies than average d) having a smaller than average lexicon
B
Our ability to remember to do specific future tasks is known as a) working memory b) prospective memory c) procedural memory d) episodic memory
