Metabolism APO
Which one of the following molecules is produced in the final step of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
How many glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are formed from each molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
2
How many molecules of acetyl coenzyme A are produced from one molecule of glucose?
2
Which one of the following best describes the net gain of ATP after molecule of glucose has undergone glycolysis?
2
Which one of the following is the recommended daily intake of calories for a female of normal height and build?
2,000
How many ATP molecules are theoretically produced by the electron transport chain from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose?
32-34
Which one of the following best describes the maximum theoretical number of ATP molecules produces by the oxidation of a molecule of glucose?
36-38
The body remains in the absorptive state for approximately how many hours after the consumption of a meal?
4
What proportion of energy released from catabolic reactions is stored as ATP?
40%
In the absorptive state, approximately what percentage of glucose absorbed from the digestive tract is metabolized to produce ATP?
50%
What percentage of total energy expenditure is required to maintain the basal metabolic rate?
55-60%
Which one of the following molecules is not typically broken down during metabolism to produce energy?
Vitamins
Which one of the following molecules serves as the principal carbohydrate substrate in various metabolic reactions throughout the body?
Glucose
Which one of the following structure is the last component of the electron transport chain?
ATP synthase
Which of the following molecules are produced by reactions in the Krebs cycle?
ATP, NADH + H+, FADH2, CO2
What is the name of the two-carbon molecule that is converted into citrate in the first step of the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl coenzyme A
The synthesis of complex molecules such as proteins from the simpler units such as amino acids via metabolic pathways, is called ______?
Anabolism
Which one of the following is an alternative term for the Krebs cycle?
Citric acid cycle
Anabolic reactions generally use more energy than they release, and therefore can be described as _______?
Endergonic
Which of the following processes constitute the reduction of a molecule?
Gain of electrons, gain of hydrogen ions, loss of oxygen.
Oxidation reactions usually release more energy than they use, and can therefore be described as ____________?
Exergonic
Amino acids are transported into cells by which of the following processes?
Facilitated diffusion and endocytosis
Which of the following molecules are produced by hydrolysis of disaccharides during digestion?
Glucose, fructose and galactose
Place the following reactions in the correct sequence for the catabolism of glucose to produce energy.
Glycolysis > Acetyl coenzyme A formation > Krebs cycle > electron transport chain
Glycogenesis primarily occurs in which of the following cell types?
Hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells
In the first step of glycolysis, which one of the following enzymes converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?
Hexokinase
Which of the following terms best describe non-polar lipids?
Hydrophobic, lipophilic
The thermoregulatory center that controls body temperature is located in which one of the following structures?
Hypothalamus
Which one of the following hormones stimulates lipogenesis?
Insulin
Which of the following reactions are catabolic?
Krebs cycle, glycolysis, digestion
Which one of the following is also known as 'bad cholesterol' because of an association with cardiovascular disease?
LDLs
Which of the following molecules are commonly metabolized to form glucose during the process of gluconeogenesis?
Lactic acid, amino acids, glycerol
Which one of the following terms is used to describe the catabolism of lipids?
Lipolysis
Transamination, a process occurring during protein catabolism, primarily occurs in which one of the following organs?
Liver
Which one of the following is the cellular location where oxidative phosphorylation occurs?
Mitochondria
In addition to ATP, which of the following molecules are produced during glycolysis?
NADH + H+, Water
Which one of the following molecules could be used to reduce pyruvate to lactic acid?
NADH and H+, FADH2
Which of the following molecules, produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, donate electrons to the electron transport chain?
NADH, FADH2
The full name of the coenzyme NAD+ is _________?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
The electron transport chain produces ATP through the process of __________ phosphorylation.
Oxidative
Which one of the following processes is not stimulated by insulin in the absorptive state?
Oxidative deamination of amino acids
Which one of the following molecules is directly converted into lactic acid during anaerobic cellular respiration?
Pyruvate
Which of the following are components of an ATP molecule?
Three phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine
Which one of the following is a nitrogenous waste product of protein catabolism, which is transported to the kidney for excretion?
Urea
Which of the following factors affect metabolic rate and therefore heat production?
all of them
To which one of the following categories does cellulose belong?
carbohydrates
Which of the following processes require energy input via ATP?
cellular repair, DNA replication, protein synthesis, muscle contraction, propagation of action potentials, all of these
Which of the following are released in response to the intake of food, and act on the hypothalamus to increase the perception of satiety?
cholecystokinin, insulin, leptin
Which of the following statements about enzymes are correct?
cofactors enhance the catalytic activity of an enzyme, an enzyme acts upon a specific substrate, and coenzymes are often derived from vitamins.
Which one of the following terms best describes the reaction in the Krebs cycle in which a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed from isocitrate?
decarboxylation
Which one of the following is not created from products of lipid metabolism?
enzymes
Which of the following hormones are secreted during the post-absorptive state, stimulating lipolysis?
epinephrine, norepinephrine
Which one of the following is the primary energy store for the body?
fat
Which one of the following best describes how the body obtains essential amino acids?
from dietary sources
In which direction does the NADH dehydrogenase complex pump protons during the first stage of the electron transport chain?
from matrix to inter membrane space
Which of the following are products of protein anabolism?
hemoglobin in red blood cells, actin and myosin in muscle cells, antibodies in blood plasma, enzymes in catabolic and anabolic reactions
Which of the following options best describe substrate level phosphorylation?
occurs during glycolysis, takes place in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix, occurs during the Krebs cycle.
Iodine obtained through the diet is required for the synthesis of which one of the following hormones?
thyroxine
A deficiency in the dietary intake of which one of the following vitamins can lead to rickets in children?
vitamin D
Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?
vitamin D, vitamin A, and vitamin E
Which one of the following vitamins plays an important role in the synthesis of some blood clotting factors?
vitamin K
