Method. Exam 1

Please fill in the blank. Probably no single term characterizes science better than

Control

The presence of an extraneous variable in an experiment makes it difficult to tell whether the extraneous variable or the DV caused the observed effect.

FALSE

"Emotionally abused children will or will not be emotionally abusive parents." This is a sound hypothesis.

False

"It is raining or it is not raining." This is a contradictory statement.

False

According to our textbook, in the context of experimentation the word "control" has a single meaning.

False

All scientific hypotheses MUST BE stated in STRICT general implication form.

False

Because a scientific hypothesis must be a synthetic statement, the results of an experiment can, in principle, PROVE the truthfulness of the hypothesis.

False

If the title of your abstract is a centered section title, it is a level _______ heading.

Level 1 heading

Match the way of acquiring knowledge with its appropriate description.

Of the ways to acquire knowledge, it is the most questionable due to personal and cultural factors. EXPERIENCE It involves believing persons you admire, respect and find to be credible. AUTHORITY It may involve syllogistic reasoning that lacks proof to support a major premise. REASON & LOGIC It involves believing a message that is presented repeatedly. TENACITY It involves objective measurement, verifiability, self-correction and control. SCIENCE

Your research or experimental hypothesis is your Answer Correct about the relation that exists between the IV that you are going to manipulate and what you will record as the DV. (Clue: The answer begins with "p".)

Prediction

This is a multiple answer question. Which of the following are necessary components of an experiment?

Select one or more: a. manipulation of at least one IV Correct b. recording changes in a DV Correct c. conrolling extraneous variables Correct

A scientific hypothesis MUST BE a synthetic statement.

TRUE

An experimental hypothesis also can be called a "research hypothesis."

TRUE

The recorded information (or results) from an experiment frequently are called the "data."

TRUE

Suppose a research report has three authors. What is the rule for the order in which the authors appear on the title page?

b. They should appear in order of their contributions, with the author contributing the most first.

Which of the following represents the two meanings of "control" in the experimental context?

b. accounting for the effects of unwanted factors and direct manipulation of the factor of major interest

Experiments seek to establish a cause-effect relationship. The cause side of the equation is the _______________, while the effect side is the _______________.

c. IV;DV

Which of the following BEST defines "empirical"?

c. It is based on objectively quantifiable observations. Correct

Many studies have sought to establish the "Mozart effect," or the idea that listening to Mozart's music improves performance on many taskes (compared with listening to no music, for example). Suppose this effect has been confirmed in many studies on children. Now a group of researchers use the same experimental design, but test adults instead of children. This is described BEST as what kind of study?

d. a replication with extension study Correct

A level 1 heading is:

d. centered, boldface, with the first letters of major words capitalized. Correct

"In this reaction time experiment, we predict that the response times of women will be lower than the response times of men." This is a _______________ research hypothesis.

directional

"Rats whose mothers received the training previously will solve the maze problem faster than rats whose mothers were not trained previously." This is a _______________ research hypothesis.

directional

Which branch of philosophy is concerned with theory of knowledge?

epistemology

A child development researcher notices one day that her infant repeatedly kicks a rattle that has been placed next to its left foot. As a result of this observation, the researcher develops an idea to investigate experimentally when infants gain this ability to repeat (apparently) pleasurable experiences. Which source of research ideas best describes this event?

everyday occurrences

Which of the following are NONSYSTEMMATIC sources of research ideas?

everyday occurrences Correct inspiration Correct

An experimenter wants to investigate the effects of lighting on productivity in a factory. During her investigation, however, many of the factory workers become aware they are being watched by the researcher. In this case, the researcher might prove to be a(n) _______________ variable.

extraneous

Your chances of finding a statistically significant result are DECREASED when you state a directional research hypothesis.

false

Theory is to _______________ as research hypothesis is to _______________.

inductive logic; deductive logic

In discussing the topic of "causation," we are engaged MOST DIRECTLY in _______________.

metaphysics

"As predicted, there was a significant difference between men and women in motivational scores." The research hypothesis that informs this result probably is a ________________ hypothesis.

nondirectional

"We predict that college seniors and college freshmen will differ in theri optimism about the future." This is a _______________ research hypothesis.

nondirectional

The _______________ of a perspective in psychology consists of those things its proponents count as existing and are therefore worthy of study.

ontology

The most important characteristic of a good research idea is that it is Answer . (Clue: The word we're after begins with "t".)

testable

A student researcher and faculty advisor conduct an experiment to see if jurors are persuaded more by eyewitness testimony or DNA evidence. Their hypothesis was that eyewitness testimony would result in more guilty verdicts than DNA evidence. One set of mock jurors was read an excerpt of witness testimony and another set of mock jurors was presented with DNA evidence.

the type of evidence presented

A general plan for conducting research is called a(n) _______________.

. research design

This is a multiple answer question. Which of the following is (or are) NOT systematic sources of research ideas?

1. everyday occurrences 2. inspiration 3. serendipity

This is a multiple answer question. Identify the two GENERAL sources of research ideas.

1. systematic sources 2.nonsystematic sources Correct

This is a multiple answer question. "It is more likely that a lone bystander will help a person in distress than bystanders in a group." Which of the following applies to this statement?

1.It is a synthetic statement. Correct 2.It can be reworded in general implication form. Correct 3.It could be an acceptable research hypothesis.

This is a multiple answer question. A "new view of hypothesis testing," presented by Proctor and Capaldi (2001), suggests which of the following?

1.Whether or not a research program flourishes depends on its promise to answer theoretical questions. 2.Researchers often overlook additional considerations when designing and conducting their research, in addition 3.to making sense of their research results. For example, they may overlook other things they are testing. Researchers should use more inductive logic.

This is a multiple answer question. Identify each of the possible types of statement (or proposition) in our textbook discussion on hypotheses.

1.analytic 2.contradictory 3. synthetic

Please fill in the blank. Wundt established his laboratory in

1879

A neuroscientist as been engaged in a research program that seeks to establish "the neurological basis of love." Of Aristotle's causes, which form of causal account--or combination thereof--would you think this neuroscientist be seeking to establish?

A mixed material- and efficient-causal account that, in addition to identifying areas of the brain involved in loving and being in love, also seeks to establish how those areas work--or "processs"--loving and being in love.

This is a multiple answer question, so more than one answer may be correct. All good theories share which of the following properties?

All good scientific theories attempt to organize a body of scientific data and point the way to new research.

Which element comes first in an in-text citation?

Author

A good rule of thumb for distinguishing a statement of scientific theory from a scientific hypothesis is to look for general statements (in the case of theory) or for specific statements (in the case of hypothesis).

True

Most researchers state nondirectional research hypotheses.

True

Please fill in the blank. Most historians credit Wilhelm _______________for establishing the first laboratory for scientific psychological research in Leipzig, Germany.

Wundt