MGMT 309 Final Exam Wesner Spring 22
What is a state of risk?
A condition in which the availability of each alternative and its potential payoffs and costs are all associated with probability estimates
What is a state of uncertainty?
A condition in which the decision maker does not know all the alternatives, the risks associated with each, or the consequences each alternative is likely to have
What is cellular layout?
A physical configuration of facilities used when families of products can follow similar flow paths
What is the wheel pattern of communication?
All communication flows through one central person, who is probably the group's leader
what is job rotation?
An alternative to job specialization that involves systematically moving employees from one job to another
What is organizational commitment?
An attitude that reflects a person's identification with and attachment to the organization itself
What is horizontal communication?
Communication that flows laterally within the organization; involves colleagues and peers at the same level of the organization and may involve individuals from several different organizational units
What is vertical communication?
Communication that flows up and down the organization along formal reporting lines; takes place between managers and their superiors and subordinates and may involve several different levels of the organization
What is interrole conflict?
Conflict between roles (boss says work late, spouse says more family time)
What is product departmentalization?
Grouping activities around products or product groups
What is customer departmentalization?
Grouping activities to respond to and interact with specific customers or customer groups
What is functional departmentalization?
Grouping jobs involving the same or similar activities
What is location departmentalization?
Groups jobs on the basis of defined geographic sites or areas
What is the cluster chain?
In which one person passes the info to a selected few individuals (many people tell few)
What is intrasender conflict?
Occurs when a single source sends clear but contradictory messages
What is role conflict?
Occurs when the messages and cues composing the sent role are clear but contradictory or mutually exclusive
What is referent power?
Power a person has because others closely identify with that person's personal characteristics; they are liked and admired by others
What is person-norm conflict?
Results from a discrepancy between the role requirements and the individuals personal values, attitudes and needs
What is the tactical level of organization?
Set by and for middle managers. Focus on how to operationalize actions necessary to achieve the strategic goals.
What is operations management?
Set of managerial activities used by an organization to transform resource inputs into products and services
What is the Y pattern of communication?
Slightly less centralized-two people are close to the center. The chain offers a more even flow of info among members, although 2 people (the ones at each end) interact with only one person
What is scope?
Specifies the range of markets in which an organization will compete
What is equity theory?
Suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance
What is the ERG theory of motivation?
Suggests that people's needs are grouped into three possibly overlapping categories - existence, relatedness, and growth
What is decision making?
The act of choosing one alternative from among a set of alternatives
What is initiating-structure behavior?
The behavior of leaders who define the leader-subordinate role so that everyone knows what is expected, establish formal lines of communication, and determine how tasks will be performed
What is employee-centered leadership behavior?
The behavior of leaders who develop cohesive work groups and ensure employee satisfaction (primary concern is the welfare of subordinates
What is job-centered leadership behavior?
The behavior of leaders who pay close attention to the job and work procedures involved with that job
What is consideration behavior?
The behavior of leaders who show concern for subordinates and attempt to establish a warm, friendly, and supportive climate
What is job specialization?
The degree to which the overall task of an organization is broken down and divided into smaller component parts
What is effort to performance expectancy?
The individual's perception of the probability that effort will lead to high performance
What is the all channel pattern of communication?
The most decentralized, allows a free flow of information among all group members. Everyone participates equally, and the group's leader, if there is one, is not likely to have excessive power
What is span of management?
The number of people who report to a particular manager
What is distributive justice?
The perceived fairness with which rewards are distributed within an org
What is expert power?
The personal power that accrues to someone based on the information or expertise they possess
What is coercive power?
The power to force compliance by means of psychological, emotional, or physical threat
What is human resource management?
The set of organizational activities directed at attracting, developing, and maintaining an effective workforce
What is intrarole conflict?
When a person gets conflicting demands from different sources within the context of the same role
What is a multinational corporation?
a company with divisions in more than two countries
What is a nonprogrammed decision?
a decision that is relatively unstructured and occurs much less often than a programmed decision
What is a programmed decision?
a repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine approach
What is a SWOT analysis?
analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
What is the administrative model?
argues that decision makers use incomplete and imperfect information, are constrained by bounded rationality and pick best *available* option
What is theory Y?
assumes people like working and will accept responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so
What is economic enviroment?
comprised of economic system, natural resources, and infrastructure,
What is administrative management?
concerned with managing the total organization
What is classical management?
consists of 2 distinct branches: - scientific - administrative management
What is evidence based management?
decisions should be based on best evidence, managers should learn from experience
What are the types of business strategy?
deliberate, emergent,
What are the decisional roles of management?
entrepreneur (initiate change), disturbance handler (fix problems), resource allocator
What are the interpersonal roles of management?
figurehead (rep company), leader, liaison (connect employees within org)
What is scientific management?
focused on employees in an org and how to maximize their productivity
What are the stages of group development?
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
What are the Ohio state studies?
found there are two leadership styles, consideration and initiating-structure
What are the Michigan studies?
identified job-centered and employee-centered leadership behavior
What is an international company?
import/export with no investments outside home country
Who is Max Weber?
laid foundation for contemporary organization theory
What is contingency planning?
making plan B and C
What is theory X?
people dislike work and will avoid it as much as possible. Managers must coerce and threaten employees to work, and minimize their autonomy
What is procedural justice?
perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards
What is variable ratio reinforcement?
reinforcement applied after variable number of behaviors (bonus for 3rd sale, then 5th after that, then 7th, then 3rd)
What is fixed interval reinforcement?
reinforcement applied at fixed intervals regardless of behavior (monthly paycheck)
What is variable interval reinforcement?
reinforcement applied at variable time intervals (surprise inspection, praise if good)
What is fixed ratio reinforcement?
reinforcement given after set number of behaviors, regardless of time (bonus for every 3rd sale)
What are the informational roles of management?
seek out info, share within org, relay info to people outside org
What is the communication process?
sender, message, receiver, feedback
What is goal setting theory of motivation?
specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance
What are managerial ethics?
standards of behavior that guide individual managers in their work
What are the Hawthorne Studies?
study found workers primarily respond to social context of workplace, precursor to HR movement
What is the classical decision model?
tell managers how to make decisions, assumed they are logical and working in org's best interest
What is organizational mission?
the core reason for the existence of the organization and what makes it unique
What is the grapevine?
the informal communication network in a group or organization
What is economic system?
the method used by a society to produce and distribute goods and services. Most countries moving towards market economy
What is informational justice?
the perceived fairness of the info used to make decisions
What is interpersonal justice?
the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities
What is organizational justice?
the perceptions of people in an organization regarding fairness
What is legitimate power?
the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization
What is reward power?
the power to give or withhold rewards, such as salary increases, bonuses, promotions, praise, recognition, and interesting job assignments
What is social responsibility?
the set of obligations an organization has to protect and enhance the societal context in which it functions
What is organizational culture?
the set of shared, assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments
What is the gossip chain?
the spreading of information by one person to many others
What is the psychological contract?
the unwritten expectations employees and employers have about the nature of their work relationships
What are the levels of management?
top, middle, first line
What is the Lewin model of change?
unfreeze, change behavior, refreeze
