MGMT 331-5S8 Ch. 4 & 5

Managing diversity and targeting specific demographics

is a good business move.

What should managers do if they want to apply McClelland's acquired needs theory during tasks such as goal setting or providing feedback?

appeal to the preferences associated with each need

Which characteristic of the perceiver has to do with the amount of activity happening in the perceiver's brain?

cognitive load

Select all of the approaches used on the individual corporate level to make technically oriented jobs accessible to less-qualified candidates.

apprenticeships,internships,specialized training programs

Heider's attribution theory proposed that behavior can be attributed to either factors, such as ability, or factors, such as a difficult task.

internal,external

Self-serving bias implies that people will credit successes to controllable factors and failures to uncontrollable factors.

internal,external

Jamie just finished learning to use the company's scheduling program for employees in her department. Her satisfaction with her herself and good feelings are examples of:

intrinsic motivation

Which methods should managers use to determine the needs of their employees?

employee surveys,one-on-one meetings

Among the lessons to be learned from equity and justice theories are:

employees want a voice in decisions that affect them,employee perceptions about reward systems and procedures are what is important,an appeals process is important to employees feelings of equity

The ways managers can work to reduce stereotyping include:

encouraging employees to increase their awareness of stereotypes,creating opportunities for diverse employees to work together as equals,educating employees about how stereotypes influence behavior

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job .

enlargement

Psychologist J. Stacy Adams first applied theory in the workplace. (Enter one word in the blank.)

equity

Which theory is based on comparing one's outputs and inputs with those of others?

equity theory

The outcomes of an equity comparison include which of the following?

equity,positive inequity,negative inequity

Maslow's needs hierarchy theory would predict that once the need for love is satisfied, the need for will emerge as the most powerful.

esteem

Which type of memory includes information on sequences of things that have happened in familiar situations?

event memory

The question \What are the chances of reaching my performance goal?\" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?"

expectancy

Pay raises, promotions, and recognition are examples of:

extrinsic motivators

Affirmative action programs have generated many opportunities for and . (Enter one word in each blank.)

females,minorities

One's tendency to blame another person's behavior on that person's personal characteristics as opposed to situational influences is known as bias.

funadmental,atribution

Assigning someone's behavior to his or her personal characteristics instead of the circumstances is called _____.

fundamental attribution bias

Which type of bias contributes the most to managers inaccurately evaluating a job applicant's suitability for a job?

fundamental attribution bias

Demographics are statistical measurements of population qualities such as:

gender,race,age

The workforce includes greater _________ diversity than ever before due to the population getting older but continuing to hold jobs.

generational

An invisible barrier that restrains women from reaching higher-level positions is called the:

glass ceiling

The use of feedback and participation in deciding how to achieve goals is part of which theory?

goal setting theory

Managers should design jobs that fulfill level needs to create committed and motivated employees.

high

Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project?

high equity sensitivity

Job enlargement is also known as loading the job. (Enter one word in the blank.)

horizontally

Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as deals. (Enter one word in the blank.)

i-

The goals of the bottom-up form of job design known as deals include improving intrinsic motivation and productivity by allowing employees to design jobs that meet their own needs and values.

i-

What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?

idiosyncratic deals

The / option in Thomas' framework has the goal to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people at all levels of the firm.

include,exclude

Which generic action option is an outgrowth of affirmative action programs and attempts to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people throughout an organization?

include/exclude

Organizations compete more effectively when employees feel their managers are doing which of the following?

including them,valuing them,supporting them

Job crafting is expected to result in

increased employee engagement.,improved employee performance.

The goals of idiosyncratic deals in job design include:

increasing employees' intrinsic motivation ,increasing employees' productivity

When considering attribution theory, managers should remember that we tend to attribute behavior to causes.

inferred

A sense of accomplishment after learning a new skill is a form of motivation.

intrinsic

Self-determination theory focuses on motivation because research shows that it has a more positive impact on task performance than motivation.

intrinsic,extrinsic

The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as:

job crafting

Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is called

job design.

The theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is theory.

justice

Which practical lesson from equity and justice theories is exemplified by a scenario in which a chief marketing officer decides that the company will no longer run advertisements on websites that publish racist or homophobic commentary?

leader behavior matters

In the United States, by 2060 whites will constitute _____.

less than half of the population

The top-down job design method that creates jobs that are very simplified and repetitive is scientific .

management

Reasons for managing diversity go beyond its _____, ____ or _____ dimensions.

moral,social,legal

An important lesson from Maslow is that once a need is fulfilled, it no longer an individual.

motivates

The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:

motivation

Using Vroom's expectancy theory to predict motivation, it can be said that:

motivation will be high when all three elements are high

Job rotation is the top-down approach that:

moves employees from one specialized job to another

Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______.

needs

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as .

needs

David McClelland's theory states that employee behavior is driven by:

needs we acquire as we live our lives

The idea that older workers are less motivated is a

negative stereotype.

According to David McClelland's acquired needs theory,

one need often dominates over the others.

Which factors most commonly dictate which stimuli are considered salient?

one's needs,one's goals

Your personal and professional success most heavily depends on

others' perceptions of you.

Equity theory uses a comparison of the ratio of to . (Enter one word in each blank.)

output,input

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered ______ in Adam's equity theory.

outputs

The three components of perception include

perceiver.,target.,situation.

A cognitive process that enables people to interpret and understand their surroundings is called .

perception

A cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings is called:

perception

Object recognition is a major function of .

perception

In Vroom's expectancy theory, instrumentality is the relationship between which two factors?

performance,outcomes

Maslow's needs hierarchy theory ranks food, air, and water as fulfilling which type of need?

physiological

In the isolation approach, managers respond to diversity issues by

placing certain employees in functionally independent \silos.\""

Valence, as used in Vroom's expectancy theory refers to the:

positive or negative value people place on outcomes

The three acquired needs stated in McClelland's theory are the needs for achievement, affiliation, and .

power

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decisions is:

procedural justice

Eagly and Carli determined that modern women have a career path that

resembles a labyrinth.

Select ways companies are responding to the challenges of managing diversity.

responding to changing customer demographics,paying attention to sexual orientation,helping women navigate their careers

Research shows that effective mentoring of Hispanics and other workers from minority groups can significantly improve

retention.,career progression.

Which stage of social perception involves turning mental perceptions into real-world judgments and decisions?

retrieval and response

The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job .

rotation

In the encoding and simplification stage, we assign pieces of information to cognitive categories that build on a representing a mental picture or summary that helps simplify our experience.

schemata

The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is .

scientific ,management

Which theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness?

self-determination theory

Among the content theories of motivation are

self-determination theory.,Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory.,acquired needs theory.

One's tendency to take credit for success and deny blame for failure is called:

self-serving bias

The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal . (Enter one word in the blank.)

specificity

According to Herzberg's theory, issues related to hygiene factors will cause an employee to move from a:

state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction

An individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics and attributes of a group is called a:

stereotype

Studies show that women have a harder time being perceived as effective leaders, which is a result of a negative .

stereotype

The option in Thomas' framework means that differences are squelched or discouraged. (Enter one word in the blank.)

supress

Causal attributions refer to

suspected causes of behavior.

The top-down approaches to job design include:

the job characteristics model,job enlargement,scientific management

Although self-determination theory proposes that the three needs are innate, research shows that:

their relative value may change over an individual's life,their value can vary across national cultures

What is the primary expected outcome of job crafting?

to change the way employees perceive their jobs

What is the purpose of The Fellowship Initiative instituted by JPMorgan Chase?

to provide academic and leadership training to young men of color

The option in Thomas' framework involves acknowledging differences but not valuing or accepting them. (Enter one word in the blank.)

toleration

Which action option is among the least preferred responses to diversity issues?

toleration

When someone has a job that takes less education than they have, it is called

underemployment.

The question that asks \How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?\" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?"

valence

Job enrichment is the job design method that uses loading to improve motivation.

vertical

Gen Xers and Millennials are more likely than baby boomers to engage in which activity at work?

visiting social networking sites

When do feedback and participation lead to higher performance in achieving a goal?

when the goal is specific and difficult

In managerial and professional jobs, _____.

women of color are represented better than men of color

When the racial-ethnic makeup of store employees matches that of customers,

workers are more productive and customers are more pleased.

Herzberg's theory states that there are separate sets of factors that create satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job.

2

Match the population size and event to the generations.

38.6 million â€" the Great Depression,73 million â€" the Vietnam War,65 million â€" AIDS,71 million â€" September 11th terrorist attacks,86 million â€" the election of Barack Obama

Which of the following statements regarding attribution theory are true?

Ability is an internal factor.,Attribution theory says behavior can be caused by external or internal influences.,The three dimensions of behavior vary independently in the creation of attributions.

Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?

Abraham Maslow

Based on Maslow's need hierarchy theory, how can managers keep employees motivated at small businesses or startups?

Be flexible with scheduling.,Involve employees in decision making.,Reward good performance.

Which of the following are true concerning perceptions in performance appraisals?

Biases of perception can be decreased if objective performance measures are used.,Performance diaries can help managers recall employee actions with greater accuracy.,Inaccurate performance appraisals can arise from faulty perceptions.

Which of the following are among the most preferred action options in response to diversity issues? (Check all that apply.)

Building relationships,Inclusion,Mutual adaptation

Match the need from Maslow's needs hierarchy theory to the explanation on the right.

Desire for self-fulfillment,Need for recognition, prestige, and self-confidence,Need for love, affection, and belonging,Need to be safe from physical and psychological harm,Basic needs such as food, air, and water

Select the components or strategies for successful diversity training in organizations.

Educational,Exposure,Enforcement

Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?

Esteem Needs,Physiological Needs

________ dimensions of diversity represent differences that we have a greater ability to influence or control.

External

The theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by:

Frederick Herzberg

Select ways firms can retain an aging workforce.

Frequently recognize skills, experience, and wisdom gained over the years.,Provide challenging work assignments.,Design a stimulating and fun work environment.

In response to changes in its core customer demographics, Target launched a campaign to reach out to ______ customers.

Hispanic

Select predicted changes in diversity in the United States between 2020 and 2060.

Hispanic population percentage will increase.,Asian population percentage will increase.,African American population percentage will grow.

Which of the following trends suggest the existence of a glass ceiling for minorities?

Hispanics and African Americans earn less than whites on average.,There has been a marked increase in racial discrimination cases.,Hispanics and African Americans comprise a smaller relative share of the professional class.

Self-determination theory is based on research that shows that we all want to fulfill three innate needs that create intrinsic motivation. Match the need in the left column to the statement that best matches it from the right column.

I need to feel knowledgeable and capable of completing a goal.,I need to feel independent and able to influence my environment.,I want to be connected with others and belong to a group.

Which statement is an example of Vroom's concept of instrumentality?

If I meet my performance goals, I will receive a promotion.

Which of the following are among the top-down approaches to job design?

Job enlargement,Scientific management,Job rotation

What is the best way to celebrate your uniqueness while remembering that some people are uncomfortable with individual differences?

Just be yourself.

Select the steps in the process of stereotyping.

Maintenance,Expectation,Categorization,Inferences

Which of the following are recommended ways that managers or organizations can implement expectancy theory in the workplace?

Monitor employee motivation through surveys or interviews.,Link rewards to targeted behaviors.

An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following?

Motivate the employee to correct the situation.,Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior.,Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee.

Select barriers to implementing successful diversity programs.

Negative diversity climate,Unsupportive or hostile work environment,Poor career planning

Drag and drop different types of traits on the right against the generations they relate to on the left.

Patriotic, loyalty, disciplined, conformist, high work ethic, respect for authority,Workaholic, idealistic, work ethic, competitive, materialistic, seek personal fulfillment,Self-reliant, work-life balance, adaptable, cynical, distrust authority, independent, technologically savvy,Entitled, civic minded, close parental involvement, cyber literacy, appreciate diversity, multitasking,Multitasking, digital natives, independent learners, online life, communicate fast and online

According to research on the elements of organizational justice, which two of them relate strongly to desired outcomes?

Procedural justice,Distributive justice

How can managers apply self-determination theory to help employees experience competence?

Provide extensive training to new hires.,Ensure employees have all the information they need to perform their job.

Which of the following are considered outputs in equity theory? (Check all that apply.)

Recognition,Bonuses

Which of the following are barriers to successful diversity programs at work? (Check all that apply.)

Resistance to change,A poor performance appraisal and reward system,Lack of organizational priority for diversity

The kind of management that sets standards established by facts gained from systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning is:

Scientific management

What are some of the factors that research has shown to affect expectancy in Vroom's model of motivation?

Self-efficacy,Task difficulty,Task knowledge

Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting?

Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals.,Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance.,People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal.

Which of the following describe circumstances facing people with disabilities?

The Americans with Disabilities Act protects their workplace rights.,They have high unemployment rates.,They are a valuable source of talent for many corporations.

According to Herzberg's theory, what happens when employees have no grievances about hygiene factors?

They experience an absence of job dissatisfaction but are not necessarily motivated.

Which of the following statements is true of people motivated by a high need for affiliation?

They prefer to work in cooperative teams.

What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?

Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.

McGregor's Theory is a pessimistic view of employees that includes the need to motivate them with carrots and sticks. (Enter one word in the blank.)

X

McGregor's Theory proposes a set of assumptions about people at work: that they are self-engaged, committed, responsible, and creative.

Y

Which responses from management suggest a suppression approach to diversity issues?

\You've got to pay your dues.\"

The glass ceiling refers to _____.

a very real, yet unseen barrier to high-level advancement for women

The relationship building response to diversity issues seeks to foster relationships between diverse employee groups characterized by which features?

acceptance,understanding

Recognition that the organization's markets and constituencies are culturally diverse is called a(n) -and- perspective on diversity.

access,legitimacy

David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:

acquired needs theory

McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for:

affiliation,achievement,power

An intervention intended to give management an opportunity to correct past imbalance, injustice, mistake, or outright discrimination is called

affirmative action.

Managers can use McClelland's Acquired Needs theory to motivate employees when they

assign tasks.,provide feedback.,set goals.

Using McClelland's theory to motivate an employee with high need for achievement would include which of the following actions?

assigning challenging but achievable projects,providing balanced feedback so they can improve performance

The option in Thomas' framework of options that organizations use to deal with any diversity issue is based on the premise that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group.Â

assimilation

The process of becoming consciously aware of someone or something is called .

attention

Managers should remember that biases may lead them to misinterpret employee behavior and take inappropriate actions. (Enter one word in the blank.)

attribute

Expectancy theory can be used to predict in situations where there is a choice between two or more alternatives. (Enter one word in the blank.)

behaviour

Mismatches between work and education can include

being overqualified for a job.,being unable to read well.,lacking skills employers want.

Implicit cognition results in _____.

biased decisions occurring unwittingly

How do people make judgments or decisions at the end of the social perception process?

by drawing on information or past decisions stored in long-term memory

How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?

by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value

Which of the following are ways in which organizations pursue an assimilation approach to diversity issues?

by using recruitment practices that emphasize company values,by providing policies that instruct employees on what to do in specific situations,by employing orientation programs that introduce standard operating procedures

Affirmative action programs _____.

can be voluntary or mandatory

What are the key elements of equity theory?

comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs,outputs,inputs

Self-determination theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by which innate needs?

competence,autonomy,relatedness

A person who attributes behavior to external causes would give a low rank which dimension of behavior?

consistency

Maslow's need hierarchy is an example of a(n) theory of motivation.

content

The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ___ theories.

content

The general categories of motivation theories include:

content theories,process theories

According to Hackman and Oldham, the personal factors that moderate the effectiveness of the core job characteristics include which of the following?

context satisfactions,knowledge and skill,growth need strength

What did medical device maker Arthrex and Shaw Industries Inc. incorporate to raise productivity, satisfaction, and motivation among Hispanic employees?

customized training programs to improve communication skills

In the coming years, the population percentage of non-Hispanic whites in the US is predicted to see:

decline

Characteristics that take awhile to emerge during interactions, such as attitudes, opinions and values, are called - characteristics.

deep,level

The statistical measurements of populations and their qualities such as age, gender, race, and income over time are .

demographics

The job characteristics model builds intrinsic motivation by:

designing jobs with the five core characteristics

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce

desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.

direction of behavior or thought,intensity of behavior or thought,persistence of behavior or thought

Which characteristic of the perceiver is the first step of the perception process?

direction of gaze

Characteristics of the perceiver include

direction of gaze.,cognitive load.,gender and emotional status.

A situation in which employment decisions about a person are due to reasons not associated with performance or are not related to the job is called .

discrimination

The number of race-based charges of that were deemed to show reasonable cause by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission increased from 294 in 1995 to 723 in 2017. (Enter one word in each blank.)

discrimination

Toleration differs from isolation as an approach to diversity issues in that

diverse people are included, but their differences are not valued or appreciated.

Adopting policies and procedures that meet the needs of all employees encourages more ______ in organizations.

diversity

The array of individual differences and similarities to be found among people represents:

diversity

Which of the following has been shown to kick-start mutual adaptation?

diversity training

According to Maslow's needs hierarchy theory, managers should focus on motivating employees with:

emerging needs

Which of the following are true concerning implicit cognition?

It comes from people's memory. ,It happens without conscious awareness.,It can lead to biased decisions.

A practical application of Herzberg's theory suggests that managers should do which of the following things first, before attempting to increase employee performance?

eliminate dissatisfaction

What approach to training and learning activities should employers use when attempting to retain an aging workforce?

Provide equal access to younger and older employees.

Comparing performance on one task with performance on other tasks is characteristic of which dimension of attribution theory?

distinctiveness

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:

distributive justice

Promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the goal of which approach to job design?

job characteristics model

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is:

job enlargement

The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is:

job enrichment

The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as .

job,crafting

Employees’ perceptions of are enhanced when they have a voice in the decision-making process. (Enter one word in each blank.)

justice

Which need identified by Maslow do employers fulfill by offering health care benefits?

physiological

management focuses on changing an organization's culture and infrastructure such that people work to the highest productivity possible.

Diversity

represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people. (Enter one word in the blank.)

Diversity

Who wrote the book The Human Side of Enterprise, which explores two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature?

Douglas McGregor

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to excel, solve problems, and surpass others?

need for achievement

The acquired needs in McClelland's acquired needs theory include the:

need for achievement,need for power

Herzberg's motivating factors move employees from a state of

no satisfaction to satisfaction.

How is perception related to organizational behavior? (Check all that apply.)

Organizational behavior is more concerned with perception of reality than actual reality.,Perception of people, rather than objects, is the focus of a discussion of perception in organizations.,Perception helps people decipher their surroundings.

Which of the following statements about workplace challenges for LGBTQ people are true?

Organizations will suffer if the LGBTQ workforce feels disenfranchised.,Most Fortune 500 companies offer workplace protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity.,LGBTQ employees often suffer deficits in their work engagement and performance because of a lack of inclusion.

Generational differences in the workforce

are larger than ever.

The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job .

enrichment

An example of an outcome with positive valence using Vroom's expectancy theory would be a(n):

pay raise,promotion

Which of the following are extrinsic motivators?

pay raises,promotions

Who are on-ramping programs designed to help?

people reentering the workforce after a temporary career break

Faulty ______ about good versus poor performance can lead to inaccurate performance appraisals.

perceptions

Because it signifies a stable set of characteristics responsible for a person's identity, is at the center of the diversity wheel.

personality

Select actions that employees feel represent good leadership.

Assigning tasks to group members,Telling others that they have done well,Setting specific goals for the group

Select barriers to successful diversity programs at work.

Assumption that majority culture is universal,Prejudice and stereotyping of women and minorities,Negative diversity climate

True or false: McClelland's acquired needs theory states that everyone has an equal balance of affiliation, power, and achievement needs.

FALSE

True or false: Merit raises are the ideal form of monetary reward under expectancy theory.

FALSE

True or false: Stereotypes are always negative.

FALSE

Which of the following are among Locke and Latham's mechanisms behind the power of goal setting?

Goals foster the development of plans.,Goals direct attention.,Goals increase persistence.

Which conclusion from Herzberg's theory of motivation do researchers tend to disagree with?

Good hygiene factors do not lead to satisfaction and motivation.

Drag and drop the different steps of a stereotyping process on the left to their corresponding actions on the right.

Grouping criteria such as gender, age, race and occupation,Assuming people in a certain category possess the same traits,Interpreting people's behavior according to our expectations,Differentiating minority individuals from ourselves

Which of the following are improvements made in women's equality by 2018? (Check all that apply.)

Higher educational attainment than men,Leadership positions in schools and government,More seats on boards of directors

Which of the following paraphrases comparisons as used in equity theory?

How does my ratio of outputs to inputs compare with those of relevant others?

Why does self-determination theory emphasize intrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is longer lasting and more positive than extrinsic motivation.

Frederick Herzberg's theory states which of the following?

Job satisfaction is associated with motivating factors.,Managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction.,Job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors

Lindsay is a manager who wants to use McClelland's theory when assigning responsibility for a major project. To which employee should Lindsay delegate leadership of the team?

Jordan, who has a high need for institutional power

Drag and drop different dimensions of attribution theory on the left to their corresponding explanations on the right.

Judges whether a person's performance on a task is consistent over time.,Compares a person's performance on one task to behavior on other tasks.,Compares an individual's behavior to that of his or her peers.

Although not supported by research, why is Herzberg's two-factor theory useful?

Positive recognition to reinforce performance increases intrinsic motivation.,It is harder to motivate someone who is dissatisfied with pay or working conditions.,Building motivators into a job is the core of job design.

Which of the following are ways by which we retrieve information to make judgments and decisions? (Check all that apply.)

Retrieving summary judgments that have already been made,Drawing on, interpreting, and integrating categorical information in long-term memory

According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees?

commitment to the goal,goal specificity,ability to achieve the goal

Herzberg proposed that individuals will not increase their job satisfaction, but will experience the absence of job dissatisfaction when they have no grievances about factors.

hygiene

Which approach to job design is an emerging combination of approaches used in the past?

idiosyncratic deals

Any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness are examples of

implicit cognition.

Education, skills, creativity, experience, and personal appearance can all be perceived as in Adam's equity theory.

inputs

Feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective . (Enter one word in the blank.)

inputs

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to maintain social relationships and join groups?

need for affiliation

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to influence or teach others to achieve?

need for power

Which approach did Target use in its social media campaign to target a new core demographic?

using Spanish words that have no English equivalent

Examples of external influences of diversity are:

where you live,your work experiences,your religious affiliation

Which of the following are true considering managerial implications of attributional tendencies?

Attributional biases can lead to inappropriate managerial action and, subsequently, decreased employee motivation and performance.,The role of internal causes of behavior is usually exaggerated.,The way employees perform depends on the attributions they make for their performance.

True or false: The percentage of non-Hispanic whites will grow in the US by 2060.

FALSE

True or false: To motivate younger employees, experts recommend that employers restrict access to social media on company devices.

FALSE

According to self-determination theory, which of the following statements about intrinsic motivation are true?

It is longer lasting than extrinsic motivation.,It has a more positive impact on task performance than extrinsic motivation.

What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?

It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.

According to Maslow's theory, what happens to a need once it has been fulfilled?

It no longer serves as a motivator.

Match the approach to job design in the left column to the statement that explains it in the right column.

Managers change the activities in jobs to increase motivation.,Employees redesign their own jobs, increasing engagement.,Individual employees and managers jointly negotiate the tasks to be completed.

Which of the following statements about Millennial workers is true?

Many Millennials cite hygiene factors, such as salary or benefits, as motivators.

Which of the following are content theories of motivation?

Maslow's need hierarchy theory,acquired needs theory,self-determination theory

Which of the following are true of McClelland's view of the power need?

Personal power is the need to control and manipulate others for personal gratification.,Institutional power is the need to organize people to achieve organizational goals.

Kaya and Franklin just received their end-of-year bonuses. Kaya's bonus was 10% larger than Franklin's, but Kaya knows she regularly worked overtime while Franklin rarely did. Based on this equity comparison, which equity relationship is Kaya most likely to perceive?

Positive inequity

Match the core job characteristic in the left column to its definition in the right column.

Requires the ability to use several different skills to perform a job,Requires the completion of a whole or identifiable piece of work,An individual experiences freedom, discretion, and independence in doing the job,The extent to which a job affects the lives of others inside or outside of the organization,An employee receives direct and clear information about the effectiveness of their job performance

True or false: According to research, people with tattoos have the same rates of employment and the same average earnings as people without tattoos.

TRUE

Job crafting is the:

approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work

McGregor's Theory Y is a more positive set of assumptions managers have about employees including that they:

are self-engaged and committed to work,are creative

Needs are defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that:

arouse behavior

The fundamental bias leads people to disregard environmental influences on behavior.

attribute

The premise that people infer causes for observed behavior is the basis of ______ theory.

attribution

In self-determination theory, supporting employee decisions and delegating meaningful tasks to employees contributes to which innate need?

autonomy

Among the various need and satisfaction theories, which of the following are considered higher-level needs?

autonomy,achievement

McClelland's theory, developed in the 1940s, proposed that employee behaviors are driven by three needs.

basic

Employees' evaluations of leader effectiveness are strongly influenced by their knowledge of what constitutes good and poor leadership.

categorical

Mental groups of objects that are considered equivalent are called

cognitive concepts.

If a customer service representative changes the way she envisions her job, from recording complaints from customers to being an advocate for customer rights, she engages in which form of job crafting?

cognitive crafting

Which nonverbal cues suggest that someone is defensive?

crossed legs,facial scowl,folded arms

Gardenswartz and Rowe identified layers of to help distinguish the important ways in which people differ.

diversity

Managing _______ helps maintain and grow an organization in an increasingly competitive marketplace.

diversity

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adams' Elements of theory.

equity

Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes?

equity sensitivity

Which process theory explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships?

equity theory

Vroom's theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for motivation to be high.

expectancy

Which element of Vroom's model of motivation is affected by factors such as time pressures, task difficulty, support from peers, and leader behavior?

expectancy

The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is:

expectancy theory

Scientific management designs jobs based on which of the following?

experimentation,systematic observation,reason

The ______ option in Thomas' framework means people are willing to adapt or change their views for the sake of creating positive relationships.

foster mutual adaptation

Which moderator identified by Hackman and Oldham is related to the desire to develop as an individual?

growth need strength

People with disabilities

have a higher unemployment rate than those without disabilities.

What does equity theory explain?

how people strive for fairness in social exchanges,how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships

Organizational behavior emphasizes perception rather than object perception. (Enter one word in the blank.)

humans

Herzberg's theory classified company administration, salary, and working conditions as factors. (Enter one word in the blank.)

hygeine

In Adams' equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as:

inputs

The question \What are the chances of receiving various outcomes if I achieve my performance goals?\" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?"

instrumentality

The form of organizational justice that reflects whether people are told the truth and treated with respect is:

interactional justice

Research has shown that affirmative action programs _____.

negatively impact the people they are designed to help

Which of the following are methods that have been used by major corporations to respond to issues regarding sexual orientation and transgender rights?

offering transgender-inclusive health insurance,assisting with taxes imposed on same-sex couples in states that did not recognize same-sex marriage,maintaining an inclusive culture

Programs to help people come back to their careers after taking a break are known as

on-ramping.

David McClelland's acquired needs theory states that

one need often dominates over the others.,people vary in the extent to which they possess certain needs

The four layers of diversity include personality, internal dimensions, external dimensions, and ______ dimensions.

organizational

McClelland's power need has two sides. The need for power refers to the desire to manipulate and control others for self-gratification. The need for power refers to the desire to organize others to achieve organizational goals. (Enter one word in each blank.)

personal,institutional

In equity theory, inputs can include:

personality traits,education,skills and knowledge

The theories that focus on explaining the process by which internal and situational factors influence employee motivation are known as ______ theories.

process

The hygiene factors in Herzberg's study include:

salary,working conditions,relations with one's supervisor

Which approach to job design often creates jobs that are very simple, repetitive, and boring?

scientific management

The option in Thomas's framework means people refute that differences exist.

second

One's inclination to take more credit for success than for failure is called - bias.

self,serving

General knowledge about the world is stored in ______ memory, whereas knowledge about individuals is stored in ______ memory.

semantic; person

Which core job characteristic measures the extent to which the job affects the lives of other people within or outside the organization?

task significance

The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as . (Enter one word in the blank.)

work,redesign

Which of the following are true concerning the experience of the LGBTQ workforce?

Many states do not offer workplace protections on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.,The lack of inclusion often experienced by LGBTQ employees can impact their work engagement and performance.,Work environments that are unwelcoming can lead to increased turnover of LGBTQ employees.

Studies have shown that

Millennial workers do not yet have the job experience to fill roles held by retiring Baby Boomers.,firms with at least one woman on the board of directors have outperformed companies with no women on the board.,white Americans will be less than half of the population within fifty years.

True or false: In early 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court allowed President Trump’s ban on transgender persons in the military to proceed, which meant that most transgender persons were disqualified from military service.

TRUE

True or false: Research in more than 1000 different studies from a wide range of countries show that goal setting helps achieve success.

TRUE

What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?

Talk with the manager.,Ask for new work assignments.,Change jobs.

The title of Douglas McGregor's book, which formulated two contrasting views of human nature is:

The Human Side of Enterprise

Which statement accurately describes the progression of needs in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?

The more basic need must be met before the next emerges as a motivator.

Douglas McGregor outlined managers' pessimistic assumptions toward employees as _____.

Theory X

The more modern and positive set of assumptions Douglas McGregor formulated about people at work is:

Theory Y

Which of the following are true of surface-level characteristics?

They are located between personality and external influences on the diversity wheel.,They are readily discernible to other people.,They are viewed as being unchangeable.

Match the term to the correct definition.

a subcomponent of an organization's overall atmosphere as defined by employees' aggregate perceptions about the firms diversity related format structure characteristics and informal values.,the extent to which people feel comfortable to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences.

What are the two characteristics of the situation that affect the social perception process?

culture and race consistency,context of interaction

The statistical measurements of populations and their qualities, such as age, gender, race, and income over time are:

demographics

A firm that lacks diversity among its workforce but insists that the company does not take into account factors such as age, gender, or ethnicity in making hiring decisions is using which generic action option in response to diversity issues?

deny

Culture and race consistency affect our social perceptions by making it easier to recognize and understand the emotions and behaviors of others who are

from our own race or culture.

Research has shown that setting helps individuals, teams, and organizations to achieve success.

goals

Which element of organizational justice has the weakest relationship to desired workplace outcomes?

interactional justice

A person who ranks both consensus and distinctiveness low and consistency high is likely to attribute behavior to ______ causes.

internal

Select the four layers of diversity.

personality,external dimensions,internal dimensions,organizational dimensions

Managers can reduce the effect of stereotypes by

providing education about how stereotypes work.

Organizations cannot discriminate due to ______.

race,pregnancy,age

Which of the following are among Herzberg's motivating factors?

recognition,opportunity to advance,achievement

Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job .

redesign

The option in Thomas' framework is based on the belief that good relationships can rise above differences. (Enter one word in each blank.)

relationship,building

Who pioneered the use of equity theory in the workplace?

J. Stacy Adams

What motivates corrective action in equity theory?

cognitive dissonance

Which of the following is an intrinsic motivator?

A sense of satisfaction after finishing a job well and on time

Match the form of job crafting in the left column with its definition from the right column.

Alter the scope, nature, or number of tasks one takes on,Alter the quantity or quality of the interactions one has at work,Changing one's perception of the existing tasks and relationships in a job

What are the main ideas behind the access-and-legitamacy perspective?

An organization's workforce should reflect the diversity of its customers.,An organization's markets and constituencies are culturally diverse.

One way managers can improve employee perceptions of procedural justice is to:

allow them to participate in important work decisions

According to Locke and Latham's research on the mechanisms behind goal setting theory, goals

create persistence.

The option in Thomas' framework of options that organizations use to deal with any diversity issue is based on the action of moving the diverse person off to the side.

isolation