mgmt FINAL
Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between stress and performance?
As stress increases, performance will increase for a time.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other laws and regulations spell out the consequences for violation of the rules. What kind of reinforcement procedure is this?
Avoidance
Your employees have been "getting away" with questionable practices for the last several years, and you would now like to enforce behavior that adheres to higher standards. Which of the following is the most likely to produce effective long-term results?
Combine extinction of the undesired behavior with positive reinforcement of the desired behavior.
Which of the following perspectives on motivation concerns "what" motivates people rather than "how" they are motivated?
Content
If, as a supervisor, you have no control over the pay raises, promotions, and rewards, what method(s) of reinforcement are you able to use?a. Avoidance b. Extinction c. Positive reinforcementd. Punishment
E. ALL OF THESE
Which of the following motivational theories is based on the idea that employees compare the treatment they receive relative to others' treatment in order to determine if they are being treated fairly?
Equity
Claudia is trying to develop a communications plan for a new plant opening. She puts in many hours of overtime and eventually gives up and goes home without finishing the project. She is experiencing which response to stress?
Exhaustion
A basketball coach has been told that she will get a $50, 000 bonus if her team wins the NCAA championship. She has also been informed that she will be fired if she does not get her team into the 64-team championship tournament. Which motivation theory is her university's athletic director most likely using?
Expectancy Theory
When a supervisor inspects facilities each morning at 9:00 am, what schedule of reinforcement is she using?
Fixed interval
Which of the following reinforcement schedules offers a worker the least incentive to do good work?
Fixed- interval
If a credit-card company that hires telemarketers to call prospective customers to try to sell them on a new credit card gives these telemarketers a $2.00 bonus for every fourth application the company receives from their phone solicitation, this is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?
Fixed-ratio
What is the most important idea for managers to remember from equity theory?
For rewards to motivate employees, employees must perceive them as being fair.
Palash believes that the more he studies the better his grade will be. Which of the following is true for Palash?
His effort-to-performance expectancy is high.
Eleanor has to create an invention for her fourth grade science project. She runs into the kitchen shouting "I've got it." She is experiencing which stage of the creative process?
Insight
Bernard Madoff manipulated clients and enjoyed doing it. He showed a lot of the personality trait ____. His fellow prisoners might not appreciate it now.
Machiavellianism
____ is the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways.
Motivation
Which of the following motivational strategies is used to provide more autonomy and self-direction to workers?
Only empowerment and participation.
Yakov is a Type A person. He will not exhibit much ____.
Patience
____ is the relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another.
Personality
For which of the following jobs would performance behaviors be most easily measured?
Pizza delivery driver
Tom is taking art classes because he thinks they will help him be more creative at work. He is experiencing which stage of the creative process?
Preparation
Rhoda is relaxed and not very competitive or driven to hard work. She is exhibiting
Type B behavior.
A supervisor is required to inspect plant facilities to determine that they are safe, clean, and functional. She often goes out on the floor two or three times a day; other days she does not go out at all. What reinforcement schedule is she using?
Variable- interval
If you want to maintain an employees behavior of high level with minium fluctuations in the level of the behavior, which of the following schedules of reinforcement would be most successful?
Variable- ratio
According to Maslow's hierarchy, when a worker satisfies his or her security needs, what will he or she do next?
Work to satisfy belongingness needs
____ is the pattern of action by organization members that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness.
Workplace behavior
Research suggests that creative people have which of the following personality traits?
a. Openness b. Independence c. An attraction to complexity d. Strong self-confidence e. ALL OF THESE
Which of the following can be a consequence of stress?
a. Sleep disturbances b. Poor performance c. Alcoholism d. Burnout e. ALL OF THESE
Chandra has been a bank manager at the same bank for 35 years. She is vital to the bank and has a high level of autonomy and variety in her work. Her organizational commitment is likely to be high due to her
a. age. b. length of tenure with this bank. c. sense of job security. d. participation in decision making. e. ALL OF THESE
An individual's level of job satisfaction is determined by
a. compensation. b. work policies. c. relationships with co-workers and supervisors. d. working conditions. e. ALL OF THESE.
According to the text, performance is basically determined by
ability, motivation, and the work environment.
Jared called in sick so he could go golfing. This is an example of
absenteeism
Brianna has a goal of living a healthier lifestyle. She improved the foods she eats and is getting more physical activity. She has goal
acceptance
Thirty-three miners in Chile were trapped underground for months. Authorities could get food and basic necessities to them and they had a video camera to communicate with people above. NASA advised the authorities to keep them busy with tasks. That was to meet their need for
achivement
Susan ordered printer ink from Dell. Two of the four items were defective. Susan says she does not like Dell. Her ____ component of an attitude reflects her feelings and emotions she has toward something
affective
Solitary confinement is especially hard on people because we all have a need for ____.
affiliation
A person's ability to get along with others in an organization is known as
agreeableness
The beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, and people are known as
attitudes
Jill observes that relationships are very important to Christine. Christine will go out of her way to help others. Christine is late for a meeting with Jill. Jill thinks the delay is due to Christine's generous spirit. Jill used
attribution
Which of the following programs applies the concepts of reinforcement theory?
behavior modificaiton
John Mackey, CEO of Whole Foods does not like unions in the public sector. He says the compete for the hearts and minds of employees. He doesn't want competition for the ____ needs.
belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization
Consequences of organizational stress include all of the following EXCEPT
boredom
Jason is a writer for Time magazine. One of the things he likes best about his job is the adventure, going new places to cover stories around the world. He likes the organization inducements
career opportunities.
Amelia loves to be outside. Nature gives her energy. She is studying park and recreation management in a classroom with textbooks and lectures. She is experiencing
cognitive dissonance.
The extent to which others in the same situation behave in the same way is known as
consensus
Travis observes that one of his employees always refuses to look him in the eye. He wonders if the employee lacks respect for him. Later, Travis sees that other employees also fail to look him in the eye. Travis decides that the employees are not disrespectful of him, but rather that he must be intimidating them. Travis makes this attribution based on
consensus
Nellie observes that whenever Peter calls in sick for a day it's because he is feeling resentful of one of her decisions. Nellie makes this attribution based on
consistency
Annika is talented, motivated, professional, and loyal. These are examples of her
contributions
Celeste is able to examine phenomena that, at first, appear to be different, and see subtle similarities. To do this, Celeste is using ____ thinking.
convergent
____ thinking allows people to see similarities between situations or events.
convergent
When Madeline lived in Korea she decided to cook enchiladas. The store she used had sold out of sour cream. Madeline substituted onion chip dip. Madeline's motivation to think creatively began with the store's
deficiency
Princeton Alliance Church has a goal of helping 150 more orphans in Brazil. They need to raise money, build a new facility, hire staff, reach out to children on the street and gain their trust. PAC has goal
difficulty
Raakel has a learning difference. During her school years she developed remarkable determination, persistence, and character. Now she is a good employee and leader because of her individual contribution
effort
Tonio can read body language especially well. He has the EQ dimension
empathy
Therese has a learning disability. There is no doubt she works harder to earn a B than every other student. ____ theory would suggest she will rationalize that she is gaining a better work ethic than others and it will pay off later in life
equity
Which of the following is a process theory of motivation?
equity theory
According to Maslow, the need that people have for respect and recognition is the need for
esteem
Oscar likes to pass along gossip about coworkers to his supervisor, but his supervisor ignores his comments and keeps talking about work-related issues. His supervisor is using ____ to weaken Oscar's behavior.
extinciton
A manager who provides reinforcement on a periodic basis, regardless of performance, is using a ____ schedule.
fixed- interval
A manager who provides reinforcement on the basis of a particular number of behaviors, rather than on the basis of time is using a(n) ____ schedule
fixed-ratio
When Ann is in a room full of people, she says she wants to be the draperies. She has the personality trait
introversion
Will prefers to be alone, likes the big picture, makes gut decisions, and completes work before moving on to the next project. His traits illustrate the ____ dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
introvert intuitive feeling judge
Theresa gets her energy from solitude, prefers detail-oriented concrete projects, uses logical reasoning, and enjoys seeing a finished product. Her traits illustrate the ____ dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
introvert sensing thinking judge
The relationship between stress and performance
is such that there can be too much stress or too little stress.
In the Myers-Briggs framework, someone who likes task identity is labeled ____, which is not a particularly accurate term.
judging
Neal works for the state of Vermont. He perceives that his union will protect him from getting fired, but the only way he will get promoted is if the person above him retires or dies. He has
low effort-to-performance expectancy, and low performance-to-outcome expectancy.
Someone who is content with a low level job, is not confident, and focuses on extrinsic rewards has
low self-esteem.
When Caryl feels anxiety, fear, or anger, she prays. Afterward she is more productive. This is an example of the EQ dimension
managing emotions.
Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks, hires managers by looking for two qualities⎯integrity and passion. According to Schultz, these qualities are as important as experience and abilities because he wants people to become passionate about helping the company succeed while maintaining high ethical standards that promote the organization's responsibility to society. In other words, Schultz wants people with integrity that have
motivation
A person's range of interests is captured in the personality trait of
openness
Jamie is constantly looking things up on Google. He is very curious and always learning. He has the personality trait
openness
Individual behavior that makes a positive overall contribution to an organization is called
organizational citizenship.
Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks, hires managers by looking for two qualities⎯integrity and passion. According to Schultz, these qualities are as important as experience and abilities because he wants people to become passionate about helping the company succeed while maintaining high ethical standards that promote the organization's responsibility to society. In other words, Schultz values
organizational commitment.
In expectancy theory, raises, promotions, stress and resentment are all ____.
outcomes
Individuals become aware of and interpret information about their environment through a set of processes called
perception
If you are a reporter for a newspaper, you are expected to write, edit, and proofread stories by the paper's deadline. These expectations are referred to as
performance behaviors.
Companies are reluctant to hire over-qualified people because their ____ will not match and the employee will likely leave after a short period.
person-job fit
For a summer job, Dan picked fruit and vegetables. He was very bored, hot, and tired. He experienced stress caused by
physical demands
Lucy's work is above average as far as quality and quantity of production goes; however, she refuses to do anything beyond the strict performance of her required job tasks. This is an example of
poor organizational citizenship.
Stock options granted only to the top performers provide an incentive for the behavior to continue and for others to aspire to that level. This is an example of
positive reinforcement
When a subordinate has outstanding performance and his or her supervisor publicly praises it, the supervisor is using
positive reinforcement
One step in behavior modification is to determine what rewards subordinates desire most and to tie those desired rewards to desired performance. If supervisors simultaneously ignore the unwanted behavior, then the behavior modification is centered around
positive reinforcement and extinction.
Ingrid is excited about her new job. She thinks it will be exciting, fulfilling, rewarding, and allow her the standard of living she is looking for. She has made a(n) ____ with her new employer.
psychological contract
Juggu loves to study history. He is especially interested in bold leaders like Alexander the Great, who took daring action. Juggu admires the personality trait of high
risk propensity
Which of the following factors would not be included in Maslow's physiological needs category?
safety
According to the motivation framework presented in your text, after a worker notices an unfilled need, the next step is
searching for ways to satisfy the need.
According to Maslow, the need to have a safe physical and emotional environment is a(n) ____ need.
security
Lori's work environment is not healthy. Coworkers are back stabbers and selfish. The boss is having an affair with a subordinate. Lori's ____ needs are not getting met.
security
OSHA attempts to ensure worker's ____ needs are met.
security
The Japanese used to have lifetime employment with one company. But in the 90s the Japanese economy experienced serious setbacks and Japanese workers were forced to address ____ needs previously almost guaranteed.
security
Lee admires her CEO. Recently some top executives were accused of offering bribes in other countries. Lee believes there is no way the CEO knew about it. She is using
selective perception.
At work anybody can be good doing the tasks they like, but to be great they have to be good at doing the tasks they do not like too. Greatness is part of Maslow's ____ need.
self-actualization
Agreeableness is similar to the EQ dimension
social skill
Nate has a goal of lowering his cholesterol by 20 points. He has
specificity
Officers in the US military have no control over employee pay. It is all based on time of service and rank. The military uses medals and ribbons to acknowledge excellence. The medals are an example of the inducement
status
Herald thinks his new coworker from China will be book smart but have no creativity or street smarts. He is using
stereotyping.
When a crisis occurs, communication directors are called on to answer questions with incomplete information, quickly, with long term consequences for the image of the company. The directors experience stress caused by
task demands.
When a manager leaves his or her job to accept a job at another organization, the organization left behind is experiencing
turnover
At a customer service call center, quality control trainers randomly listen to calls. For example, they may take the twelfth, seventeenth, forty-fourth, and sixtieth items. What reinforcement schedule are they using?
variable- ratio
Eleanor's invention is judged during the science fair. This is part of the ____ stage of the creative process.
verification
